This document discusses the increasing role of computation in knowledge generation across various fields like astronomy and discusses some principles of computation. It also outlines some grand challenges including developing an integrated model called CIM-EARTH to study economic and resource trajectories for humanity using large data, computers, and an open community process. The document concludes by noting that computing on a large scale is often more important than small-scale computing and that the world still includes many analog components beyond just the digital.

1. Some thoughts on computation Ian Foster Computation Institute Argonne National Lab & University of Chicago

3. Knowledge generation in astronomy ~1600 30 years ? years 10 years 6 years 2 years

4. Knowledge generation in astronomy ~1600 30 years ? years 10 years 6 years 2 years

5. Astronomy, from 1600 to 2000 Automation 10 -1  10 8 Hz data capture Community 10 0  10 4 astronomers (+10 6 amateur) Computation Data 10 6  10 15 B aggregate 10 -1  10 15 Hz peak Literature 10 1  10 5 pages/year

7. NAE Grand Challenges

8. A C ommunity I ntegrated M odel for E conomic a nd R esource T rajectories for H umankind ( CIM-EARTH ) Dynamics, foresight, uncertainty, resolution, … Agriculture, transport, taxation, … Data (global, local, …) (Super) computers CIM-EARTH Framework Community process Open code, data www.cim-earth.org

11. The world includes many analog components

12. Thank you! Computation Institute www.ci.uchicago.edu www.ci.anl.gov