Presented by Kristiono (Masyarakat Telematika / Mastel) ID IGF 2016 Sesi Hukum 3 - Mewujudkan Kedaulatan dan Ketahanan Siber Indonesia Jakarta, 15 November 2016

1. Masyarakat Telematika Indonesia (mastel)
@ID-IGF 2016, BPPT, Jakarta, 15.11.2016
Mewujudkan Kedaulatan dan Kemandirian Digital Indonesia

2. Pendahuluan
 Internet: An Evolving Ecosystem
 Internet Governance: the working Definition
Perdebatan Internet Governance di Fora International
 WSIS 2005 >> WCIT 2012 >> WTPF 2013
Berbagai Pendekatan Negara dalam Internet Governance
Rekomendasi Mastel
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3. 3

4. 4

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#History
 It all started in the cold war: USA government wanted to have a robust data and
information exchange infrastructure (separate from telephone network); it was
supposed to survive a nuclear war!
 ARPANET was the first realisation although communication protocols could not run
over multiple networks  much research started culminating into the TCP/IP
protocols: IP does the packet switching over the network while TCP creates a peer-
to-peer link
 Many universities adopted TCP/IP for their computer infrastructure
 Up till early 90-ies, The Internet was used by people from academia, government,
and industrial rsearchers
 Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) invented the WWW which became easily accessible by
the first ‘Mosaic’ browser using the http protocol
 ISPs made the WWW accessible to the public during the 1990s.
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7. hardware architecture
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8. software protocol suite
 Layered structure (separation of duties!!)
 Lowest 3 layers (Link, Internet and Transport
) provide a reliable communication channel
between any pair of Internet nodes (all
having an IP address)
 Highest layer (often layered itself!) provides
data & information sources & services
including email, teletekst, FTP, chat, 2nd life,
all WWW-services (accessible with a browser),
skype, youtube, pirate bay, scholar google,
marktplaats, amazon, cheaptickets,
partypooker, banking,…
a (virtual (?)) world on it’s own!!
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9.  The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) came up with the following
working definition of Internet governance:
 Internet governance is the development and application by governments, the private sector,
and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making
procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.
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11. WSIS 2005
 b) that, as per paragraph article 35 of the Tunis Agenda, that the
management of the Internet encompasses both technical and public
policy issues and should involve all stakeholders and relevant
intergovernmental and international organizations. In this respect, it
is recognized that:
 i) Policy authority for Internet-related public policy issues is the
sovereign right of States. They have rights and responsibilities for
international Internet- related public policy issues;
 ii) The Private Sector has had, and should continue to have, an important
role in the development of the Internet, both in the technical and economic
fields;
 iii) Civil Society has also played an important role on Internet matters,
especially at community level, and should continue to play such a role;
 iv) Intergovernmental organizations have had, and should continue to
have, a facilitating role in the coordination of Internet-related public
policy issues; and
 v) International organizations have also had, and should continue to have, an
important role in the development of Internet-related technical standards and
relevant policies.
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2 isu sentral:
Peran Negara
Multi-
stakeholderism

12. 12
Keterlibatan
negara pada
Institusi
Multistakeholder
ICANN

13. WCIT 2012
1. Special measures for landlocked developing countries
2. Globally harmonized national emergency number
3. Fostering an enabling environment for the greater growth of the Internet
(controversial)
4. Periodic review of the ITRs
5. International telecommunication service traffic termination and exchange
Note: these are not the actual titles of the Resolutions.
All are new. All old Resolutions, Recommendations, and the Opinion were suppressed.

14.  151 countries in Dubai
 strong participation in negotiations
 richer, more representative and more powerful treaty
 Discussions about Internet governance revealed the full complexity of this issue
 Government and market forces were represented at WCIT-12
 This resulted in an extremely valuable exchange of views and ideas
 Compromise outcome:
 Signed by 89 governments out of 144 accredited to sign
 More are expected to join
WCIT-2012: ITU as a global convener

15. Sikap Resmi
Indonesia

16.  Tunis Agenda (WSIS) paragraph 55:
 “Policy authority for Internet-related public policy issues is the sovereign right of
States. They have rights and responsibilities for international Internet-related
public policy issues.”
 Resolution 102:
 the role of governments includes providing a clear, consistent and predictable
legal framework, in order to promote a favourable environment in which global
ICT networks are interoperable with Internet networks and widely accessible to
all citizens without any discrimination and to ensure adequate protection of
public interests in the management of Internet resources, including domain
names and addresses

17. WTPF 2013
The Chairman of the Forum presented the Draft Opinions, which had been revised and
endorsed by the Working Groups. He invited the Forum to adopt the following
Opinions:
 Opinion 1: Promoting Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) as a long term solution to
advance connectivity
 Opinion 2: Fostering an enabling environment for the greater growth and
development of broadband connectivity
 Opinion 3: Supporting Capacity Building for the deployment of IPv6
 Opinion 4: In Support of IPv6 Adoption and Transition from IPv4
 Opinion 5: Supporting Multi-stakeholderism in Internet Governance
 Opinion 6: On supporting operationalizing the Enhanced Cooperation Process
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18. Opinion 5 multistakeholderism
Internet Governance
 recalling
 Paragraph 34 of the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society (Tunis Agenda) which provides
a working definition of Internet Governance as the development and application by
Governments, the Private Sector and Civil Society, in their respective roles, of shared
principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the
evolution and use of the Internet,
 recognizing
 a) that, paragraph 37 of the Tunis Agenda seeks to improve the coordination of the activities
of international and intergovernmental organizations and other institutions concerned with
Internet governance and the exchange of information among themselves. It states that a
multi-stakeholder approach should be adopted, as far as possible, at all levels.
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19.  is of the view
 that it is important to further implement multi-stakeholder practices as outlined in the
relevant paragraphs of the Tunis agenda,
 invites Member States and other stakeholders
 to explore ways and means for greater collaboration and coordination between
governments; the private sector, international and intergovernmental organizations, and
civil society, as well as greater participation in multistakeholder processes, with a view
to ensure that the governance of the Internet is a multi-stakeholder process that
enables all parties to continue to benefit from the Internet;
 to contribute based on their roles and responsibilities as stated in paragraph 35 of the
Tunis Agenda;
 to focus in particular on how to improve the participation of developing country
stakeholders in the initiatives, entities, organizations and institutions involved in
various aspects of Internet Governance.
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21. Berbagai Definisi “Cyberspace

22.  Governance Spectrum
 Voluntary vs. Regulatory Approach
Bagaimana Pendekatan yg sebaiknya diambil Indonesia ?

23. As a global domain within the information environment
consisting of the interdependent network of information
technology infrastructure including the internet,
telecommunication network, computer systems and
embedded processor and controllers
What is Cyber Space?

24. Sovereignty
 The supreme political authority of an independent
state (block's law dictionary)
Resilience
 The strength and capacity to respond to, cope with, and
grow through adversity
What is Sovereignty & Resilience?

25. Cyber space require regulation and oversight
Financial relationship in cyber space need law to govern those
relationship and transaction
Content sent through cyber space hold significance in the real world
State required to assert their presence in cyber space as a matter of
national security
Is Cyber Space Immune from State Sovereignty?

26. Recognizing cyber space as a sovereign domain
Wanting sovereignty in cyber space
Civilian expectation
Technical issues
 Creating system that can specifically identify actors in cyber space and govern
all actors related (i.e: data protection and privacy, OTT, consumer protection,
net neutrality applied)
 Establishing a cyber space border that a state can both monitor and control
How to Realized Sovereignty in Cyber Space

28.  Sebagai entitas utama yang bertanggung jawab atas proteksi hak-hak dasar dan
kebebasan warga negaranya, negara harus mengambil peran sentral dan krusial
dalam Internet governance dan pembuatan hukum untuk kegiatan online.
 Setiap negara memiliki pendekatan masing-masing dalam memformulasi strateginya
untuk cyberspace, termasuk untuk perlindungan HAM dan kebebasan atas Internet.
 Pada dasarnya perbedaan tersebut terkait dengan keseimbangan dengan hak-hak
lain, dan terkait dengan national interest.

29.  Internet bukanlah cloud (awan), melainkan infrastruktur fisik yang terhubung dalam
network of networks.
 Meskipun pada level aplikasi sering dikatakan borderless, tidak berarti negara tidak
punya pengaruh dan wewenang. Melalui infrastruktur fisik yang di atasnya internet
beroperasi, pengaruh dan kewenangan negara secara territorial harus tetap
dipertahankan.
 Bagaimana berkoneksi, mana trafik yang diprioritaskan, apa manfaat yang dapat
diambil termasuk bagian yang harus diperjelas dalam Internet governance.

30.  Selain perlunya penguatan strategi nasional untuk dunia cyber,
perlu juga diperhatikan strategi internet governance pada
dimensi international.
 Diantara isu penting dalam internet governance pada dimensi
international adalah upaya untuk mengakhiri pengaruh yang
berlebih pemerintah US atas administrasi Internet.
 Harus dipahami bahwa pada level international, perdebatan
tentang Internet Governance sangat serius, bahkan disebut
Global War.

32.  Mendukung pelaksaan Article 35 Tunis Agenda, terutama 35(a).
 Melakukan kajian internal Isu Public Policy dalam Internet Governance, khususnya
memperjelas domain Governments Role dan Intergovernment role. Kajian lanjutan
bisa melibatkan berbagai stakeholders.
 Mengingat isu Internet Governance di UN, sudah melebar dalam berbagai arena.
Indonesia perlu mendalami Pros-Cons di tiap arena (termasuk ITU, IGF dan CSTD)
dan koordinasi dengan pihak terkait mengenai bentuk partisipasi Indonesia.
 ITU : WSIS, WCIT, WTPF, IEG, Council, Pleniplotentiary, etc.
 UNCTAD : CSTD
 Other fora: IGF, ECOSOC
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33.  Tidak banyak yang menyadari, bahwa mayoritas kegiatan
online berdimensi hukum.
 Kegiatan berdimensi hukum berarti memiliki kualifikasi sebagai
perbuatan hukum.
 Perbuatan hukum online menghadapi berbagai problematika
yang menyangkut kepastian hukum mulai dari peraturan
perundang-undangan formal dan material, prosedural, hingga
ke pembuktian mengenai keabsahan tindakan serta
pemenuhan persyaratan legalitasnya.

34. • MASTEL sebagai salah satu institusi pemangku kepentingan public
di bidang Teknologi Komunikasi dan informatika di Indonesia
berpendapat bahwa permasalahan OTT semestinya tidak hanya
dipandang dari aspek kepentingan ekonomi dan Sosial saja,
melainkan harus ditempatkan pada konteks kepentingan nasional
sebagai negara yang berdaulat menyangkut bidang-bidang
IPOLEKSUSBUDHANKAM.
• Kedaulatan negara tidak hanya kedaulatan negara secara fisik dan
geografis, tetapi juga mencakup kedaulatan di Wilayah Cyber.
• Jika kedaulatan Cyber tidak dapat dijaga dan dikembangkan
dengan baik, maka cepat atau lambat kedaulatan negara secara
fisik akan tergerogoti.
• Keterlanjuran lengah terhadap pentingnya kedaulatan Cyber
Indonesia harus segera diluruskan.

35. Upaya-upaya interim yang perlu segera dilakukan dan
diwujudkan dalam waktu dekat adalah:
 Menerbitkan peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika
yang mengatur OTT;
 Menata gerbang internet (internet gatways) dan
menetapkan sejumlah kecil gerbang internet (internet
gateways) eksisting untuk difungsikan sebagai gerbang
internet nasional (national internet gateways)
 Mendirikan gerbang pembayaran nasional (national
payment gateway) atau menata gerbang pembayaran
online (payment gateway) eksisting untuk dipilih menjadi
gerbang pembayaran nasional (national payment gateway)
 Tetap mempertahankan ketentuan mengenai kewajiban
menempatkan Data Centre di wilayah geografis Indonesia

36.  Dalam konteks makro, kehidupan online di Indonesia harus
mendukung perwujudan kedaulatan NKRI di wilayah Cyber
Indonesia.
 Dalam konteks hukum, satu prinsip yang harus dipegang erat
adalah bahwa teknologi adalah alat untuk melakukan perbuatan
hukum. Bisa jadi perbuatan hukum itu adalah perbuatan yang
belum pernah ada sebelumnya yang memerlukan penegasan
atas status hukumnya.
 Perubahan teknologi berpadunya telekomunikasi dan internet
ini telah mengubah subyek hukum utama; yang dulunya adalah
penyelenggara jaringan, saat ini berpindah ke para penyedia
aplikasi, karena penyedia aplikasilah yang bertransaksi
langsung dengan masyarakat.

37. www.mastel.id
Buku Bunga Rampai MASTEL