المعادن "Minerals" خواص المعادن و خطوات التعرف MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES الخواص الطبيعية للمعادن THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS الخواص الضوئية "Optical Properties; اللون; Color ; عرض اللون; Play of color; خاصية الأوبال ;للألأء ;Opalescence; المخدش; "Streak; التصدؤ ;Tarnish; التضوء;Luminescence; التفلر; Fluorescence; 8- التفسفر " "Phosphorescence; التضوء الحرارى; Thermoluminescence; التضوء الاحتكاكى;Triboluminescence; البريق ;أو التألق; Luster; خاصية عين الهر ;متغيرة البريق ;Chatoyancy; الشكل الآسترزم ; Asterism; الشفافية; Transparency; الخواص التماسكية "Cohesive Properties" الصلاده (;لصلابه، المتانة ، الأحتمال Hardness; الإنفصام ;التشقق; Cleavage; الإنفصال Parting; المكسر Fracture; التماسك Tenacity; الخواص الحواسية "Sense Properties; الطعم أو المذاق; Taste; الرائحة " "Odor; الملمس (الأحساس)"Feeling; الخواص الحرارية Thermal properties; الخواص الكهربائية Electrical Properties; الخواص المغناطيسية (Magnetic properties); النشاط الأشعاعي (properties Radioactivity ; الوزن النوعي Specific gravity; الخواص الكيميائية للمعادنTHE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS: الفحص الحمضى Acid Test; ازهار الأملاح (أو الطفح Efflorescence)، الميوعه (التميوء Deliquesce)، التغير (قلب الشكل Transformation) و التفكك (Decomposition) قابلية المعادن للذوبان (The Solubility of Minerals ) لماذا تعتبر التجمعات المعادن مهمه؟; بعض التصاحبات التقليدية (Some Classic Associations) ; المكان Location; مناطق هؤلاء المعادن الخرافية من كل العالم Those Fabulous Mineral Localities From Around The World ; المجموعات المعدنية و تصنيف المعادنMineral Groups and Sort of Minerals طرق تصنيف المعادن ( Sort Method of Minerals) ; التصنيف بواسطة اللوان (Sort by Color); التصنيف بواسطة المخدش (Sort by Streak); التصنيف بواسطة الصلاده (Sort by Hardness) ; التصنيف بواسطة المجاميع البلورية (Sort by Crystal Group); التصنيف يواسطة الميولات العنصرية (Sort by Elemental Affiliations); التصنيف الكيميائي للمعادن

1. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 1
‫ؽٕطا‬ ‫خاِؼح‬
ٍَٛ‫اٌؼ‬ ‫وٍ١ح‬
‫اٌد١ٌٛٛخ١ا‬ ُ‫لغ‬
MINERAL PROPERTIES
and
IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
‫ئ‬‫ػ‬‫ذ‬‫ا‬‫د‬
‫ل‬‫غ‬ُ‫ا‬ٌ‫د‬١ٌٛٛ‫خ‬١‫ا‬–‫و‬ٍ١‫ح‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ؼ‬ٍَٛ
‫خ‬‫ا‬ِ‫ؼ‬‫ح‬‫ؽ‬ٕ‫ط‬‫ا‬
2012-2013

2. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 2
:‫المحتوى‬
‫ِمذِح‬
ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬Minerals""
ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬ ‫خٛاص‬ٚ‫خطٛاخ‬‫ا‬ٌ‫رؼشف‬
MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
‫الخواص‬‫الطبيعية‬‫للمعادن‬
THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
I-‫الخواص‬‫الضوئية‬"Optical Properties"
1-‫اللون‬""Color
2-‫عرض‬‫اللون‬""Play of color
3-‫خاصية‬‫األوبال‬(‫الألألء‬)""Opalescence
4-‫المخدش‬"Streak"
5-‫التصدؤ‬""Tarnish
6-‫التضوء‬Luminescence""
i-‫التفلر‬Fluorescence""
ii-‫التفسفر‬""Phosphorescence
iii-‫التضوء‬‫الحرارى‬"Thermoluminescence"
iv-‫التضوء‬‫االحتكاكى‬"Triboluminescence"
7-‫البريق‬(‫أو‬‫التألق‬)""Luster
8-‫خاصية‬‫عين‬‫الهر‬(‫أو‬‫متغيرة‬‫البريق‬)"Chatoyancy"
9-‫الشكل‬‫اآلسترزم‬"Asterism"
10-‫الشفافية‬Transparency""
II-‫ال‬‫خواص‬‫التماسكية‬"Cohesive Properties"
1.‫الصالده‬(،‫الصالبه‬‫المتانة‬،‫األحتمال‬)""Hardness
2.‫اإلنفصام‬(‫التشقق‬)Cleavage""
3.‫اإل‬‫نفصال‬Parting""
4.‫المكسر‬" Fracture"
5.‫التماسك‬"" Tenacity

3. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 3
III-‫الخواص‬‫الحواسية‬"Sense Properties"
1.‫الطعم‬(‫أو‬‫المذاق‬)"Taste"
2.‫الرائحة‬""Odor
3.‫الملمس‬(‫األحساس‬)"Feeling"
IV-‫الخواص‬‫الحرارية‬Thermal properties
V-‫الكهربائية‬ ‫الخواص‬Electrical Properties
VI-‫الخواص‬‫المغناطيسية‬(Magnetic properties.)
VII-‫النشاط‬‫األشعاعي‬(propertiesRadioactivity
VIII-‫الوزن‬‫النوعي‬Specific gravity
ْ‫ٌٍّؼاد‬ ‫اٌى١ّ١ائ١ح‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1.‫الفحص‬‫الحمضى‬"Acid Test"
2.‫ازهار‬‫األمالح‬(‫أو‬‫الطفح‬Efflorescence)،‫الميوعه‬(‫التميوء‬Deliquesce)،‫التغير‬
(‫قلب‬‫الشكل‬Transformation)‫و‬‫التفكك‬(Decomposition)
3.‫قابلية‬‫المعادن‬‫للذوبان‬(The Solubility of Minerals)
‫لماذا‬‫تعتبر‬‫التجمعات‬‫المعادن‬‫مهمه؟‬
‫بعض‬‫التصاحبات‬‫التقليدية‬(Some Classic Associations)
‫المكان‬Location
‫مناطق‬‫هؤالء‬‫المعادن‬‫الخرافية‬‫من‬‫كل‬‫العالم‬Those Fabulous Mineral Localities From
Around The World
‫المجموعات‬‫المعدنية‬‫و‬‫تصنيف‬‫المعادن‬Mineral Groups and Sort of Minerals
‫طرق‬‫تصنيف‬‫المعادن‬(Sort Method of Minerals)
1.‫التصنيف‬‫بواسطة‬‫اللوان‬(Sort by Color)
2.‫التصنيف‬‫بواسطة‬‫المخدش‬(Sort by Streak)
3.‫التصنيف‬‫بواسطة‬‫الصالده‬(Sort by Hardness)
4.‫التصنيف‬‫بواسطة‬‫المجاميع‬‫البلورية‬(Sort by Crystal Group)
5.‫التصنيف‬‫يواسطة‬‫الميوالت‬‫العنصرية‬(Sort by Elemental Affiliations)
6.‫التصنيف‬‫الكيميائي‬‫للمعادن‬

4. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 4
( ‫دأا‬ ‫ذمغ١ّاخ‬ ‫تٛاعطح‬ ‫اٌرظٕ١ف‬Sort by Dana classification)
( ‫اٌطٍ١مح‬ ‫اٌؼٕاطش‬Native Elements)‫اٌفٍض٠ح‬ ‫ٚاٌغثائه‬Metallic Alloys I
ٗ١‫عٍ١ىاذ‬‫اٌغ١ش‬ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬(Non-SilicateMinerals
( ‫وثش٠ر١ذاخ‬Sulfides) II
( ‫أواع١ذ‬Oxides)
( ‫اٌٙ١ذسٚوغ١ذ‬Hydroxides)
III
( ‫٘اٌ١ذاخ‬Halides) IV
( ‫وشتٛٔاخ‬Carbonates)
( ‫ٔ١رشاخ‬Nitrates)
( ‫تٛساخ‬Borates)
V
( ‫وثش٠راخ‬Sulfates)
( ‫وشِٚاخ‬Chromates)
VI
( ‫فٛعفاخ‬Phosphates)
( ‫اٌضسٔ١خاخ‬Arsenates)
( ‫اٌفأذاخ‬Vanadates)
( ‫ذٕدغراخ‬Tungstates)
( ‫ٌِٛ١ثذاخ‬Molybdates)
VII
( ‫عٍ١ىاخ‬Silicates)
‫حٌّٕفسد‬ ْٚ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دز‬ ‫ظٍ١ىخص‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Neosilicates
‫حٌّصدٚؽ‬ ْٚ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دز‬ ‫ظٍ١ىخص‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Sorosilicates
‫حٌلٍم١ش‬ ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دزح‬ ‫ظٍ١ىخص‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Cyclosilicates
‫حٌعٍعٍ١ش‬ ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دزح‬ ‫ظٍ١ىخص‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Insosilicates:
ٖ‫حٌّفسد‬ ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دزح‬ ‫ظٍعٍش‬Single Chain Tetrahera
ٖ‫حٌّفسد‬ ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دزح‬ ‫ظٍعٍش‬Double Chain Tetrahera
‫حٌففخثل١ش‬ ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دزح‬ ‫ظٍ١ىخص‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Phyllosilicates
ٗ١‫حٌؽزى‬ ‫حٌظ١ظسح٘١دزح‬ ‫ظٍ١ىخص‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Tectosilicates
VIII
ٗ١‫اٌغٍ١ىاذ‬ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬
(SilicateMinerals)
( ‫اٌؼؼٛ٠ح‬ ‫اٌّٛاد‬Organic Materials) IX

5. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 5
ٍُ‫ػ‬ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬"Mineralogy"
‫ِمذِح‬:
‫اخ‬‫ا‬ٙ‫طسو١ز‬ ‫اغ‬‫ا‬١‫ك‬ ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬ِ ‫ا١ش‬‫ا‬‫زل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اخٌىسس‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫اظؿ‬‫ا‬‫٠ة‬ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬ِ ً‫ا‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ٟ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫اغ‬‫ا‬‫٠زل‬ ٞ‫ار‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫حٌع‬ ٟ‫ا‬‫ا‬٘ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬١‫حٌـ١ٌٛٛؿ‬
‫ز١ع١ااش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫ٛحـااٙخ‬ ٚ ٞ‫ٚحٌفااةس‬ ٟٔ‫ٚحٌّعااد‬ ٟ‫حٌى١ّ١ااخث‬‫ٍ١ااش‬ ‫حٌدح‬ ‫ٚحٌعٍّ١ااخص‬ ‫ٚحٌّ١ىخٔ١ى١ااش‬ ‫ٚحٌى١ّ١خث١ااش‬
ٟ‫٘ا‬ ‫حٌـ١ٌٛٛؿ١اخ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫وّاخ‬ .‫حٌلخلاس‬ ‫ٚلظٕاخ‬ ٝ‫اٌا‬ ٝ‫ٌٚا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٔؽاؤطٙخ‬ ‫ِٕار‬ ‫يٍ١ٙاخ‬ ‫ٚطائػس‬ ‫أػاسص‬ ٟ‫حٌظ‬ ‫ٚحٌةخزؿ١ش‬
ٓ‫ِا‬ ‫حٌزلاخز‬ ‫ٚأيّاك‬ ‫زق‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ظا‬ ٓ‫ظاى‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ ٓ‫ٚيا‬ ‫حٌعال١ك‬ ٟ‫حٌّخلا‬ ٟ‫ـا‬ ‫أكادحع‬ ِٓ ٜ‫ؿس‬ ‫ِخ‬ ‫دزحظش‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬ٔ‫ٚح‬ ‫اض‬‫ا‬‫ِخط‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ػ‬ ‫اسص‬‫ا‬٘‫ٚحشد‬ ‫اض‬‫ا‬‫يخؼ‬ ‫اش‬‫ا‬١ٔ‫ٚك١ٛح‬ ‫اش‬‫ا‬١‫ٔزخط‬ ‫اخن‬‫ا‬١‫أك‬‫اس‬‫ا‬ِ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ي‬ ً١‫ا‬‫ا‬‫رخٌظفف‬ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬٘‫ٛز‬ ‫ط‬ ‫اش‬‫ا‬‫ِٚعسـ‬ ‫دػسص‬
‫ااش‬‫ا‬٠‫ٔـٍ١ص‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ااش‬‫ا‬ٍّ‫حٌى‬ ٓ‫اا‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ااسؾ‬‫ا‬‫ِع‬ ‫ٍق‬ ‫اا‬‫ا‬‫ِف‬ ‫ااخ‬‫ا‬١‫ٚحٌـ١ٌٛٛؿ‬ .ِٓ‫ااص‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬Geologyٓ١‫اا‬‫ا‬‫حٌىٍّظ‬ ٓ‫اا‬‫ا‬ِ ‫ااظمش‬‫ا‬‫حٌّؽ‬
ٓ١‫اس٠م١ظ‬‫ا‬‫حإلؼ‬(Geo)ٚ ‫زق‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬٘‫ِٚعٕخ‬(Logus)‫ارح‬‫ا‬٘ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ٚي‬ . ُ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫حٌع‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٟ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫م‬ ٌّٕ‫ح‬ َ‫ال‬‫ا‬‫حٌى‬ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬٘‫ِٚعٕخ‬
‫ز‬ ‫ح‬ ٍُ‫(ي‬ ٛ٘ ‫حٌّعسرش‬ ‫حٌـ١ٌٛٛؿ١خ‬ ‫ٌىٍّش‬ ‫حٌّسحدؾ‬ ْ‫ـب‬ ‫ظخض‬ ‫ح‬.)‫ق‬
ُُّ‫غ‬‫م‬ُ٠ ْٚ‫اٌّؼاد‬ ٍُ‫ػ‬Mineralogy:ِ‫ن‬‫أؿصح‬ ‫ػلػش‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬
1)‫مماخ‬‫م‬٠‫ٛس‬ٍّ‫اٌث‬ ُ‫مم‬‫م‬ٍ‫ػ‬Crystallography:‫ااش‬‫ا‬‫ٚحٌٕٙدظ‬ ٍٟ ‫ح‬ّ‫د‬‫اا‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ٞ‫اارز‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ‫ااذ‬‫ا‬١‫حٌظسط‬ ‫ااش‬‫ا‬‫دزحظ‬
ِ‫ص‬‫ٌٍزٍٛزح‬ ‫حٌةخزؿ١ش‬.
2):ٟ‫و١ّ١ائ‬ ْ‫ِؼاد‬ ٍُ‫ػ‬ِْ‫ٌٍّعخد‬ ِ‫ش‬١‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬ ِ‫ص‬‫ٚحٌٍّى١خ‬ ِ‫ذ‬١‫سو‬ّ‫ظ‬ٌ‫ح‬ ‫دزحظش‬.
3):ٟ‫ف١ض٠ائ‬ ْ‫ِؼاد‬ ٍُ‫ػ‬‫حٌف١ص٠خ‬ ِ‫ص‬‫حٌٍّى١خ‬ ‫دزحظش‬ِْ‫ٌٍّعخد‬ ِ‫ش‬١‫ث‬.
‫المعدن‬ ‫يعرف‬ ‫ما‬
WHAT DEFINES A MINERAL
( ‫المعدن‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ما‬What is a Mineral!)
ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬Minerals
‫ِاخدس‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫يزخزس‬ ٗٔ‫رؤ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫طعس٠ؿ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬‫ِظـخٔعاش‬ ‫ـاٍزش‬،‫يماٛ٠ش‬،ً‫يٛحِا‬ ً‫رفعا‬ ‫طىٛٔاض‬
‫نز١ع١ش‬ٗ‫ٌٚا‬ ،ٗ٠ٛ‫يما‬ ‫ؼ١اس‬ ‫سق‬ ‫ٚر‬ ،‫ِّ١اص‬ ٟ‫و١ّ١اخث‬ ‫طسو١اذ‬(ِ ‫اخق‬ ٔ ٟ‫ـا‬ ‫ِظؽ١اس‬ ٚ‫أ‬‫لادٚد‬)‫طسو١اذ‬ ٚ
‫ػخرض‬ ٍٟ ‫دح‬،‫ِّٚ١ص‬ ،ْ‫ك١خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫أؼٍذ‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ‫رٍٛزحص‬ ً‫ؼى‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫أك١خ‬ ‫ٚ٠ظٙس‬،ٌٚٗ‫ػخرظاش‬ ‫ـ١ص٠خث١ش‬ ‫ـفخص‬.
.ْ‫ِعخد‬ ً‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬ ً‫خ‬١‫نز١ع‬ ‫طظٛحؿد‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ‫ٚطعظزس‬
‫ِخدس‬ ٛ٘ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫حٌعخرك‬ ‫حٌظعس٠ؿ‬ ِٓ ‫ٚ٠لكظ‬ٗ‫ـاٍز‬ٚ‫أ‬ ْ‫ٌنٔعاخ‬ ‫ٌٚا١ط‬ ‫ز١عاش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ٟ‫ـا‬ ‫طٛؿاد‬
‫ـ‬ ً ‫د‬ ‫حٌٕزخص‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ْ‫حٌل١ٛح‬.‫طىٛ٠ٕٙخ‬ ٟ‫فاٌّاء‬ْ‫أ‬ ‫وّخ‬ .ٗ‫ـٍز‬ ٖ‫ِخد‬ ‫ٌ١ط‬ ٗٔ‫أ‬ ‫حذ‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ٌ١ط‬‫اٌظمٍة‬ ‫اٌسذ٠مذ‬،
‫األعّٕد‬ٚ ،‫اٌضخاج‬‫ٚوارٌه‬ .‫ز١ع١اش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ً‫حٌعٛحِا‬ ‫ٌٚ١عاض‬ ‫رظـٙ١ص٘اخ‬ َ‫لاخ‬ ْ‫ٔعاخ‬ ‫ح‬ ْ ْ‫ِعخد‬ ‫٠عظزسٚح‬
ْ‫ـب‬‫اٌثرشٚي‬.ٗ٠ٛ‫يم‬ ‫سق‬ ‫ر‬ ْٛ‫طى‬ ٗٔ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫٠عظزس‬
‫ٚحٌّخدس‬٠‫ـ‬ ،ْ‫ِعد‬ ّٝ‫طع‬ ٝ‫ٌى‬ ‫ز١عش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طٛؿد‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ـذ‬َٛ١‫حٌىخٌع‬ ‫ىزس٠ظخص‬
{CaSO4‫ٔٙ١دز٠ض‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ُ‫رؤظ‬ ‫طعسؾ‬ ‫ز١عش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫}حٌّٛؿٛدس‬{Anhydrite CaSO4‫ٚحذح‬ }
‫حٌـزط‬ ُ‫رخظ‬ ‫ـظعسؾ‬ ‫طسو١زٙخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ِخن‬ ‫أكظٛص‬{Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O‫أِخ‬ .}َٛ١‫اٌىاٌغ‬ ‫وثش٠راخ‬

6. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 6
ًّ‫حٌّع‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طلمس‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬‫حٌف١ص‬ ‫ٛحـٙخ‬ ‫ظلؾ‬ ‫ٚذٌه‬ ٝ‫و١ّ١خث‬ ‫ِسوذ‬ ‫ٌٚىٕٙخ‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ِعد‬ ّٝ‫طع‬ ‫ـل‬ٓ‫ي‬ ‫٠م١ش‬
.‫حٌـزط‬ ٚ ‫ٔٙ١دز٠ض‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعد‬
‫اذ‬‫ا‬‫كع‬ ٗ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ِسطز‬ ٗ‫ا‬‫ا‬٠‫رٍٛز‬ ٗ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫أٚؿ‬ ‫اد٘خ‬‫ا‬‫طل‬ ٖ‫اٛز‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ر‬ ‫اش‬‫ا‬‫٘١ج‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫اس‬‫ا‬ٙ‫٠ظ‬ ُ‫اظظ‬‫ا‬ٌّٕ‫ح‬ ٍٝ ‫ادح‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ٜ‫ارز‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ‫اخن‬‫ا‬ٕ‫ٚحٌز‬
ٗ‫يٍ١ا‬ ‫حٌظعاسؾ‬ ٓ‫٠ّىا‬ ْ‫ِعاد‬ ً‫وا‬ ْ‫ٚأ‬ .ٗ‫ػخرظا‬ ‫رصٚح٠اخ‬ ‫حٌازعك‬ ‫رعمٙخ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ً١ّ‫ٚط‬ ،ٖ‫ِّ١ص‬ ٗ١ٍ‫طّخػ‬ ‫يٕخـس‬
ٚ ‫ح‬ ‫ٔخلفش‬ ٝ‫كظ‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٍِٗ‫وخ‬ ٖ‫رٍٛز‬ ٗ‫٘١ج‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ٚؿد‬ ‫حذح‬ ٖ‫ؼ١س‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ٖ‫ٚطّ١ص‬.ٗ‫ؿ‬
‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ‫ٔعسؾ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫رد‬ ٗٔ‫أ‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ٌظلد٠د‬ ً‫خ‬١‫وخـ‬ ‫ٌ١ط‬ ٟ‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬ ‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ٔلكظ‬ ‫وّخ‬
ٞ‫حٌزٍٛز‬ٖ‫ردٚز‬ ٜ‫ٚحٌر‬ْ‫ٚحٌاٛش‬ ‫ٚحٌّةادغ‬ ‫حٌفالرش‬ ً‫ِؼا‬ ْ‫ٌٍّعاد‬ ‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌففخص‬ ِٓ ‫وؼ١س‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ُ‫٠ظلى‬
‫طّا‬ ‫ِّٕٙاخ‬ ً‫وا‬ ‫٠ةظٍاؿ‬ ‫أوؼس‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ـٛزس‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌى١ّ١خث١ش‬ ‫حٌّخدس‬ ‫ٚطٛؿد‬ .ٌٍْٛ‫ٚح‬ ٟ‫حٌٕٛي‬‫اظلؾ‬ ‫حإل‬ َ‫خ‬
‫اس‬‫ا‬ ٢‫ح‬ ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ي‬:‫اخض‬‫ا‬ٌّ ‫ح‬ ْ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫ِع‬ ‫اٛزس‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ي‬ ‫اش‬‫ا‬‫ز١ع‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ٟ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫حٌىسر‬ ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫٠ٛؿ‬ ً‫ل‬‫اؼ‬‫ا‬ّ‫ـ‬Diamond‫اٍذ‬‫ا‬‫أـ‬ ٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬٘ٚ
‫حٌـسحـ١ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ـٛزس‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫٠ٛؿد‬ ‫وّخ‬ ‫حٌّعسٚـش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬Graphite.‫ـلرش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ً‫أل‬ ِٓ ٛ٘ٚ
ٚ‫ٚرخي‬ ‫ح‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ،‫حٌّٛحد‬ ‫رعد‬ ‫ٕ٘خن‬Opal‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ٗ‫٠ٕمف‬ ٕٗ‫ٌٚى‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ِظٙس‬ ٌٗ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ،
‫ح‬‫ٌّلدد‬ ٍٝ ‫ٌدح‬Definite internal structureْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٖ‫"أؼزخ‬ ‫يٍ١ٙخ‬ ‫ٍك‬ ٠ٚ ،Mineraloids."
‫ح‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ٍٝ٠ ‫ٚـ١ّخ‬‫ظخظ١ش‬ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬Mineral(Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2000:)
1.ً‫خ‬١‫نز١ع‬ ‫٠ظٛحؿد‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬
2.ً‫خ‬١‫نز١ع‬ ْٛ‫٠ظى‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬
3.ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬‫ط‬‫سق‬ ‫ر‬ ْٛ‫ظى‬ٜٛ‫يم‬ ‫ؼ١س‬
4.‫ـٍذ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬
5.ٍّ٠ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬)‫ِلدد‬ َ‫ٔظخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طسطذ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬ ٗ‫ذزحط‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٜ‫(أ‬ ُ‫ِٕٚظظ‬ ‫ػخرض‬ ٍٝ ‫دح‬ ‫طسو١ذ‬ ‫ه‬
6.ٝ‫و١ّ١خث‬ ‫طسو١ذ‬ ٚ‫ذ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬)‫ِلدٚد‬ ‫خق‬ ٔ ٟ‫ـ‬ ‫ِظؽ١س‬ ٚ‫(أ‬ ‫ِلدد‬
‫زرّاخ‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫يٍ١ٙاخ‬ ٜٛ‫طلظا‬ ٝ‫حٌظا‬ ‫حٌم١ّش‬ ‫ٌٍعٕخـس‬ ‫ٔلظخؽ‬ ‫ٕٔخ‬ ْ‫طعد‬ ٝٙ‫ـ‬ ،‫ألظفخد٠ش‬ ‫ظٍعش‬ ْ‫ٚحٌّعخد‬
ّ‫ؿ‬ ً‫ؿا‬ ٜ‫اس‬ ٢‫ح‬ ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ْ‫ٚطعاد‬ .ٖ‫حٌّّ١اص‬ ‫ٌةٛحـٙخ‬‫حٌع١ٕاخص‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ ‫حٌعد٠اد‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ‫طع‬ ٝ‫ـٙا‬ ،‫ٚٔادزطٙخ‬ ‫خٌٙاخ‬
( ‫ٌاؿ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ػلػاش‬ ٌٝ‫كاٛح‬ ‫ٚـاؿ‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ ْ٢‫ح‬ ٝ‫كظا‬ ‫حٌعٍّاخن‬ ٓ‫طّى‬ ‫ٚلد‬ .ٌُ‫حٌعخ‬ ‫كٛي‬ ‫حٌسحثـش‬3000ٓ‫ِا‬ ٛ‫ٔا‬ )
‫طظزع‬ ّٝ‫حٌعظ‬ ‫حٌؽخٌز١ش‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،‫حٌّةظٍفش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬‫اٌغٍ١ىاخ‬ ْ‫ِؼاد‬ ‫ِدّٛػح‬Silicatesْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫حوؼس‬ ٝٙ‫ـ‬
‫ٚـاسس‬ ٝ‫اٌا‬ ‫حٌٕظاس‬ ‫ـّـاسد‬ ،ً‫خ‬‫ؼ١ٛي‬‫حٌعٕخـا‬‫ِةظٍفاش‬ ْ‫ِعاخد‬ ‫ٌٚىٕٙاخ‬ ،‫ذٌاه‬ ‫٠عىاط‬ ‫زلا١ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمؽاسس‬ ٝ‫ـا‬ ‫س‬
. ‫اٛح‬‫ا‬ٔ ‫ح‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ‫اك‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ي‬ ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫ٌٚم‬‫ـ‬Shipman, et al. (2003)ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ي‬ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬ِ ‫اس‬‫ا‬‫أوؼ‬2000‫اسس‬‫ا‬‫حٌمؽ‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ادص‬‫ا‬‫ٚؿ‬ ْ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫ِع‬
ٌٝ‫كٛح‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ،‫زل١ش‬ ‫ح‬20‫طعظزس‬ ‫ِٕٙخ‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ْ‫ِعخد‬ِٓ ‫أوؼس‬ ْٛ‫طى‬ ‫ؼخثعش‬90‫زل١ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمؽسس‬ ِٓ %،
‫ٌٍفةٛز‬ ٗٔٛ‫حٌّى‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫أٔٙخ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٚطفٕؿ‬.
ْٛ‫ٚطى‬ٗ١‫عٍ١ىاذ‬ ‫اٌغ١ش‬ ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬Non-silicatesِٓ ً‫أل‬10.‫زلا١ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمؽاسس‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ %ُ‫ِٚعظا‬
ٚ‫أ‬ ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ٝ‫ؿاخِع‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ ٝ‫حٌعظّا‬ ‫ٌٍؽخٌز١اش‬ ٗ‫ِعسٚـا‬ ‫ؼ١اس‬ ‫ٌٚىٕٙاخ‬ ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ‫ٌعٍّاخن‬ ‫ِعاسٚؾ‬ ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬
.ٗ‫ِد٘ؽا‬ ‫رٍٛز٠اش‬ ‫أؼاىخي‬ ‫ٌٙاخ‬ ‫ٌٚا١ط‬ ‫ألظفخد٠ش‬ ‫ل١ّش‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ‫ٌٚ١ط‬ ،ٖ‫ٔخدز‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬ ‫ٔٙخ‬ ،ٓ١‫حٌـ١ٌٛٛؿ‬ْٚ‫ِعاخد‬
‫حٌىسرٛٔخص‬carbonates‫وع١د‬ ‫ح‬ ،oxides‫حٌىزس٠ظ١دحص‬ ٚ ،sulfidesٗ١‫ظٍ١ىخط‬ ‫حٌؽ١س‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬ ‫أوؼس‬ً‫خ‬‫ؼ١ٛي‬.
‫حٌفٛظافخص‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظٛحؿدحص‬ ‫أ٠مخ‬ ‫ٕٚ٘خن‬phosphates‫ِالف‬ ‫ح‬ ٚsaltsٓ‫ِا‬ ً‫لٍ١ا‬ ‫يادد‬ ‫ٕٚ٘اخن‬ .
ٝ‫ٔم‬ ً‫ؼى‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طظٛحؿد‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬pure‫حٌر٘ذ‬ ّٓ‫ٚطم‬ ،Gold‫حٌفماش‬ ،Silver‫ح‬ ،‫ٌٕلاخض‬Copper،
‫ااخؾ‬‫ا‬‫حٌسـ‬Leadْٛ‫اا‬‫ا‬‫حٌىسر‬ ‫ااد‬‫ا‬‫ٚ٠ظٛحؿ‬ .‫ااو‬‫ا‬ٌ‫أ‬ ... ،Carbon‫ااض‬‫ا‬١‫حٌـسحـ‬ ً‫ااى‬‫ا‬‫ؼ‬ ٝ‫اا‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬Graphite‫ااخض‬‫ا‬ٌّ ‫ح‬ ٚ
Diamond‫ااٛح٘س‬‫ا‬‫وـ‬ ‫ااش‬‫ا‬ّ١‫ل‬ ‫ذحص‬ ْ‫ااد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ‫ااك‬‫ا‬‫ٚرع‬ .Gems٢ٖ‫االد‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫ااخ‬‫ا‬ٙٔhardness‫ااش‬‫ا‬ٍ١ّ‫ؿ‬ ٚ ٗ‫اا‬‫ا‬ٍِٔٛ ،
beauty.
‫اش‬‫ا‬١‫و١ّ١خث‬ ٗ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ٌّـّٛي‬ ْ‫اخد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ً‫ا‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اع‬‫ا‬‫ٚطظز‬Chemical group‫اس‬‫ا‬‫يٕخـ‬ ‫اع‬‫ا‬ِ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬ٍٙ١ِ ً‫ا‬‫ا‬‫طّؼ‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫حٌظ‬ ،ٚ‫أ‬
ّٛ‫حٌّـ‬ ‫طمع١ّخص‬ ‫ٚطعسؾ‬ .ٕٗ١‫ِع‬ ‫ِسوزخص‬‫ي‬:ٌٝ‫وخٌظخ‬ ‫حٌى١ّ١خث١ش‬ ‫خص‬-

7. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 7
ٗ٠‫حٌعٕفس‬Elements‫حٌىسِٚخص‬Chromates
‫حٌىزس٠ظ١دحص‬Sulfides‫حٌفٛظفخص‬Phosphates
‫وخظ١د‬ ‫ح‬Oxides‫ح‬‫ش‬‫ز‬‫ٔ١ة‬‫خص‬Arsenates
‫حٌٙخٌ١دحص‬Halides‫حٌفخٔدحص‬Vanadates
‫حٌىسرٛٔخص‬Carbonate‫حٌظٕـعظخص‬Tungstates
‫حٌٕ١ظسحص‬Nitrates‫حٌٌّٛ١زدحص‬Molybdates
‫حٌز‬ٛ‫زحص‬Borates‫حٌعٍ١ىخص‬Silicates
‫حٌىزس٠ظخص‬Sulfates
‫اٛح‬‫ا‬ٔ‫ح‬ ‫اض‬‫ا‬‫طل‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ي‬ ‫اش‬‫ا‬١‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬ ‫اخص‬‫ا‬‫حٌّـّٛي‬ ٖ‫ار‬‫ا‬٘ ‫اك‬‫ا‬‫رع‬ ًّ‫اظ‬‫ا‬‫ٚطؽ‬Sub-categories‫اخ‬‫ا‬ّ‫زر‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ٚحٌظ‬
‫اٌ١ٙخ‬ ‫٠ؽخز‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌسطذ‬‫و‬‫ّـّٛيخص‬ِ.‫ٕففٍش‬
‫ٌّـّٛياخص‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ٚطظزع‬‫رٍٛز٠اش‬ ٗ‫طسو١زا‬Crystal structure groupsّٗ‫ِمعا‬ ،ٗ‫ِةظٍفا‬‫رٕاخن‬
‫ز‬ ‫نس٠مش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬‫ؾ‬ْٛ‫حٌٍا‬ ً‫ِؼا‬ ٖ‫ِّ١اص‬ ‫رةفاخثؿ‬ ً‫خ‬‫أ٠ما‬ ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ‫حٌّعدْ.ٚطظّ١ص‬ ‫ذزحص‬ ‫ٚطسط١ذ‬Color،
ٖ‫حٌفالد‬Hardness‫حٌزٍٛز٠اش‬ ‫حٌٙ١جاش‬ ،Crystal habitٝ‫حٌٕاٛي‬ ْ‫حٌاٛش‬ ،Specific gravity‫حٌزس٠اك‬ ،Luster،
‫حٌّىعس‬Fractureٌ‫ح‬ ٚ‫ظّخظه‬Tenacity،‫حٌٛحكاد‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٓ١‫ر‬ ‫طةظٍؿ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ِٓ ‫ٌٍعد٠د‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ .
‫رٙاخ‬ ‫طظّ١اص‬ ٝ‫حٌظا‬ ‫حٌةاٛحؾ‬ ِٓ ‫خـش‬ ‫أٔٛح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫ٚطٛلق‬ .ٕٗ١‫ِع‬ ‫كدٚد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ِٜ‫اس‬ ‫خ‬ ْ‫عاخد‬
‫حٌظفٍس‬ ً‫ِؼ‬Fluorescenceٝ‫ؼعخي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٚحٌٕؽخن‬Radioactivity.

8. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 8
‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES
‫و‬‫خطوات‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫تعرف‬and identification procedures
ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ً‫٠ّؼ‬‫ٌّص٠د‬ ‫ٔلظخؽ‬ ‫حٌلم١مش‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬ .‫زق‬ ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫وؼ١سس‬ ‫ظلـخص‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ِعمد‬ ٝ‫و١ّ١خث‬ ‫طسو١ذ‬
.ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ِٛحل١ع‬ ٝ ‫طؽ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ّىٕٙخ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌدزحظخص‬ ِّٓٚ‫طم‬ٓ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ِٓ ‫حٌعد٠د‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬
‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬Physical propertiesٍٙ‫طـع‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ،‫خ‬‫حّ٘١ش‬ ‫أوؼس‬‫طعم١د‬ ًٚ‫ح‬ٖ‫٘ر‬ ِٓ ‫ٚحٌعد٠د‬ .‫يٕٙخ‬ ‫حٌؽخثع‬ ٓ‫ي‬
.ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌظعسؾ‬ ‫أظخظ١ش‬ ‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ٍٚٝ‫ي‬ ٗ‫ردل‬ ‫حٌظعسؾ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؼخٌز‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ،ٗ١‫وخـ‬ ٖ‫زس‬ ‫ِع‬
،‫ذٌه‬ ‫ِٚع‬ .ٗ١ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌٕظس‬ ‫رّـسد‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬‫حٌظعسؾ‬ ‫ٛحص‬ ‫٠فزق‬ ،‫ش‬ ١‫حٌزع‬ ‫ظزخزحص‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫رؤؿسحن‬
.‫ت‬ ‫حٌة‬ ًّ‫طلظ‬ ٚ ‫ِمزٛنش‬
ٍ‫حٌع‬ ‫٠ظعسؾ‬ ‫حٌلم١مش‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬ٖ‫زس‬ ‫ٚطلظخؽ‬ ‫ِعمد‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أؿسحن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ً‫خ‬‫أظخظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ّخن‬
‫حٌع١ٕ١ش‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ،‫حٌّعدحص‬ ‫ِع‬X-rays‫حٌمٛس‬ ٚ‫ذ‬ ‫ٌ١ىظسٚٔ١ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛث١ش‬ ‫حٌّخظلخص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ٚ
‫حٌعخٌ١ش‬High powered electron microscopesٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ‫سق‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ِْٛ‫٠عظةد‬ ُ٘ٚ .
.ْ‫حٌّعخد‬‫ل‬ٌ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٚحٌظعسؾ‬ ‫ٚـؿ‬ ٓ‫١ّى‬‫حٌع١ٕزش‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫٠خ‬ ً١ٍ‫حٌظل‬ َ‫رؤظظةدح‬ ‫ـمه‬ ْ‫ّعخد‬X-ray
analysisٚٝ‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬ ً١ٍ‫حٌظل‬Chemical analysisً١ٍ‫حٌظل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ٝٔ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ٓ١‫ـٕع‬ .
ٌ‫ح‬ ٓ١‫ٚٔع‬ ‫حٌع١ٕزش‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫٠خ‬‫ّىٛٔخص‬‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬‫١ش‬.ٝ‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬ ً١ٍ‫حٌظل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ٝٔ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ٓ١‫ٚطع‬
ٌٝ‫ا‬ ْ‫٠ؽ١سح‬ ‫حٌى١ّ١خث١ش‬ ‫ٚحٌّىٛٔخص‬ٓ‫س٠مظ‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ٓ٠‫٘ر‬ ِٓ ً‫رى‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ـفلؿ‬ ‫ٌٚألظؿ‬ .‫ـمه‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬
ُ١ ‫ٚطل‬ ٓ‫نل‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫طلظخؽ‬ ‫حٔٙخ‬ ‫لخـش‬ ‫رخ‬ ،ٗ‫خـ‬ ٖ‫زس‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٚطلظخؽ‬ ،‫ؼخٌ١ش‬ ٗ‫خـ‬ ‫ِعدحص‬ ‫٠لظخؽ‬
‫رخٌظؤو١د‬ ٝ‫٠ٕعىع‬ ‫حٌى١ّ١خث١ش‬ ‫ٚحٌّىٛٔخص‬ ٝٔ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ِٓ ً‫و‬ ْ‫ـخ‬ ‫ذٌه‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ً‫خ‬‫يٛل‬ .‫حٌّعدٔ١ش‬ ‫حٌع١ٕخص‬
‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬Physical properties‫طٍٍه‬ َ‫طعظةد‬ ْ‫ح‬ ٓ‫حٌّعظلع‬ ِٓ ‫ٌٚرٌه‬ .ْ‫ٌٍّعخد‬
.ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬
‫حٌٕخض‬ ِٓ ّٝ‫حٌعظ‬ ‫ٌٍٚؽخٌز١ش‬ٕ‫٠ّى‬ُْٙ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌظعسؾ‬‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫ٛحـٙخ‬ ‫نس٠ك‬ ٓ‫ي‬
Physical properties.‫٘رح‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ز١س‬ ‫حٌؽةؿ‬ ‫٠فزق‬ ٓ١‫ٚك‬ .‫ِىٍفش‬ ‫ٚؼ١س‬ ‫ش‬ ١‫رع‬ ‫ظزخزحص‬ ‫أ‬ ‫رؤؿسحن‬
‫حٌّـخ‬ٖ‫حٌّّ١ص‬ ‫حٌففخص‬ ‫يظزخز‬ ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ِع‬ ٗ١ٌ‫ح‬ ‫رخٌٕظس‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌظعسؾ‬ ً‫خ‬‫يخدط‬ ٕٗ‫ـ١ّى‬ ،‫ي‬
Specific featuresٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ،ٌٗColorٜ‫حٌزٍٛز‬ ‫ٚحٌظسو١ذ‬Crystal formation.
ً‫ٔلف‬ ‫ظٛؾ‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫ٚدحث‬ ،ٜ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ٖ‫ِّٚ١ص‬ ‫ـس٠دس‬ ‫نز١ع١ش‬ ‫رففخص‬ ‫٠ظّ١ص‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ً‫ـى‬
‫ر‬ ٖ‫ِس‬ ٗ‫حٌٕظ١ـ‬ ‫ٔفط‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬‫ِّ١ص‬ ‫٘رح‬ ‫زع‬ ٌ‫رخ‬ .ٌُ‫حٌعخ‬ ‫كٛي‬ ْ‫ِىخ‬ ٜ‫أ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫٘رح‬ ِٓ ٕٗ١‫ي‬ ٜ ٜ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫عد‬
ٍٝ‫ي‬ ً‫ٔلف‬ ‫ـسرّخ‬ ‫ٌرٌه‬ ٗ‫ٚٔظ١ـ‬ ،‫ِئود‬ ‫ِـخي‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ٔظخثؾ‬ ٝ ‫طع‬ ‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ً‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬ .ٝ‫ٚكم١م‬
ٌٗ ْ‫ِعد‬ ً‫و‬ ْ‫وخ‬ ‫حذح‬ ٓ‫حٌّعظلع‬ ِٓ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ٌٚعٛؾ‬ .ٓ١ٙ‫ِظؽخر‬ ٓ١ٔ‫ِعد‬ ٜ‫أ‬ ٓ١‫ر‬ ‫ٌٍظفس٠ك‬ ٖ‫ؿ١د‬ ٗ‫ـسـ‬
‫ٌظعسؾ‬ ‫خؾ‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫ح‬ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫أ‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ي‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ذٌه‬ ‫أؿسحن‬ ‫رعد‬ ّٝ‫٠ع‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ي‬
‫حٌفٍٛز٠ض‬"Fluorite Test"‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ـلؿ‬ ‫٠ـذ‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ِٓٚ ،‫ذٌه‬ ‫ٚؿٛد‬ َ‫يد‬ ‫حٌّعظخد‬ ِٓ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ .
‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬Physical properties‫حٌؽ١س‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ‫ِئودس‬ ‫ٔظخثؾ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ً‫ٔلف‬ ٝ‫كظ‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ي‬
‫ِعسـش‬Unknown mineral.

9. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 9
ْ‫ٌٍّؼاد‬ ‫اٌطث١ؼ١ح‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬
THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
‫ٚن‬ ٛٔ ْ‫أ‬‫س‬‫٠مش‬ْ‫ِعد‬ ٞ‫أ‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ٍٟ ‫حٌدح‬ ‫ٚطسط١زٙخ‬ ‫حٌرزحص‬،‫ـمه‬ ٜ‫حٌزٍٛز‬ ٍٗ‫ؼى‬ ْ‫٠لددح‬
ٖ‫ِّٚ١ص‬ ٗ‫ػخرظ‬ ْٛ‫طى‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ْ‫ـؤ‬ ‫ٚورٌه‬ .ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ‫رعك‬ ً‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬ ْ‫٠لددح‬ ‫ٌٚىّٕٙخ‬
‫حٌظ‬ ‫ظٙخ‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬‫ٚ٠ّىٕٕخ‬ .ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ٖ‫ٚطّ١ص‬ ‫عسؾ‬‫حٌظعسؾ‬ٚٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌّظٛـسس‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫طّ١ص‬
‫حٌى١ّ١خث١ش‬ ُٙ‫فخثف‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫رٕخن‬ ‫ز١عش‬ ٌ‫ح‬‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫فخثؿ‬ ِْٛ‫٠عظةد‬ ٓ١‫حٌزخكؼ‬ ُ‫ِعظ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫حإل‬
‫ٚأظس‬ ًٙ‫أظ‬ ِٓ ْ‫ٌٍّعخد‬ ‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ‫دزحظش‬ ‫ٚطعظزس‬ .‫حٌّظٕٛيش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ٚطّ١ص‬ ‫طعس٠ؿ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬
‫ٌٍظعس‬ ‫سق‬ ٌ‫ح‬‫دٚحص‬ ‫ح‬ َ‫رؤظظةدح‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫حٌٕظس‬ ‫رّـسد‬ ‫أِخ‬ ‫ذٌه‬ ُ‫٠ظ‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ‫حٌؽخثعش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ‫وؼ١س‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ؾ‬
.‫ش‬ ١‫حٌزع‬
‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةفخثؿ‬ ًّ‫ٚطؽظ‬ٖ‫حٌّّ١ص‬:ٍٝ٠ ‫ِخ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ٜ-
‫أ‬-ٝ٘ٚ :‫حٌزفس٠ش‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ٟ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ِٓ ‫ِـّٛيش‬،ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ‫حٌمئن‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫طعظّد‬
،‫حٌؽفخـ١ش‬ ،‫حٌزس٠ك‬ ،‫حٌّةدغ‬‫(حٌظفٍٛز‬ ‫ٚحٌظمٛن‬)‫ٚحٌظفعفس‬.‫أٌو‬ ...........
‫د‬–ٝ٘ٚ :‫حٌظّخظى١ش‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ٟ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ِٓ ‫ِـّٛيش‬‫طّخظه‬ ٜ‫ِد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫طعظّد‬
،‫حٌّىعس‬ ،‫ٔففخي‬ ‫ح‬ ،‫حٌظؽمك‬ ، ‫حٌفلدس‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ؿص٠جخص‬‫لخرٍ١ش‬ ‫ٚورٌه‬ َ‫ٔففخ‬ ‫ح‬
ً١‫ٚحٌظؽى‬ ‫سق‬ ٌ‫ٚح‬ ‫ٌٍعلذ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬.‫أٌو‬ ........
‫ؿـ‬-:‫حٌلٛحظ١ش‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ِٓ ‫ِـّٛيش‬ ٟٟ٘ٚ‫حٌظ‬‫حٌلٛحض‬ ‫رعك‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٚطعظّد‬
.‫حٌٍّط‬ ،‫حٌسحثلش‬ ،ُ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ً‫ِؼ‬
‫د‬–ٝ‫حٌٕٛي‬ ْ‫حٌٛش‬:‫ٚذزحص‬ ‫ؿص٠جخص‬ ‫ٚطسحره‬ ‫زؾ‬ ‫و١ف١ش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫ٚطظٛلؿ‬
.ْ‫حٌّعد‬
ٚ-:‫اش‬‫ا‬٠‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫اٛحؾ‬‫ا‬‫حٌة‬ْ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ‫اش‬‫ا‬١ٍ‫لخر‬ ً‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ِؼ‬ ‫اسحزس‬‫ا‬‫حٌل‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ي‬ ‫اد‬‫ا‬ّ‫طعظ‬ ٟ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫حٌظ‬ ‫اٛحؾ‬‫ا‬‫حٌة‬ ٟ‫ا‬‫ا‬٘ٚ
.‫ٌلٔفٙخز‬
‫٘ـ‬-‫ٚح‬ ‫حٌّؽٕخن١ع١ش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫طعظّد‬ ٟ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬.ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٟ‫حإلؼعخي‬ ‫ٚحٌٕؽخن‬ ‫ٌىٙسرخث١ش‬
ِٓ ٓ‫طظّى‬ ٝ‫كظ‬ ‫ٚأؿسحثٙخ‬ ‫أظظةدحِٙخ‬ ‫و١ف١ش‬ ‫٠ظزعٙخ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ٚ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ً‫رى‬ ‫لخثّش‬ ٍٝ٠ ‫ٚـ١ّخ‬
.ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌظعسؾ‬

10. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 10
( ‫ؿدحٚي‬1‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةفخثؿ‬ ُ٘‫أ‬ )ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ‫حٌّعظةدِش‬‫حٌؽخثعش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬.
‫اٌّؼ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫اٌرؼشف‬ ٝ‫ف‬ ‫اٌّف١ذج‬ ‫اٌطث١ؼ١ح‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬ ‫أوثش‬:ْ‫ذ‬
These are the physical properties most useful
for mineral identification:
ٌٍْٛ‫ا‬Color
‫اٌّخذػ‬Streak
‫اٌثش٠ك‬Luster
‫اٌشفاف١ح‬Transparency‫األٔاسج‬ ٚ‫(ا‬diaphaneity)
ٖ‫اٌظالد‬Hardness
َ‫اإلٔفظا‬Cleavage
‫اإلٔفظاي‬Parting
‫اٌّىغش‬Fracture
‫اٌرّاعه‬Tenacity
‫اٌثٍٛس٠ح‬ ‫األٔظّح‬Crystal Systems
‫اٌثٍٛس٠ح‬ ‫ٚاألشىاي‬Technical Crystal Habits
‫اٌثٍٛس٠ح‬ ‫األشىاي‬ ‫ٚطف‬Descriptive Crystal Habits
‫اٌرٛاِح‬Twinning
ٝ‫إٌٛػ‬ ْ‫اٌٛص‬Specific Gravity
‫اٌّؼذٔ١ح‬ ‫اٌردّؼاخ‬Associated Minerals
‫ػٍ١ٙا‬ ‫اٌّرؼاسف‬ ‫اٌّٛالغ‬e LocalitiesNotabl
:‫اٌّّٙح‬ ٜ‫ا٢خش‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬ ‫تؼغ‬
Other Important Properties:
‫اٌرفٍش‬Fluorescence
‫اٌرفغفش‬Phosphorescence
ٝ‫األزرىاو‬ ‫اٌرؼٛء‬Triboluminescence
ٜ‫اٌسشاس‬ ‫اٌرؼٛء‬Thermoluminescence
ْ‫اٌزٚتا‬ ‫لاتٍ١ح‬Solubility
‫األزّاع‬ ‫ِغ‬ ً‫اٌرفاػ‬Reaction to acids
‫اٌّضاق‬Taste
‫اٌٍّّظ‬Feel
ٗ‫اٌشائس‬Odor
‫اٌىٙشتائ١ح‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬Electrical properties
ٌ‫ا‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬‫ّغٕاؽ١غ١ح‬Magnetic Properties
‫اٌسشاس٠ح‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬Thermal properties
ٝ‫األشؼاػ‬ ‫إٌشاؽ‬Radioactivity
‫اٌظا٘ش‬ ً‫اٌشى‬Percussion Figure
Efflorescence
Deliquesce
ormationTransf
Decomposition
‫اٌىارتح‬ ‫األشىاي‬Pseudomorphs
Phantoms
‫اٌّىرٕفاخ‬Inclusions
‫المكان‬Location
‫اٌخٛاص‬( ‫اٌثظش٠ح‬PropertiespticalO):
Fluorescence‫اٌرفٍش‬
ْ‫ِؼذ‬ ‫أٔفظاي‬‫اٌ١الٛخ‬
)‫األزّش‬ َ‫(اٌىٛسأذ‬
Parting in Ruby
ْ‫ٌّؼذ‬ ‫اٌّّ١ض‬ ‫اٌثش٠ك‬
‫اٌغّ١ثٛعٛٔ١د‬
Unique Luster of
Smithsonite
‫ٌألٌّاط‬ ٜ‫اٌثٍٛس‬ ً‫اٌشى‬
A Crystal Habit of
Diamond
‫اٌشٚدٚوٛع١د‬ ْ‫ِؼذ‬ ٌْٛ
The Color of
Rhodochrosite

11. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 11
‫األٔىغاس‬ ًِ‫ِؼا‬Index of Refraction
‫اٌّضدٚج‬ ‫األٔىغاس‬Double Refraction
‫اٌرشرد‬Dispersion and Fire
ٔ‫األ‬ ‫لٛج‬ٝ‫اٌثٕائ‬ ‫ىغاس‬Birefringence
Dichroism and Pleochroism
Absorption Spectrum
ْ‫ٚاألٌٛا‬ ‫اٌؼٛء‬ ‫ذأث١ش‬(Light and Color Effects):
‫اٌرسضص‬Striations
َ‫األعرشص‬ ً‫اٌشى‬Asterism
Adularescen
Aventurization
‫اٌٙش‬ ٓ١‫ػ‬ ‫خاط١ح‬Cat's Eye effect
‫ِرغ١شج‬٠‫اٌثش‬‫ك‬Chatoyancy
Cymophane Effect
Iridescence
)‫اٌألألء‬ ( ‫األٚتاي‬ ‫خاط١ح‬Opalescence
Silk Effect
ٓ٠ٛ‫اٌرى‬ ‫اٌغطس١ح‬ ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬Meteoritic Minerals
( ‫المعدن‬ ‫ألختبار‬ ‫المعقدة‬ ‫الطرق‬Complex Mineral Testing
Methods:)
‫اٌغ١ٕ١ح‬ ‫تاألشؼح‬ ً١ٍ‫اٌرس‬X-ray analysis
ٌ‫ا‬ٝٔٚ‫األٌ١ىرش‬ ٝ‫اٌؼٛئ‬ ‫تاٌّاعر‬ ً١ٍ‫رس‬Electron-microprobe
)ٜ‫(اٌثٛس‬ ‫إٌفخ‬ ‫أثٛتح‬ ‫تٛاعطح‬ ‫األخرثاس‬Blowpipe Test
ٜ‫اٌخشص‬ ‫األخرثاس‬Bead Test
ٝ‫اٌٍٙث‬ ‫األخرثاس‬Flame Test
ٝ‫األٔثٛت‬ ‫األخرثاس‬Tube Test
ٝ‫اٌساِؼ‬ ‫األخرثاس‬Acid Test
‫حظظعسحق‬ ٍٟ٠ ‫ٚـ١ّخ‬ٖ‫ٌٙر‬‫ح‬‫ز١ع‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫ٌةٛحؾ‬: ‫١ش‬

12. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 12
I-‫اٌؼٛئ١ح‬ ‫اٌخٛاص‬"Optical Properties"
1ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬Color:
2ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫يسق‬Play of color
3)‫ن‬ ‫(حٌأل‬ ‫ٚرخي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خـ١ش‬Opalescence
4‫حٌّةدغ‬Streak
5‫حٌظفدإ‬Tarnish
6‫حٌظمٛن‬Luminescence
i)‫حٌظفٍس‬Fluorescence
ii)‫حٌظفعفس‬Phosphorescence
iii)ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬Thermoluminescence
iv)ٝ‫كظىخو‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬Triboluminescence
7)‫حٌظؤٌك‬ ٚ‫(أ‬ ‫حٌزس٠ك‬Luster
8ٚ‫(أ‬ ‫حٌٙس‬ ٓ١‫ي‬ ‫خـ١ش‬‫ِظؽ١سس‬‫حٌزس٠ك‬)Chatoyancy
9َ‫خظظسش‬Asterism
10‫حٌؽفخـ١ش‬Transparency
1-ٌٍْٛ‫ا‬Color:
ْ‫اٌّؼاد‬ ٌْٛ ‫زٛي‬ ُٙ٠ ‫ِارا‬‫؟‬
WHAT IS IMPORTANT ABOUT THE COLOR OF
MINERALS?
‫٠ـرد‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬ ٝ‫حٌسث١ع‬ ‫حٌعزذ‬ ٛٙ‫ـ‬ .‫ؼ١س٘خ‬ ِٓ ‫أوؼس‬ ٖ‫ٔظزخ‬ ‫ح‬ ٝ‫طعظسي‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌففخص‬ ‫أكد‬ ٛ٘
‫حٌٕخض‬ْ‫ٌٍّعخد‬‫ِؽخ٘دطٙخ‬ ‫يٕد‬.‫ِلكظظٙخ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ٌٝٚ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ‫حٌعخدس‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٛ٘ٚ .‫٠عمه‬ ‫ـعّٕخ‬
‫٠لدع‬ ٌُ ‫ٚحذح‬ ‫٠ٕىعس‬ ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ٚؿصن‬ ‫٠ٕعىط‬ ِٕٗ ‫ؿصن‬ ْ‫ـؤ‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ظ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬‫أِظفخؾ‬
ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ُ٠‫يد‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ْ‫ـؤ‬ ‫ٌٍمٛن‬Colorlessٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ٚ٠ٕظؾ‬ .‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ٚٔفر‬ ‫ٔعىخض‬ ‫ح‬ ٝ‫كخٌظ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬
ٝ ‫ٌظع‬ ٓ١‫حٌع‬ ‫ؼزى١ش‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ٚطئػس‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ِٓ ‫طٕعىط‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌمٛث١ش‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٗ‫حٌّٛؿ‬ ‫نٛي‬ ِٓ
.ٌٍْٛ‫رخ‬ ‫كعخض‬ ‫ح‬
ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ٌّٛؿخص‬ ٗ‫أِظفخـ‬ ‫ٔمؿ‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٗ‫ِظفخـ‬ ٗ‫ٔظ١ـ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ‫ٚ٠ظٙس‬‫ّةظٍفش‬
Wavelengths of light.ٗ‫ِٛؿخط‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫٠ظلدد‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ٍْٛ‫ـ‬ .،ٝ‫ٔم‬ ‫أر١ك‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ـعٕدِخ‬
‫ر١ّٕخ‬ ‫٠ّظؿ‬ ‫زرّخ‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ‫ـزعك‬ ،‫حٌزٍٛزس‬ ً ‫ـظد‬ ،‫حٌّسث١ش‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ِٛؿخص‬ ‫ؿّ١ع‬ ِٓ ْٛ‫٠ظى‬ ٜ‫ٚحٌر‬
ٚ ‫أر١ك‬ ٝ‫٠زم‬ ‫حٌزٍٛزس‬ ‫٠ظسن‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ْ‫ـؤ‬ ‫ذٌه‬ ‫كدع‬ ‫ـؤذح‬ .‫طظؽظض‬ ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ‫رعك‬ٕٗ‫ٌى‬
.‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ٌْٛ ٌٗ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ظٛؾ‬‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ِىٛٔخص‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫٢ِظفخؾ‬ ٗ‫لدزط‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ‫ٚ٠عظّد‬
‫ؿّ١ع‬ ‫رّسٚز‬ ‫٠عّق‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫٠عىط‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ـخٌّعد‬ ."ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ٜ‫"أ‬ ٗ‫ر‬ ‫٠ظٙس‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ٚيىط‬
‫حٌىزس٠ض‬ ْ‫(ِعد‬ ‫أـفس‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ر١ّٕخ‬ ،‫ِظعخٚ٠ش‬ ‫رٕعذ‬ ‫١ؿ‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬Sulfurْ‫وخ‬ ‫اذح‬ )‫٠عىط‬
ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬‫ف‬ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ٚ٠ظٙس‬ .ٜ‫حٌعخد‬ ‫ٌٍمٛن‬ ‫حٌّىٛٔش‬ ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ِٛؿخص‬ ‫ؿّ١ع‬ ‫ٚ٠ّظؿ‬ ‫فسحن‬

13. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 13
ٝ ‫ٌظع‬ ٓ١‫حٌع‬ ‫ؼزى١ش‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫٠ئػس‬ ً‫ح‬‫ؿد‬ ‫لج١ٍش‬ ‫رىّ١ش‬ ٗ‫٠عىع‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ،‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫٠عىط‬ ْ‫وخ‬ ‫حذح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫أظٛد‬
.ٌٍْٛ‫رخ‬ ‫كعخض‬ ‫ح‬
Analcime Realgar Crocoite Tyuyamunite
Malachite Turquoise Cavansite Azurite
Fluorite Amethyst Kaemmererite Bixbyite
( ً‫ؼى‬1.ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٌٍْٛ ‫رعك‬ )
‫رعمٙخ‬ ‫كٛي‬ ‫ِٕظظّش‬ ‫أكصِش‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫كٍمخص‬ ‫٘١جش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌٛحكد‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ِٛش‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ٚلد‬
‫حٌزعك‬‫ؿخص‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫وّخ‬Agate‫حٌظزٍٛز‬ ‫حٌّعظظس‬ ‫حٌىٛحزطص‬ ٛ٘ٚCryptocrystalline
quartz.ٓ١ٌ‫حٌظٛزِخ‬ ٚ ،
ْ‫أ‬ ُ‫ٚزؼ‬ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬‫أوؼس‬ ٛ٘‫ز١ع١ش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌففخص‬‫حٌّّٙش‬ً‫خ‬‫ٚلٛك‬ٟ‫ـ‬ ‫خـش‬ ٚ ً‫خ‬١‫خزؿ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ٌظّ١١ص‬
‫حٌفٍص٠ش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬،‫يظّخد‬ ‫ح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ٌٚرٌه‬ ْ‫ك١خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫أؼٍذ‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ْ‫ٌٍّعخد‬ ‫ػخ٠ظش‬ ‫ـفش‬ ‫٠عد‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬
ٌ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ٌٚ ‫ظؽة١ؿ‬.ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ّعسـش‬‫ٚ٠ـ‬ْ‫أ‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ، ‫حٌىعس‬ ‫كد٠غ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ظ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ٓ١‫طع‬ ‫ذ‬

14. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 14
ٗ‫ٔظ١ـ‬ ٝ‫حٌلم١م‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌٍْٛ ‫ِؽخ٠س‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ِخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؼخٌز‬ ‫حٌـٛ٠ش‬ ًِ‫ٌٍعٛح‬ ‫ٚحٌّعسق‬ ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫حٌع‬
.ًٍ‫ٚحٌظل‬ ‫ٌٍفدح‬ ٗ‫ٌظعسل‬
:ٓ١ّ‫لع‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ِٓ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ُ١‫طمع‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬
i)‫ػخرظش‬ ْ‫أٌٛح‬ ‫ذحص‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Idiochromatic minerals:ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍْٝ٘ٚٛ‫ر‬ ‫طّظخش‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬
‫حٌؽخثعش‬ ‫أِؼٍظٙخ‬ ِٓٚ .ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫ؼةف١ظٙخ‬ ِٓ ‫حٌظلمك‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ٌٚرٌه‬ ‫ػخرض‬
‫حٌىزس٠ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬Sulfur‫و١ض‬ ‫حٌّخ‬ ٚ ،‫ـخطق‬ ‫أـفس‬ ٌٗٔٛٚ{Cu2CO3.(OH)2:
Malachite}‫شٚز٠ض‬ ‫ٚح‬ ،‫مس‬ ‫أ‬ ٌٗٔٛٚ{Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2:Azurite}ٌٗٔٛٚ
‫ٚحٌّخؿٕ١ظ١ض‬ ،‫أشزق‬{Magnetite (Fe3O4)}‫حٌعٕزخز‬ ،‫أظٛد‬ ٌٗٔٛٚCinnabar
(HgS).‫أكّس‬ ٌٗٔٛٚ‫ٌٍٕلخض‬ ‫كّس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ٚح‬ ‫ٚحٌز١س٠ض‬ ‫ٌٍر٘ذ‬ ‫ـفس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ٚح‬.
ii)‫ػخرظش‬ ‫ؼ١س‬ ْ‫أٌٛح‬ ‫ذحص‬ ْ‫ِٚعخد‬)ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫(ِظؽ١س‬Allochromatic mineralsٝ٘ٚ :
ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌٍّٛٔش‬ ‫حٌّٛحد‬ ِٓ ٗ‫ِظفخٚط‬ ‫وّ١خص‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫كظٛحثٙخ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٔظس‬ ‫حٌٛحٔٙخ‬ ‫طظؽ١س‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬
٘.ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ؼةف١ش‬ ِٓ ‫طلم١ك‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ً‫ح‬‫وؼ١س‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫٠ف١د‬ ‫ٕٚ٘خ‬ .ٍٗ١ ‫د‬ ‫ِٛحد‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫ؼٛحثذ‬ ‫١جش‬
: ٍٝ٠‫ِخ‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ٗ‫ػخرظ‬ ‫حٌؽ١س‬ ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ذحص‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ظلؾ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أظزخد‬ ٜ‫٠عص‬ ‫ٚلد‬-
ٍٗ١ ‫د‬ ‫ِٛحد‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫ؼٛحثذ‬ ‫٘١جش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌٍّٛٔش‬ ‫حٌّٛحد‬ ِٓ ٗ‫ِظفخٚط‬ ‫وّ١خص‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫أكظٛحثٙخ‬ًّ‫طع‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬
‫ـظفزػ‬ ‫ـزخغ‬ ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬.ً‫خ‬١‫ٔم‬ ْ‫وخ‬ ‫حذح‬ ٍٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍٗٔٛ ‫ِةخٌؿ‬ ٍْٛ‫ر‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫أِؼٍظٙخ‬ ِٓٚ
‫حٌىٛحزطص‬Quartz (SiO2)ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ُ٠‫يد‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ٝ‫حٌٕم‬ ‫ـخٌىٛحزطص‬ .Colorless‫ٕ٘خن‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ .
ٜ‫حٌٛزد‬ ‫حٌىٛحزطص‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ‫ِةظٍفش‬ ْ‫رخٌٛح‬ ‫طظٙس‬ ٗ١‫ٔم‬ ‫ؼ١س‬ ‫أٔٛح‬Rose quartzٍٝ‫ي‬ ٜٛ‫٠لظ‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬
ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌلّسحن‬ ‫حٌلد٠د‬ ٟ‫أوخظ‬ ِٓ ‫ؼٛحثذ‬)‫(حٌـّؽض‬ ٝ‫حٌزٕفعـ‬ ‫حٌىٛحزطص‬ ‫ٕٚ٘خن‬ .ٍْٛAmethyst
ٓ ‫حٌّد‬ ‫ٌٍىٛحزطص‬ ‫رخٌٕعزش‬ ‫حٌلخي‬ ‫ٚورٌه‬ )‫حٌّٕـٕ١ص‬ ‫(أٚوع١د‬ ٗ١‫رٕفعـ‬ ‫ؼٛحثذ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ٜٛ‫٠لظ‬ ‫ك١غ‬
Smoky quartzٝ‫حٌلٍ١ز‬ /‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٚحٌىٛحزطص‬Milky quartz.
ً‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬‫أرا١ك‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫أـافس‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫ماس‬ ‫أ‬ ٌْٛ ‫ذح‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؼخٌز‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ٞ‫حٌر‬ ‫حٌفٍٛز٠ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ٚ‫أ‬
‫١ٍش‬ ‫د‬ ‫ِٛحد‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫ؼٛحثذ‬ ‫٘١جش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٍِٛٔش‬ ‫ِٛحد‬ ‫ٌٛؿٛد‬ ‫ٔظ١ـش‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ُ٠‫يد‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٞ‫لسِص‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٟٕ‫ر‬.
ٝ‫ـفا‬ ،‫كالي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٌعٍّ١اش‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٔظاس‬ ٜ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ٕٗ١‫ي‬ ِٓ ٝ‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬ ‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ‫ظلؾ‬ ‫وؤ‬ ‫و١ّ١خث١ش‬ ‫أظزخد‬
،‫ااد‬‫ا‬٠‫حٌلد‬ ‫ااٛد‬‫ا‬‫ٚؿ‬ ٝ‫اا‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ا‬ ْٛ‫اا‬‫ا‬ٌٍ‫ح‬ ‫ااع‬‫ا‬‫٠سؿ‬ ‫اادس‬‫ا‬ِ‫حٌـخ‬ ً‫اا‬‫ا‬١ٌ‫حٌّلخ‬ ٓ‫اا‬‫ا‬ِ ‫ااد‬‫ا‬٠‫حٌعد‬‫اافخٌ١س٠ض‬‫ا‬‫حٌع‬ ْ‫ااد‬‫ا‬‫ِع‬ ً‫اا‬‫ا‬‫ِؼ‬
Sphalerite (ZnS)‫وؼاسس‬ ‫رعازذ‬ ‫ٚذٌاه‬ ‫ظٛد‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ٕٝ‫حٌز‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫ـفس‬ ‫ح‬ ِٓ ٌٗٔٛ ‫٠ةظٍؿ‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬
ٓ‫ي‬ ٖ‫١س‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٗ‫حٌلخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌلد٠د‬18.%
‫حٌاسٚحره‬ ‫رعاك‬ ‫ٔٛؿاد‬ ‫ك١اغ‬ ْ‫ٌٍّعاد‬ ٜ‫حٌارز‬ ‫حٌزٕاخن‬ ٝ‫اٌا‬ ْٛ‫حٌٍا‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌظؽ١س‬Bonds‫حٌارزحص‬ ٓ١‫را‬
ٖ‫ِىغش‬ْ‫ِعد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌلخي‬ ٛ٘ ‫وّخ‬ ،‫رخٌٕعزش‬‫ح‬ٓ ‫حٌّد‬ ‫ٌىٛحزطص‬Smoky quartz.

15. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 15
ٌ‫ح‬‫ى‬ٌ‫ح‬ ‫ٛحزطص‬‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ /ٝ‫لٍ١ز‬ٜ‫حٌٛزد‬ ‫حٌىٛحزطص‬
ٓ ‫حٌّد‬ ‫حٌىٛحزطص‬‫ِمخض‬ ٖ‫(رٍٛز‬ ٝ‫حٌزٕفعـ‬ ‫حٌىٛحزطص‬4.5 x 9.2 x 3.8
cmِٓNamibia)
‫خـش‬ ‫أٚي‬ ٝٙ‫ـ‬ .ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ‫ؿ١دس‬ ‫ؼ١س‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ‫طعظزس‬ ،‫يخِش‬ ‫رففش‬
‫ح‬ ‫ـٕٙخن‬ .‫ـل١ق‬ ‫ؼ١س‬ ً‫رؽى‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫طعس٠ؿ‬ ُ‫٠ظ‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ِٓٚ ٗ ‫ٌٚؽز‬ ‫طؽظض‬ ًّ‫طع‬‫ٌٙخ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ‫ٌعد٠د‬
ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ‫٠عزذ‬ ‫ِخذح‬ ُٙ‫ـ‬ ٌُّٙ‫ح‬ ّٓ‫ـ‬ .ٜ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ‫ٔفط‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ‫ٚرعك‬ ‫ِةظٍفش‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬
.ٖ‫٘ر‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ُٙ‫ٔف‬ ٝ‫ٌى‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬
‫اٌّٛخاخ؟‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫٠رشرد‬ ٚ‫أ‬ /ٚ ‫٠ّرض‬ ‫ِارا‬
‫زٚحره‬ ،ً‫خ‬ِّٛ‫ي‬‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ٜٛ‫طلظ‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ‫ـزعك‬ .‫ذٌه‬ ‫طعزذ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ٝ٘ ‫حٌرزحص‬
Electronsً‫خ‬‫ؼخٌز‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫ٌٍعٕخـس‬ ‫نخلش‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫ـظّظٍه‬ .ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫طّظؿ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬
‫نخلش‬ ‫كخٌش‬ ٜ‫ـظعص‬ .‫خق‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ِٓ ‫رخٌّص٠د‬ ‫٠ّد٘خ‬ ‫ِّخ‬ ٜ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ِٛؿخص‬ ‫طؽظض‬ ‫ظٛؾ‬Energy state
ٖ‫ٌٙر‬ ‫خلش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫كخٌش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌسٚحره‬ ‫ـظظؤػس‬ .‫طّظفٙخ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬
.‫ِةظٍفش‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ‫حٌّةظٍفش‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌسٚحره‬ ‫طٕظؾ‬ ‫ٌٚرٌه‬ .‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬
ً‫خ‬‫ـعخدط‬‫طؽظظٙخ‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫أِظفخـٙخ‬ ‫لي‬ ‫ؼفخـش‬ ‫ٔخلٍش‬ ‫ـٍصحص‬ ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫طٕظؾ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ْٛ‫طى‬
‫طخٌظسو١ذ‬ ِٓ ‫ؿصن‬ ْ‫وخ‬ ‫حذح‬ ،‫ِلدد‬ ٌْٛ ٚ‫ذ‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫دحث‬ ‫٠فزق‬ ْ‫أ‬ ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ‫٘رح‬ ‫٠عزذ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ .‫ٌٍّٛؿخص‬
‫أِخ‬ .ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٝ‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬)‫أػخز(ؼل١لش‬ ‫ـمه‬ ْ‫وخ‬ ‫حذح‬Trace‫وز١س‬ ‫طؤػ١س‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ‫ِخشحٌض‬ ‫ـؤٔٙخ‬ ،‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ٖ‫ٌٙر‬

16. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 16
ِٓٚ .ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ٓ١‫طدحو‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫طؽّ١ك‬ ‫٠ّىٕٙخ‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ِٓ ‫لٍ١ٍش‬ ‫وّ١خص‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٝ‫كظ‬ .ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌٍْٛ ٍٝ‫ي‬
:ً‫ِؼ‬ .‫ـ١ٙخ‬ ‫٠ٛػك‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ‫ِلددس‬ ْ‫رخٌٛح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٓ٠ٍٛ‫ط‬ ‫٠ّىٕٙخ‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ‫رعك‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫حٌّسؿق‬-‫حٌٕلخض‬
(Copper, Cu)( ‫حٌلد٠د‬ ‫ٚ٠عسؾ‬ .‫شزق‬ ‫ٚح‬ ‫مس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫٠ٕظؾ‬Iron, Feٌٍْٛ ٗ‫رؤٔظخؿ‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫دحث‬ )
.ٌْٛ ٜ‫أ‬ ٓ٠ٛ‫طى‬ ‫٠عزذ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٝ‫و١ّ١خث‬ ‫يٕفس‬ ‫ة‬ ٓ‫ـ١ّى‬ ،‫ذٌه‬ ‫ِٚع‬ .‫ـفس‬ ‫ح‬ ٚ ‫كّس‬ ‫ح‬
: ‫إٌاذح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ا‬ ٚ ٌٍّٗٔٛ‫ا‬ ‫اٌؼٕاطش‬ ‫ٌثؼغ‬ ‫لائّح‬-
ٌٍّْٛ‫ا‬ ‫اٌؼٕظش‬
Coloring elements
‫اٌشِض‬‫إٌاذح‬ ٌْٛ‫ا‬
Color they produce
ْ‫اٌّؼذ‬
Mineral
‫حٌىٛرخٌض‬CobaltCoٝ‫اـ‬‫ا‬‫حٌزٕفع‬ ‫اس‬‫ا‬ّ‫ك‬ ‫ح‬ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬
violet-red color
Erythrite, (cobalt arsenic
sulfide)
َٚ‫حٌىس‬ChromiumCrٌٝ‫ااخ‬‫ا‬‫حٌزسطم‬ ‫ااس‬‫ا‬ّ‫ك‬ ‫ح‬ ْٛ‫اا‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬
orange-red color
Crocoite, (lead chromate)
‫حٌٕلخض‬CopperCu‫شزق‬ ‫ح‬ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬azure
blue colorٚ‫أ‬ْٛ‫حٌااا‬
‫مس‬ ‫ح‬
Azurite, (copper carbonate
hydroxide)
‫حٌلد٠د‬IronFe‫كّس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌْٛ‫ح‬red colorlimonite, (hydrated iron
oxide hydroxide)
‫حٌّٕـٕ١ص‬ManganeseMnٜ‫ااٛزد‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ‫ااس‬‫ا‬ّ‫ك‬ ‫ح‬ ْٛ‫اا‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬
pink color
Rhodochrosite,
(manganese carbonate)
ً‫حٌٕ١ى‬NickelNi‫مس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌْٛ‫ح‬Annabergite, (hydrated
nickel arsenate).
َٛ١ٔ‫حٌ١ٛزح‬UraniumU‫ـفس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌْٛ‫ح‬Zippeite, (hydrated
potassium uranyl sulfate
hydroxide)
ُ٠‫حٌفخٔ١د‬VanadiumV‫حٌّلّااس‬ ٌٝ‫حٌزسطمااخ‬ ْٛ‫حٌاا‬
red-orange color
Vanadinite, (lead
vanadate chloride)
‫ِخ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ْ‫أ‬ ِٓ ُ‫حٌسؼ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬‫ٔفط‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫دحث‬ ‫طٍّه‬ ‫ـؤٔٙخ‬ ،‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫ٌظؤػ١س‬ ‫طظعسق‬ ‫شحٌض‬
‫أر١ك‬ ‫ٌٛٔٙخ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ً‫خ‬‫يخدط‬ ‫حٌٕم١ش‬ ‫حٌلخٌش‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ُ‫ـّعظ‬ ،‫ذٌه‬ ‫ِٚع‬ .ٝ‫ظخظ‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬White‫يد٠ّش‬ ٚ‫أ‬
ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬Colorless‫ٚطٛلق‬ .‫ِةظٍفش‬ ‫حٌٛحٔٙخ‬ ً‫ٚطـع‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ٍْٛ‫ط‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫حٌؽٛحثذ‬ ِٓ ‫ٌٍعد٠د‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ .
‫اٌّخذػ‬ ‫خاط١ح‬Property of streak‫ٚؿٛد‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫لخـش‬ ‫رخ‬ ‫٘رح‬ .ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٝ‫حٌلم١م‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ً‫خ‬‫يخدط‬
ٌٍّٗٔٛ‫ح‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬Coloring elements‫،ٚحٌؽٛحثذ‬Impuritiesٝ‫حٌظ‬ ٜ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ًِ‫أٚحٌعٛح‬ ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬
‫حٌفٍٛز‬ : ‫ٌٚ١ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ؼ١خن‬ ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ .ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ْ‫ٌلٌٛح‬ ‫طسطزه‬ ً‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬Fluorine‫حٌىزس٠ض‬ ،Sulfurٚ ،
‫حٌىٍٛز‬Chlorine‫حٌىسرٛٔخص‬ ِٓ ٍٗ١ٍ‫ل‬ ‫وّ١خص‬Carbonateٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬ ‫ح٢٠ٛٔ١ش‬ ‫حٌّـخِ١ع‬ ٚ
‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ُ ‫طل‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫حٌٕخدزس‬ ‫زل١ش‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ‫ٌٍألؼعخيخص‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ .‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٖٛ‫طؽ‬ ‫طعزذ‬
ً‫ِؼ‬ ٓ٠ٍٛ‫رخٌظ‬ ‫ِسطزه‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫زرّخ‬ ‫حٌظؤػ١س‬ ‫ٚ٘رح‬ ٜ‫حٌزٍٛز‬ٓ‫اٌّذخ‬ ‫اٌىٛاسذض‬Smoky quartz‫٠ـذ‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫ـدحث‬ .
‫ي‬ ‫حٌلظس‬ ٝ‫طٛؼ‬ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٝ‫كظ‬ ،ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ .ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ٓ١ِ‫ِعظةد‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ٚـؿ‬ ‫ٔلخٚد‬ ‫ٕدِخ‬
.ً‫د‬١‫ؿ‬ ً‫ٚرؽى‬ ‫ردلش‬ ‫ٌٛـفٙخ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬ َ‫أظظةدح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫يٍّخن‬ ٚ ‫ٌةزسحن‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ْ‫ـؤ‬ ،‫ِةظٍفش‬
Some More Colored Examples:

17. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 17
Wulfenite
Colorless
Gypsum
Rhodochrosite Amber
2-‫ػشع‬ٌ‫ا‬ٍْٛPlay of color
‫طظخرع‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫حٌألٌٛح‬ ‫طؽ١س‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫طظٙس‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫ٕ٘خن‬
‫أطـخ٘خص‬ ِٓ ٗ١ٌ‫ا‬ ‫٠ٕظس‬ ‫أٚيٕدِخ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رز‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫٠دحز‬ ‫يٕدِخ‬ ‫ظس٠ع‬
‫ِةظٍفش‬‫وٍّخ‬ ٜ‫(أ‬)‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ظمٛن‬ ‫شحٚ٠ش‬ ‫طؽ١سص‬ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫أِؼٍش‬ ِٓٚ .
‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ٗ١‫حٌةخـ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬‫ٌّخض‬Diamond‫ٌمٛس‬ ٗ‫ٔظ١ـ‬
.ٝ‫حٌمٛث‬ ‫حٌظفسق‬
‫خـ١ش‬ ْٛ‫طى‬ ‫ٚلد‬‫يسق‬‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أٔعىخض‬ ٗ‫ٔظ١ـ‬ ْ‫حٌألٌٛح‬
ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ً ‫دح‬ ‫ـفخثل١ش‬ ‫ِلظٛ٠خص‬ ‫ق‬ ‫أظ‬ ِِٓٓ ً‫أل‬1/10ْٚ‫ِ١ىس‬
،‫يسق‬‫رسحدٚز٠ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫وّخ‬Labradorite‫ك١غ‬‫٠ظٙس‬
‫شحٚ٠ش‬ ‫ظلؾ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ِع‬ ‫ـفس‬ ‫ح‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫مس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫شزق‬ ‫ح‬ ِٓ ْ‫حٌٛح‬
‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ظمٛن‬.
‫ِعخـخص‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ؼمٛق‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أٔعىخض‬ ٚ ‫طؽظض‬ ‫رعزذ‬ ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫يسق‬ ‫ٚ٠لدع‬
َ‫أففخ‬ ‫ِعظٛ٠خص‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ؿد‬ ‫ل١مش‬Cleavage planes‫حٌففخثل١ش‬ ُ‫ٚحٌظٛحث‬Twin lamellaeٚ‫أ‬
‫ِىظٕفخص‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ً‫حٌؽى‬ ‫١ش‬ ٠‫ؼس‬ ‫زل١مش‬ ‫ـفخثق‬.ٜ‫ِظٛحش‬ ٖ‫أطـخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٗ‫ِسطز‬
3-)‫(اٌألألء‬ ‫األٚتاي‬ ‫خاط١ح‬Opalescence
‫ٚرخي‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ً‫طظّؼ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫يسق‬ ‫أٔٛح‬ ٜ‫أكد‬ ٝ٘Opal (SiO2.nH2O)ٗ‫ٔظ١ـ‬
ٗ٠‫رفس‬ ‫ـفخص‬ ٝ ‫ـظع‬ ‫حٌظسط١ذ‬ ‫ِةظٍفش‬ ‫ؿص٠جخص‬ ‫طٛؿد‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ً ‫دح‬ ِٓ ٗ١‫لٛث‬ ‫أٔعىخظخص‬
ٌّ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ً ‫ٌظدح‬ ٗ‫ٔظ١ـ‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ، ‫ِةظٍفش‬‫دحثس٠ش‬ َ‫أؿعخ‬ ٝ٘ ً‫خ‬‫طمس٠ز‬ ٗ١‫ِ١ىسٚظىٛر‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫زمخص‬ ِٕ ‫ٕعىط‬
.ُ‫ِٕظظ‬ َ‫ٔظخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٗ‫ِسطز‬
‫خـ١ش‬ ‫طلكظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ٟ‫ٚـ‬‫ن‬ ‫حٌأل‬‫ٚرخي‬ ‫ح‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ‫وّخ‬ ‫ِعش‬ ‫ٌٛٔ١ش‬ ‫ِٕخنك‬ ‫رٛؿٛد‬
Opals‫وٍّخ‬ ُ‫حٌلـ‬ ٟ‫ٚـ‬ ، ٌٍٟٔٛ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظدزؽ‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌّٕخنك‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫ٚطةظٍؿ‬ . ‫حٌلـس‬ ً ‫دح‬ ‫زإ٠ظّٙخ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬
.‫٠د٠ه‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌلـس‬ ‫كسوض‬ٚ‫طةظٍؿ‬ ٟ٘‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ٚحٔعىخض‬ ً ‫طدح‬ ِٓ ‫ٚطٕظؾ‬ ،ْ‫حٌٍّعخ‬ ٚ‫ح‬ ‫حٌزس٠ك‬ ٓ‫ي‬
ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ً ‫دح‬ َ‫ٔظظخ‬ ‫ح‬ َ‫يد‬ ‫رعزذ‬ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ً ‫دح‬ ِٓ ‫خٔ١ش‬ ‫د‬ ٚ‫ح‬ ‫كٍ١ز١ش‬ ‫حٔعىخظخص‬ ‫ٚرخي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٚ٠عسق‬.
‫٘ر‬ ٝ‫ـ‬‫طخطؾ‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫يسق‬ ،ٗ‫حٌفدـ‬ ٖ
‫ٔعىخض‬ ‫ح‬ ٓ‫يظ‬
In this shell, the play of
color is caused by the
diffraction

18. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 18
4-‫اٌّخذػ‬Streak
Hematite ‫اٌٙ١ّاذ١د‬
‫اٌّخذػ؟‬ ٛ٘ ‫ِا‬
WHAT IS STREAK?
‫٠عسؾ‬‫ِةدغ‬ٗٔ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ٌْٛ‫ِع‬ٗ‫ِعلٛل‬ ٌْٛ ٜ‫(أ‬ ُ‫حٌٕخي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٗ‫لٛل‬ٌ‫ح‬‫ٚزرّخ‬ ،)ٜ‫رز‬
.ٗ‫حٌىظٍ١ا‬ ٗ‫كخٌظا‬ ٝ‫ـا‬ ٗ‫ٔفعا‬ ْ‫حٌّعاد‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ٓ‫يا‬ ً‫ح‬‫وز١اس‬ ً‫خ‬‫ظلـا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫٠ةظٍؿ‬ْٚٛ‫رٍا‬ ٍٗ‫حٌفا‬ ‫لس٠اذ‬ ‫حٌّةادغ‬ ‫٠عظزاس‬
ٗ‫ِةدؼا‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ٓ‫يا‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ‫٠ةظٍؿ‬ ‫زرّخ‬ ْ ،ٕٗ‫ي‬ ٗ‫ِةظٍف‬ ٗ١‫ف‬ ٕٗ‫ٌٚى‬ ،ْ‫حٌّعد‬.ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ‫٠ظفاخٚص‬ ‫ٚلاد‬
‫٠زم‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ،ٜ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ٕٗ١‫ي‬ ِٓ ْ‫حٌّعد‬‫يظّخد‬ ‫ح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٗ١‫خـ‬ ٛٙ‫ـ‬ ‫ٌٚٙرح‬ .‫٠ظؽ١س‬ ً‫خ‬‫ػخرظ‬ ‫حٌّةدغ‬ ٌْٛ ٝ
.‫يٍ١ٙخ‬ٝ‫ـا‬ ْ‫حٌّعاد‬ ‫كاه‬ ٝ‫٘ا‬ ‫حٌّةادغ‬ ‫ظزاخز‬ ‫ٌأل‬ ٝ‫حٌّؼٍا‬ ٗ‫س٠م‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ْ٢ ‫ِةدغ‬ ّٝ‫ٚ٠ع‬ٕٝ١‫حٌفا‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ ‫ٌاٛف‬
‫نس٠ماش‬ ٗ‫أٔا‬ ٝ‫يٍا‬ ‫حٌّةادغ‬ ٓ٘‫راس‬ ‫ٌٚماد‬ .‫حٌٍاٛف‬ ٝ‫يٍا‬ ‫حٌظاخ٘س‬ ‫حٌةادغ‬ ‫أػاس‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ‫ٚـلؿ‬ ‫ِفمٛي‬ ‫حٌؽ١س‬
ٚ ِّّٗٙ٠ِّٛ‫ي‬ ٗٔ ‫ـ١ٙخ‬ ‫حٌٛػٛق‬ ٓ‫ى‬.‫حٌٛحكد‬ ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٕٗ١‫ي‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫ي١ٕش‬ ِٓ ‫ِظـخٔط‬ ً‫خ‬
ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬ِ ٗ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫امٛي‬‫ا‬‫ِف‬ ‫اس‬‫ا‬١‫حٌؽ‬ ٕٝ١‫ا‬‫ا‬‫حٌف‬ ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬ِ ‫اٛف‬‫ا‬ٌ َ‫اظةد‬‫ا‬‫٠ع‬ ْ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ‫الٛق‬‫ا‬‫ِع‬ ٝ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٍ‫ي‬ ‫اٛي‬‫ا‬‫ٌٍٚلف‬
‫حٌةصؾ‬ٟٕ١ٍ‫حٌزٛزظ‬‫حٌّةدغ‬ ‫ٌٛف‬ ّٝ‫ٚ٠ع‬Streak plate‫ؼ١اس‬ ٗ‫ل‬ ‫ظ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫كه‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫ٚذٌه‬
ٓ‫يا‬ ‫٠ةظٍاؿ‬ ‫ِاخ‬ ً‫ح‬‫وؼ١اس‬ ْٛ‫رٍا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫حٌعا‬ ‫٘رح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫رٛدزس‬ ‫ٚظٙٛز‬ ‫حٌألِع‬.ٗ‫ِعدٔا‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ْٛ‫طىا‬ ‫ٚياخدس‬
ٌ‫ح‬ ‫دغ‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫حٌٕخطـش‬ ‫حٌزٛدزس‬ْ‫ّعخد‬ٌ‫ح‬ ْٛ‫و‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ُ‫رخٌسؼ‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫يد٠ّش‬ْ‫ّعخد‬‫ٍِٛٔش‬،‫ـافش‬ ْٛ‫حٌٍا‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ك١غ‬
‫يٕخـاس‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ ‫ؼاٛحثذ‬ ‫ٚؿاٛد‬ ‫رعازذ‬ ْ‫أٌاٛح‬ ‫رعادس‬ ٍْٛ‫طظ‬ ‫لد‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ْ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ٌظلد٠د‬ ‫ِئودس‬ ‫ؼ١س‬
‫ٚحٌظ١ظخ‬ ً‫حٌٕ١ى‬ ٚ َٚ‫حٌىس‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ‫ٔظمخٌ١ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ‫أّ٘ٙخ‬ ‫ِةظٍفش‬.‫حٌّٕـٕ١ص‬ ٚ ٞ‫حٌلد٠د‬ ٚ َٛ١ْٔ‫ـخٌّعد‬‫ذحص‬
‫حٌؼخرظش‬ ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ر١ّٕخ‬ ، ٍِْٛ ‫ِةدؼٙخ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬‫حٌّظؽ١سس‬ ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ذحص‬.ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ُ٠‫يد‬ ‫ِةدؼٙخ‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫اٙخ‬‫ا‬‫ٔفع‬ ْ‫اخد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ْ‫اٛح‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ح‬ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬ٌٙ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫طى‬ ْ‫اخد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ‫اك‬‫ا‬‫رع‬ ْ‫اؤ‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫رٌه‬‫إزخز‬‫ا‬‫حٌع‬ ْ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫وّع‬{Cinnabar
(HgS)‫ِةدؼااٙخ‬ ٓ‫ياا‬ ‫حٌٛحٔٙااخ‬ ‫طةظٍااؿ‬ ٜ‫ااس‬ ‫خ‬ ْ‫ِعااخد‬ ‫ٕ٘ااخن‬ ٓ‫ٌٚىاا‬ ،}‫و‬‫حٌز١س٠ااض‬ ْ‫ّعااد‬{Pyrite
(FeS2){ ‫ٌّٕظ١اض‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعاد‬ ‫ٚوارٌه‬ ،‫أظاٛد‬ ٗ‫ِةدؼا‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ١‫كا‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٝ‫ٔلخظ‬ ‫أـفس‬ ‫حٌز١س٠ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ٍْٛ‫ـ‬ ,}
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)‫ٚحٌر٘ذ‬ .‫ِلّس‬ ٗ‫ِةدؼ‬ }Gold.ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫أـفس‬ ٗ‫ِةدؼ‬
ٗ‫ِةظٍف‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬ ‫ٕ٘خن‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٚأ٠م‬ .ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌّظؽ١سس‬ ‫ٌٍع١ٕخص‬ ٖ‫ٚحٌّّ١ص‬ ٗ‫حٌؼخرظ‬ ‫حٌةٛحؾ‬ ِٓ ‫ٚحٌّةدغ‬
ٕٙ‫ٌٚى‬ٓ١ٙ‫ِظؽخر‬ ٓ١ٔ‫ِعد‬ ‫ٕ٘خن‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ـمد‬ .‫حٌّةدغ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫ٚطفس٠مٙخ‬ ‫طّ١ص٘خ‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٗٙ‫ِظؽخر‬ ‫خ‬
‫حٌٙ١ّخط١اض‬ ْ‫ِعاخد‬ ‫ذٌاه‬ ‫ِؼاخي‬ .ُٙ‫ِةدؼا‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ٝ‫ـا‬ ‫٠ةظٍفاٛح‬ ‫زرّاخ‬ ُٕٙ‫ٌٚى‬ ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬ ُٙٔ‫حٌٍٛح‬ ٝ‫ـ‬Hematite
‫اخ‬‫ا‬ٕ١ٌ‫ٚحٌـخ‬Galena‫ا‬‫ا‬ِ‫د‬ ‫اس‬‫ا‬ّ‫أك‬ ‫اض‬‫ا‬١‫حٌٙ١ّخط‬ ْ‫اد‬‫ا‬‫ِع‬ ‫ادغ‬‫ا‬‫ـّة‬ ‫اه‬‫ا‬ٌ‫ذ‬ ‫اع‬‫ا‬ِٚ .ٜ‫اخد‬‫ا‬ِ‫حٌس‬ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌٍ‫ح‬ ٗ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌ ‫اخ‬‫ا‬ِّٕٙ ً‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ـى‬ٜٛ
(blood-redٓ‫٠ّىا‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٚأ٠م‬ .‫ـخطق‬ ٜ‫زِخد‬ ٛ٘ ‫حٌـخٌ١ٕخ‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ِةدغ‬ ٌْٛ ‫ر١ّٕخ‬ ،ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ )‫حٌظّ١اص‬ْ‫ِعاخد‬ ٓ١‫را‬
ْٛ‫حٌٍا‬ ‫حٌدحوٕاش‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫حٌعاٛدحن‬ ‫حٌلد٠اد‬ ‫حوخظا١د‬ ْ‫ِعاخد‬ ‫ذٌاه‬ ‫ِؼاخي‬ ،‫حٌّةادغ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظا‬ ‫ٚطفس٠مٙخ‬ ‫حٌلد٠د‬ ‫حوخظ١د‬
{‫ااض‬‫ا‬١‫حٌٙ١ّخط‬ ً‫اا‬‫ا‬‫ِؼ‬Hematite (Fe2O3){ ‫ااض‬‫ا‬١‫ٚحٌّخؿٕ١ظ‬ }Magnetite (Fe3O4)ٛ‫ٚحٌـ‬ }‫ااض‬‫ا‬١‫٠ؼ‬
{Goethite (FeO.nH2O)( ٜٛ‫دِا‬ ‫أكّاس‬ ‫ِةادغ‬ ٚ‫ذ‬ ‫ٚي‬ ‫ـخ‬ .‫ِةدؼٙخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طةظٍؿ‬ }blood-red،)
.‫أـفس‬ ٗ‫ِةدؼ‬ ‫ٚحٌؼخٌغ‬ ،‫حٌّةدغ‬ ‫حظٛد‬ ٝٔ‫ٚحٌؼخ‬
ْ‫ِعد‬ ِٓ ً‫و‬ ٟ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌلخي‬ ٛ٘ ‫وّخ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ‫ِع‬ ‫حٌّةدغ‬ ٌْٛ ٗ‫٠ظؽخر‬ ‫ٚلد‬،‫حٌعٕزخز‬‫حٌٍ١ّٛٔ١اض‬،
‫ٚحٌـسحـ١ض‬.‫حٌلـ‬ ‫حٌزس٠ك‬ ‫ذحص‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ُ‫ِعظ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ٚ٠لكظ‬‫ٌٚٙارح‬ ‫ـاخطق‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫أرا١ك‬ ٌْٛ ٚ‫ذ‬ ‫ِةدغ‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ٞ‫ٍص‬
ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ٓ١‫را‬ ‫حٌظفس٠اك‬ ٟ‫ـا‬ ‫حٌسؼزاش‬ ‫يٕاد‬ ‫يٍ١ٙاخ‬ ‫يظّاخد‬ ‫ح‬ ٓ‫٠ّىا‬ ٟ‫حٌظ‬ ‫رخٌففش‬ ‫ٌ١عض‬ ‫حٌّةدغ‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ْ‫ـب‬
.ٞ‫حٌلـٍص‬ ‫حٌزس٠ك‬ ‫ذحص‬
.‫حٌّةدغ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ِؼخي‬ ٓ‫أكع‬ )ٍٝ‫أي‬ ً‫حٌؽى‬ ‫(أٔظس‬ ‫حٌٙ١ّخط١ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫أيظزخز‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬

19. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 19
‫ذح‬ ْ‫ااخد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ٓ١‫اا‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ااك‬‫ا‬٠‫حٌظفس‬ ٝ‫اا‬‫ا‬‫ـ‬ ‫اادغ‬‫ا‬‫حٌّة‬ ‫ااخيد‬‫ا‬‫ٚ٠ع‬‫ااك‬‫ا‬٠‫حٌزس‬ ‫ذحص‬ ْ‫ااخد‬‫ا‬‫ٚحٌّع‬ ٜ‫ااص‬‫ا‬ٍ‫حٌف‬ ‫ااك‬‫ا‬٠‫حٌزس‬ ‫ص‬
.‫حٌفٍص٠اش‬ ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ‫ذٌاه‬ ٝ‫اٌا‬ ‫طفظماس‬ ‫ر١ّٕخ‬ ‫وؼ١ؿ‬ ٓ‫دحو‬ ‫ِةدغ‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ‫يخدس‬ ‫حٌفٍص٠ش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ،‫حٌلـٍص٠ش‬
‫حٌعد٠اد‬ ‫ـٕٙاخن‬ ً‫خ‬‫,ح٠م‬ .ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫أر١ك‬ ‫ِةدؼٙخ‬ ْ ‫ؼفخـش‬ ‫حٌٕفؿ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٓ١‫ر‬ ‫حٌظفسلش‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫حٌعخدس‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬
‫طّ١ص‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫حٌّعظّش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ‫ذٌاه‬ ‫ِٚاع‬ .ْٛ‫حٌٍا‬ ‫أظاٛد‬ ‫ِةدؼاٙخ‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ْ ‫حٌّةادغ‬ ٌْٛ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫٘خ‬
ٌٝ‫ـلٛح‬20.‫ر١ٕٙخ‬ ‫حٌظفس٠ك‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٖ‫ِّ١ص‬ ‫ِةدغ‬ ْ‫رخٌٛح‬ ‫طظّ١ص‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ %
:‫ِٕٙخ‬ ،ٗ‫ِةدؼ‬ ٌٍْٛ ً‫خ‬‫ِةخٌف‬ ‫زرّخ‬ ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ْٛ‫ٌى‬ ‫ظزخد‬ ‫ح‬ ِٓ ‫حٌعد٠د‬ ‫ٕٚ٘خن‬-
‫ؼفخـش‬ ‫حٌٕفؿ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ٕ٘خن‬ :ً ٚ‫أ‬Translucent minerals‫ح‬‫حٌؽل١لش‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ٍْٛ‫طظ‬ ٝ‫ٌظ‬
Trace elementsْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ٖ‫٘ار‬ ‫الي‬ ً‫٠ظةٍا‬ ٝ‫ٌىا‬ ‫حٌٛلاض‬ ٓ‫ِا‬ ‫وز١اسس‬ ٖ‫ٌفظاس‬ ‫حٌماٛن‬ ‫ـ١لظاخؽ‬ .
ٗ‫ـخطلا‬ ‫حٌفاؽ١سس‬ ‫حٌزٍٛزحص‬ ْٛ‫طى‬ ،‫ٌرٌه‬ ٗ‫ٚٔظـ‬ .‫حٌؽل١لش‬ ‫طؤػ١سحٌعٕخـس‬ ِٓ ‫حٌٕخطؾ‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ٚ٠ظٙس‬
‫حٌعٕخـا‬ ً‫رفع‬ ٍْٛ‫حٌظ‬ ‫طؤػ١س‬ ٝ‫٠ظلؼ‬ ‫ٚظٛؾ‬ ‫حٌىز١سس‬ ‫حٌزٍٛزحص‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬‫طٛؼٍٕاخ‬ ‫وٍّاخ‬ ‫حٌؽال١لش‬ ‫س‬
‫رٙاخ‬ ‫طظّ١اص‬ ٝ‫حٌظا‬ ‫حٌّةظٍفاش‬ ْ‫ٌاٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ً‫وا‬ ‫ٚرخٌظؤو١اد‬ .‫أرا١ك‬ ‫حٌّةادغ‬ ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ‫٠ظٙس‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ِٓٚ ً‫أظف‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬
.‫أر١ك‬ ‫ِةدؼٙخ‬ ٌْٛ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ظٛؾ‬ ‫ؼفخـش‬ ‫حٌٕفؿ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬
ٝٔ‫حٌّعاد‬ ‫حٌظسو١اذ‬ ‫٠ائػس‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ‫٠ّىا‬ :ً‫خ‬١ٔ‫ػخ‬mineral's structure‫اخن‬ ‫حٌؽ‬ ٚ‫أ‬ /ٚcoatingsْٛ‫حٌٍا‬ ٝ‫ـا‬
ٚ ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬ْٛ‫ٌا‬ ْٛ‫٠ىا‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫ـادحث‬ .ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٍٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫سق‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ِٓ ‫رخٌعد٠د‬ ‫حٌّةدغ‬
{ ‫حٌز١س٠اض‬FeS2))Pyrite‫اخذد‬‫ا‬‫حٌى‬ ‫حٌار٘ذ‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫رؤظ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ا‬‫ا‬‫أ٠م‬ ‫اسؾ‬‫ا‬‫(٠ع‬ }"Fool's Gold"‫افس‬‫ا‬‫أـ‬ )
ٝ‫ٔلخظ‬brassy yellow color،ٖ‫حٌّظىعاس‬ ‫حٌزٍاٛزحص‬ ٝ‫كظا‬ ،‫رٍاٛزحص‬ ‫٘١جاش‬ ٝ‫ـا‬ ‫٠ظٛحؿاد‬ ‫يٕدِخ‬
ِ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌ ْ‫إلح‬ ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ل‬ ٠ ‫ادِخ‬‫ا‬ٕ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ٌٚى‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫كـ‬ ٜ‫اؤ‬‫ا‬‫ٚٚر‬ٜ‫اٛز‬‫ا‬ٍ‫حٌز‬ ‫اذ‬‫ا‬١‫حٌظسو‬ ْ‫إلح‬ .ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌٍ‫ح‬ ‫اٛد‬‫ا‬‫أظ‬ ٗ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ةدؼ‬
ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫يٕدِخ‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ، ٝ‫حٌٕلخظ‬ ‫ـفس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫٠ٕظؾ‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬ ٛ٘ ‫حٌز١س٠ض‬ ْ‫ٌّعد‬ ٝ‫حٌى١ّ١خث‬ ‫ٚحٌظسو١ذ‬
.‫٘رح‬ ٓ٠ٛ‫ٌظى‬ ‫ِظعع‬ ‫ٕ٘خن‬
ٓ‫ي‬ ‫ـلدطٙخ‬ ‫طص٠د‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫ٚحٌّعخد‬6ٝ‫يٍا‬ ‫دؼاٙخ‬ َ‫ياد‬ ‫٠ـاذ‬ )ٖ‫ٌٍفلد‬ ‫ِٛ٘ط‬ ‫ِم١خض‬ ٜ‫(أكد‬
ً‫طما‬ ‫حٌةاصؾ‬ ‫ٌٛف‬ ‫ـلدس‬ ْ٢ ‫حٌةصؾ‬ ‫ٌٛف‬ٓ‫يا‬6‫حٌّةادغ‬ ‫ٌاٛف‬ ‫ظاظةدغ‬ ْ‫حٌّعاخد‬ ٖ‫٘ار‬ ْ‫ـاب‬ ُ‫ػا‬ ٓ‫ِٚا‬ ،
‫اس‬‫ا‬‫أػ‬ ‫اسن‬‫ا‬‫طظ‬ ْ‫اخد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ٖ‫ار‬‫ا‬٘ ُ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ػ‬ ٓ‫ا‬‫ا‬ِٚ ‫ادْد‬‫ا‬‫حٌّع‬ ‫ادغ‬‫ا‬‫ِة‬ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌ ‫ا١ط‬‫ا‬ٌٚ ‫ادغ‬‫ا‬‫حٌّة‬ ‫اٛف‬‫ا‬ٌ ‫اٛدزس‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ْٛ‫ا‬‫ا‬ٌ ‫اسن‬‫ا‬‫ٚطظ‬
‫ِعالٛق‬ ٝ‫اٌا‬ ٗ‫ِٕا‬ ‫ـاؽ١س‬ ‫ؿاصن‬ ‫ظالك‬ ‫نس٠ك‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ِةدغ‬ ٓ١‫٠ع‬ ٌٗ‫حٌلخ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬ .‫ٌّةدؼٙخ‬
.ُ‫ٔخي‬
5-‫اٌرظذؤ‬Tarnish
‫ح‬ ٝ‫ل‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫طؽ١س‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫يزخزس‬ ٛ٘ٚ‫ق‬ ‫حٌع‬ ًٍ‫طل‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫أوعدس‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫طفدأ‬ ٗ‫ٔظ١ـ‬ ٌٗٔٛ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫ٌّعد‬
‫كد٠غ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ظ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫دحث‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ٓ١‫طع‬ ‫٠ـذ‬ ‫ٌٚٙرح‬ .‫حٌّةظٍفش‬ ‫حٌظـٛ٠ش‬ ًِ‫يٛح‬ ً‫رفع‬ ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬
( ‫حٌٕلخض‬ ‫حٌظفدأ‬ ‫طظٙس‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫أِؼٍش‬ ِٓٚ .‫حٌىعس‬Copper‫ٚحٌزٛزٔ١ض‬ )
{Cu5FeS4).)Borniteٍ‫ي‬ ِٓ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ٓ١‫ٔع‬ ‫ـعٕدِخ‬ .}ٍٝ‫ي‬ ِٓ ‫ٌٚ١ط‬ ‫ِٚظؤوعد‬ ٜٛ‫ِـ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ظ‬ ٝ
.ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٌْٛ ٖ‫أيظزسٔخ‬ ‫حذح‬ ً‫خ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫حٌظفدإ‬ ٌْٛ ْ‫ـؤ‬ ً‫خ‬‫كد٠ؼ‬ ‫ِىعٛز‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ظ‬
6-‫اٌرؼٛء‬Luminescence
‫اٌرؼٛء‬Luminescenceِٕٗ ‫ٚ٠ٕزعغ‬ ‫٠ظٛ٘ؾ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫طعزذ‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ‫يخزلش‬ ‫كخٌش‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫يزخزس‬
.‫ِلددس‬ ‫ِٛحلع‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫لٛن‬‫ِـ‬ ِٓ ‫حٌّٛحد‬ ‫رم١ش‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ،ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ْٛ‫طظى‬‫ِٕٙخ‬ ً‫و‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ‫حٌرزحص‬ ِٓ ‫ّٛيش‬
.‫حٌٕٛحس‬ ‫كٛي‬ ‫ِدحزحص‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٗ‫ِٚٛشي‬ ‫حٌلسوش‬ ‫دحثّش‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ِٓ ‫رّـّٛيش‬ ‫ِلخنش‬ ‫ٔٛحس‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫يزخزس‬

20. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 20
‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫حٌفٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ٗ١‫ِسث‬ ‫ؼ١س‬ ‫لٛث١ش‬ ‫ِٛؿخص‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫٠ظعسق‬ ‫ٚيٕدِخ‬
Ultra Violet‫ر‬ َ‫د‬ ‫طف‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ذزحص‬ ‫ظسحلٙخ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫يٕد‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ْ‫ـؤ‬‫ِّخ‬ ‫حٌدحثسس‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ‫زعك‬
ٝ‫ٚطزم‬ .‫حٌةخزؿ١ش‬ ‫حٌّدحزحص‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫طمفص‬ ٌٝ‫ٚرخٌظخ‬ .‫حٌعخد٠ش‬ ‫نخلظٙخ‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫شحثدس‬ ‫نخلش‬ ‫٠ىعزٙخ‬
.ٍٟ‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ِدحزحطٙخ‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ٜ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ِسس‬ ‫طعٛد‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ‫حٌؼخٔ١ش‬ ِٓ ‫ـؽ١س‬ ‫ؿصن‬ ٜ‫طظعد‬ ٖ‫ٌفظس‬ ‫حٌّدحزحص‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ٝ‫ـ‬
‫خلش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫طؽع‬ ‫يٛدطٙخ‬ ‫أػٕخن‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬‫لٛث١ش‬ ‫ِٛؿخص‬ ‫٘١جش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫أوظعزظٙخ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌمٛث١ش‬
‫طعسؾ‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫ٚ٘ر‬ .ٍٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍٗٔٛ ‫ِؽخ٠س‬ ٌْٛ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫٠ىعذ‬ ‫ِّخ‬ ،ٗ‫ٚظخنع‬ ‫رخ٘سس‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ‫ذحص‬ ‫ِسث١ش‬
‫تاٌرؼٛء‬.
.‫حٌمٛن‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ٜ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ؼىخي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫كٛي‬ ‫حذح‬ ً‫ن‬ٛ‫ل‬ ٝ ‫٠ع‬ ٜ‫أ‬ "‫"ِظمٛة‬ ٗٔ‫رخ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ٚ٠ٛـؿ‬
ٕ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ِٓ ‫حٌٕخطؾ‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أٔزعخع‬ ٛ٘ ‫ٚحٌظمٛن‬ٚ‫أ‬ ‫أوط‬ ‫أؼعش‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٗ١‫رٕفعـ‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ٗ‫طعسل‬ ‫د‬
.‫حٌلسحزس‬ ،‫حٌمؽه‬ ‫طؤػ١س‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫ٚورٌه‬ ،‫لف١س‬ ٝ‫ِٛؿ‬ ‫نٛي‬ ‫ذحص‬ ‫أؼعش‬ ٜ‫أ‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ، ‫حٌىخػٛد‬ ‫أؼعش‬
.ٗ‫ظخنع‬ ٖ‫رخ٘س‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫دحث‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ْ‫ٚحٌٛح‬ ،ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٍٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ٌْٛ ‫ٚ٠ةظٍؿ‬
:‫حٌظمٛن‬ ِٓ ‫أٔٛح‬ ‫ٕٚ٘خن‬-
i)‫حٌظفٍس‬Fluorescence
ii)‫حٌظفعفس‬Phosphorescence
iii)ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬Thermoluminescence
v)‫حٌظمٛن‬ٝ‫كظىخو‬ ‫ح‬Triboluminescence
i)‫اٌرفٍش‬Fluorescence
‫اٌرفٍش‬Fluorescence‫ٚؿٛد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طظٛ٘ؾ‬ ٖ‫حٌّظفٍس‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ً‫طـع‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫أؼىخي‬ ٜ‫أكد‬
‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫حٌفٛق‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أؼعش‬ِٓ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ُ‫أظ‬ ‫أؼظك‬ ‫ٚلد‬ .‫رصٚحٌٙخ‬ ‫ٚطصٚي‬‫حٌفٍٛز٠ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬
{Fluorite (CaF2).‫ؼخِك‬ ‫أشزق‬ ٌْٛ‫رخ‬ ٚ‫ـظزد‬ ‫رٛلٛف‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ٗ‫أٔٛحي‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫٠ظٙس‬ ٜ‫ٚحٌر‬ }
.ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫أٔٛح‬ ِٓ ‫ؼ١س٘خ‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٓ١‫ر‬ ً‫ح‬‫أٔظؽخز‬ ‫أوؼس‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ٚ
‫ـخٌظفٍس‬Fluorescence‫"طٛ٘ؾ‬ ‫ٌٍّخدس‬ ‫طعزذ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫ظخ٘سس‬ ٝ٘Glow‫أؼعش‬ ً‫ؼى‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ "
‫طظعس‬ ‫يٕد‬ ‫ِسث١ش‬‫ٌٍمٛن‬ ‫لٙخ‬‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬Ultraviolet light.‫ـمه‬‫ظخ٘سس‬ ‫طظٙس‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫ٚطعسؾ‬
‫حٌظفٍس‬‫رـ‬‫حٌّظفٍسس‬ ْ‫"حٌّعخد‬Fluorescent mineralsٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ؿص٠جخص‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ٖ‫ححٌّظفٍس‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٜٛ‫ٚطلظ‬ ."
‫رخٌّلفصحص‬ ‫٠عسؾ‬ ‫طسو١زٙخ‬Activators.‫ٌظٛ٘ـخص‬ ‫رؤٔزعخػٙخ‬ ‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫ٌٍمٛن‬ ‫طعظـ١ذ‬ ٌٕٝ‫ٚح‬ ،"
ٚ‫حٌىٙسرخث١ش‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ِٓ ٖ‫ـٛز‬ ‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬-‫١ع١ش‬ ٕ‫حٌّؽ‬Electromagnetic radiation‫حٌؽ١س‬
ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌّعظةدِش‬ ‫حٌفٍٛزظٕظ١ش‬ ‫حٌّفخر١ق‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ٚ ‫حٌؽّط‬ ِٓ ‫طٕزعغ‬ ٝ٘ٚ .‫حٌزؽس٠ش‬ ٓ١‫ٌٍع‬ ‫ِسث١ش‬
‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ِٓ ٖ‫وز١س‬ ‫وّ١ش‬ ‫ِٕٙخ‬ ‫٠ٕزعغ‬ ً‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬ ‫ٌٚىٕٙخ‬ ،‫ٔخزس‬ ‫ح‬White light١‫ِسث‬ ‫(أؼعش‬‫ش‬Visible
light‫ِفخر١ق‬ ِٓ ‫خـش‬ ‫أٔٛح‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫حٌفٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫طؤػ١س‬ ٜ‫ٚ٠س‬ .‫ٌٍظفٍس‬ ‫زإ٠ظٕخ‬ ‫طّٕع‬ )
ِٓ ‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رّسٚز‬ ‫٠عّق‬ ٕٗ‫ٌٚى‬ ‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫٠لـذ‬ ‫ِسؼق‬ ‫ٚؿٛد‬ ‫ِع‬ ‫حٌفٍٛزظٕظ١ش‬
‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫حٌفٍٛز٠ع١ٕض‬ ‫حٌّزش‬ ُ‫رؤظ‬ ‫حٌّفخر١ق‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫ٚطعسؾ‬ .ٌٗ‫ل‬ ‫حٌّسٚز‬Ultraviolet fluorescent
lamp‫حٌـ‬ ‫ٌّزش‬ ٚ‫أ‬UV(UV lampٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ـمه‬ ٗ١‫حٌزٕفعـ‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫طؤػ١س‬ ‫ِؽخ٘دس‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ،‫حٌٛحلق‬ ِٓ .)
ٛ‫حٌم‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ‫حٌّظٍّش‬ ‫حٌّٕخنك‬.‫لع١ؿ‬ ‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬
‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٚطفٕؿ‬Ultravioletٝ‫حٌّٛؿ‬ ‫ٛي‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫كعذ‬Wavelengths:ٓ١‫ٔٛي‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬
‫ٛ٠ٍش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬longwaveٌ‫ح‬ ٚ‫حٌمف١سس‬ ‫ّٛؿخص‬shortwaveْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫رٕفط‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫ٚطظفٍس‬ .
‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌزعك‬ ْٛ‫و‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ً‫خ‬‫يٛل‬ ،‫ـمه‬ ‫ٚحكد‬ ٝ‫ِٛؿ‬ ‫ٛي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫٠ظفٍس‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٚحٌزعك‬ .ٓ١‫حٌّٛؿخط‬ ‫ول‬ ‫حنٛحي‬

21. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 21
‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طظفٍس‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؼخٌز‬ ْ‫ٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ‫ٚحٌعد٠د‬ .ٗ‫ِةظٍف‬ ٗ١‫ِٛؿ‬ ‫ٛحي‬ ‫ٚر‬ ‫ِةظٍفش‬ ْ‫٠ظفٍسرخٌٛح‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ
٠ٛ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌّٛؿخص‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ٖ‫حٌمف١س‬.ٍٗ٠ٛ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌّٛؿش‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫٠ظفٍس‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ً‫ح‬‫ؿد‬ ً١ٍ‫ل‬ ‫ـعدد‬ ٍٗ
‫ٔفط‬ ‫زرّخ‬ ٗٔ ،ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ‫ِمٕعش‬ ‫نس٠مش‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫٠عظزس‬ ٚ‫حٌٛحكد‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ي١ٕخص‬
ٗ‫طعسل‬ ‫أػٕخن‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ـمه‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫طمٛن‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ٚذٌه‬ .‫ِةظٍفش‬ ٓ‫أِخو‬ ِٓ ‫ؿّعش‬ ‫ٔٙخ‬ ‫ِةظٍفش‬ ْ‫رخٌٛح‬ ‫طظفٍس‬
‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫ٚطٕظؾ‬ .ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬ ‫ٌٍّئػس‬ٚ‫أ‬ ‫حٌع١ٕ١ش‬ ‫ٌألؼعش‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ َ‫حٌظل‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫رظعسق‬
ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ّٝ‫٠ع‬ ً‫ح‬‫(ٚك١ٕجر‬ ٕٗ١‫رظعة‬Thermo-fluorescence‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ َ‫طعظةد‬ ‫ٚلد‬ .)
ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫ذٌه‬ ‫ِٚٓ.ِؼٍش‬ ‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫أؼعش‬ ‫رّفزخف‬ ‫ٚذٌه‬ ً‫حٌلم‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظٕم١ذ‬ ً‫ل‬١ٌ ‫حٌّىؼؿ‬
({ ‫حٌؽ١ٍ١ض‬CaWO4)Scheelite.‫ـخطق‬ ‫أشزق‬ ٖ‫طفٍس‬ ٌْٛٚ}
‫ٌٕفط‬ ٜ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي١ٕخص‬ ٓ١‫ك‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫طظفٍس‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ي١ٕخص‬ ‫رعك‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫أذ‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫رةخـ١ش‬ ‫حٌظٕزئ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٚ
‫ي١ٕخص‬ ‫رعك‬ ً‫ل‬‫ـّؼ‬ .ْ‫ٌٍّعد‬ ٝ‫حٌىّ١خث‬ ‫حٌظسو١ذ‬ ً ‫دح‬ ‫ؼٛحثذ‬ ‫ٚؿٛد‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫حٌعزذ‬ ‫ٚ٠سؿع‬ .‫طظفٍس‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬
{‫حٌىخٌع١ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬Calcite (CaCO3)ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ‫طظٙس‬ }‫ٔفط‬ ِٓ ٜ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ي١ٕخص‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ١‫ك‬
( ‫حٌّٕـٕ١ص‬ ‫يٕفس‬ ِٓ ‫ٔعزش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌّلظٛ٠ش‬ ٝ٘ ‫طظفٍس‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫ٚحٌع١ٕخص‬ .‫طظفٍس‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬Mnٓ١‫ر‬ ‫طظسحٚف‬ )
1–5‫ردزؿخص‬ ‫حٌٛحكد‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ي١ٕخص‬ ‫طظفٍس‬ ‫ٚلد‬ .‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫ٌعٍّ١ش‬ ‫ِٕؽه‬ ‫رّؼخرش‬ ‫حٌّٕـٕ١ص‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ك١غ‬ ،%
‫حٌّع‬ ‫حٌع١ٕخص‬ ٓ١‫ر‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫ٚلٛس‬ ٌٍْٛ ‫ٚ٠ةظٍؿ‬ .‫ِظفخٚطش‬ِٓ ‫٠ظفٍسحٌع١ٕخص‬ ‫ِخ‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫دحث‬ ،‫ذٌه‬ ‫ِٚع‬ .‫حٌٛحكد‬ ْ‫د‬
،‫مس‬ ‫ح‬ ،‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ،ٌٝ‫حٌزسطمخ‬ ،‫كّس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫رخ‬ ‫حٌىخٌع١ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ‫٠ظفٍس‬ ‫ـسرّخ‬ .ْ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رٕفط‬ ْ‫حٌّىخ‬ ‫ٔفط‬
ٝ‫ؿسظ‬ ٛ١ٔ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫كّس‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫رخ‬ ‫٠ظفٍس‬ ً‫خ‬ّ‫دحث‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ،‫أٌو‬ .....New Jerseyٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌّصزق‬ ‫ر١ك‬ ‫ح‬ ٌٍْٛ‫رخ‬ ٚ
‫ط١ٍ١ٕـٛح‬Terlingua‫طىعخ‬ ،‫ض‬Texas.
:‫طروس‬
.‫ـمه‬ ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬ ‫ٌٍّئػس‬ ‫حٌظعسق‬ ‫أػٕخن‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ْ‫حٌٛح‬ ‫طٕظؾ‬
َ‫ٚرخظظةدح‬ ٍٝ١ٌ‫ح‬ ‫رخٌظٕم١ذ‬ ٓ١‫حٌظٕـعظ‬ ‫خِخص‬ ٓ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍزلغ‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ َ‫طعظةد‬ ‫يخدس‬
.‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫ـٛق‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫طٕظؾ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ٌّٗٛ‫حٌل‬ ‫ؿٙصس‬ ‫ح‬
‫حٌٍّزش‬ َ‫طعظةد‬ ‫يٕدِخ‬UV(UV lamp،‫ؼعش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٍّفدز‬ ً‫ح‬‫حرد‬ ‫طٕظس‬ ،)ْ‫أ‬ ‫ـ١ّىٕٙخ‬
‫ٌٍألرد‬ ‫ي١ٕخن‬ ‫طدِس‬.
‫كسٚق‬ ‫طعزذ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ـ١ّىٕٙخ‬ ،ٖ‫ِّظدد‬ ‫ٌفظسحص‬ ٝ‫حٌمٛث‬ ‫ٌٍّفدز‬ ‫حٌـٍد‬ ‫طعسق‬ ‫٠ـذ‬
‫ِؽىٍشد‬ ‫حٌـٍد‬ ‫٠فزق‬ ‫حٌٛلض‬ ‫نٛي‬ ٍٝ‫ٚي‬ ‫حٌؽّط‬ ‫ولسٚق‬
ii)‫اٌرفغفش‬Phosphorescence
‫حٌظفعفس‬Phosphorescence‫طظٛ٘ؾ‬ ْ٢ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫لدزس‬ ٛ٘Glow‫أؼعش‬ ‫طؤػ١س‬ ‫شٚحي‬ ‫رعد‬
‫حٌم‬ً‫خ‬‫ٚأ٠م‬ ‫حٌظفٍس‬ ‫رةخـ١ش‬ ‫طظّ١ص‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ‫حٌعد٠د‬ ‫ٕ٘خن‬ ،‫حٌٛلض‬ ‫ٔفط‬ ٝ‫ـف‬ .‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫حٌفٛق‬ ‫ٛن‬
‫ـخٌظفعفس‬ .‫حٌظفعفس‬ ‫رةخـ١ش‬Phosphorescence‫حٌّعخ‬ ِٓ ‫حٌعد٠د‬ ‫طّ١ص‬ ‫ظخ٘سس‬ ٝ٘‫د‬ٖ‫حٌّظفٍس‬ ْ
Fluorescent mineralsٌ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬‫مدزس‬‫طظٛ٘ؾ‬ ْ‫خ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬Glow‫ح‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أؼعش‬ ‫طؤػ١س‬ ‫شٚحي‬ ‫رعد‬‫ٌفٛق‬
‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬UV light source‫حٌرزس‬ ‫خق‬ ٔ ‫خزؽ‬ ‫طمفص‬ ‫طـعٍٙخ‬ ‫شحثدس‬ ‫نخلش‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫طىظعذ‬ ‫ـمد‬ .
‫ٌ١ط‬ ،‫حٌعخد٠ش‬ ‫ِعخزطٙخ‬ ٌٝ‫ا‬ ‫حٌٙخثّش‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫طعٛد‬ ‫ٚيٕدِخ‬ .ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬ ‫حٌرزحص‬ ‫كٛي‬ َٛ‫ٚطل‬ َ ‫ح‬
‫ِٛؿخص‬ ‫٘١جش‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌّىظعزش‬ ‫خلش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫طفمد‬ ‫ـؤٔٙخ‬ ،َ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌرزس‬ ً ‫دح‬ ‫رخٌمسٚزس‬ٖ‫ٌفظس‬ ‫طعظّس‬ ‫ِسث١ش‬ ‫لٛث١ش‬
‫ٌٍمٛن‬ ٌٝٚ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظؤػس‬ ِٓ ‫خلش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ً‫خ‬‫أظخظ‬ ْ‫ٚطةظص‬ .ٝ‫حٌةخزؿ‬ ‫حٌّئػس‬ ‫شٚحي‬ ‫رعد‬
ْ٢ ‫ٚحٌظزخنت‬ ‫س‬ ‫حٌظؤ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌعزذ‬ ‫ٚ٠عٛد‬ .‫ظخض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫٘رح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫حٌّظفعفس‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أٔعىخض‬ ‫طع١د‬ ‫ذٌه‬ ‫ٚيٕد‬
ٌ‫ح‬ ‫خق‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫كخٌش‬ ٌٝ‫ح‬ ‫حٌعٛدس‬ ِٓ ‫ٚطعخق‬ ‫طلـذ‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رعك‬‫ٌ١عض‬ ً‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ،‫رعسيش‬ ‫ّٕةفمش‬
‫حٌظفعفس‬ ‫ؼدس‬ ‫رعك‬ ْٛ‫ٚطى‬ .‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫حٌفٛق‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أؼعش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ً ٚ‫أ‬ ‫رٙخ‬ ‫ٔؽه‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫رخٌعسيش‬

22. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 22
ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌع١ٕخص‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ .‫ٚأدزحوٙخ‬ ‫رٙخ‬ ‫ٌألكعخض‬ ‫حٌزؽس٠ش‬ ٓ١‫حٌع‬ ‫لدزس‬ ‫ٚزحن‬ ‫ـ١ّخ‬ ‫حٌلم١مش‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ؿد‬ ‫ِٕةفمش‬
‫رخٌم‬ ‫طٛلع‬ ٝ‫ٚحٌظ‬ ‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫حٌفٛق‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫ؼعش‬ ‫طعسلش‬ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ّىٕٙخ‬ ‫حٌلعخظش‬ ‫حٌظفٛ٠س‬ َ‫أـل‬ ِٓ ‫سد‬
.‫حٌّص٘س‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ َ‫ـل‬ ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫رٛلع‬ ً ٚ‫أ‬ ‫أػخزطٙخ‬ ‫رعد‬ ‫حٌٛلض‬ ‫ٌزعك‬ ‫حٌظفعفس‬ ً‫ٚطعـ‬ ‫طؽ١س‬ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ٖ‫حٌعخد‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬
ً١ٍ‫ل‬ ‫يدد‬ . ٓ١‫ٌٍع‬ ٗ‫زإ٠ظ‬ ‫٠عظّس‬ )ْ‫ك١خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رعك‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫دلخثك‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ( ٝٔ‫ػٛح‬ ‫يدد‬ ‫ٚرعد‬ ،‫رخ٘ض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫حٌظٛ٘ؾ‬
‫ي١ٕخص‬ ٝ‫ٚـ‬ ‫طظفعفس‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخ‬ ِٓ ‫ـمه‬.ٗ‫خـ‬ ٓ‫أِخو‬ ِٓ ‫ِع١ٕش‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫أِؼٍش‬ ِٓٚ
‫ٌّخض‬ ‫ح‬ :‫حٌظفعفس‬ ‫طٛلق‬Diamond‫ٚحٌ١خلٛص‬Ruby{ ‫كّس‬ ‫ح‬ َ‫حٌىٛزحٔد‬ ٚ‫أ‬(Al2O3)Red
Corundum‫حٌىس٠ّش‬ ‫كـخز‬ ‫ح‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫ٔمخإس‬ ِٓ ‫حٌظؤود‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌظخ٘سس‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ً‫طعظؽ‬ ‫ك١غ‬ }Gemstones.
iii)ٜ‫اٌسشاس‬ ‫اٌرؼٛء‬Thermoluminescence
‫حٌظمٛن‬ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬Thermoluminescenceِٓ ‫ٚ٠ٕزعغ‬ .ٜ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫أؼىخي‬ ٜ‫أكد‬
ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬Thermoluminescent minerals‫ٚطٕظؾ‬ ٓ‫طعة‬ ‫يٕدِخ‬ ‫ِظٛ٘ؾ‬ ‫لٛن‬
ٖ‫٘ر‬ ٜٛ‫طلظ‬ .‫حٌلسحزس‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ٓ١‫ٌٍظعة‬ َ‫حٌظل‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫طظعسق‬ ‫يٕدِخ‬ ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫خـ١ش‬
‫طزع‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫و١ّ١خث١ش‬ ‫زٚحره‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬‫حٌلسحز٠ش‬ ‫حٌمٛس‬ ‫أٔٛح‬ ِٓ ٛٔ ٜ‫رؤ‬ ‫طظؤػس‬ ‫يٕد‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫غ‬
Thermal energy‫(حٌلسحزس‬Heat‫حٌلد٠د‬ ْ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ؿ١د‬ ‫حٌّعسٚؾ‬ ّٓ‫ـ‬ .)steel‫(٠ظمٛن‬ ‫٠ظٛ٘ؾ‬
Luminescentٓ١‫ر‬ ‫كسحزس‬ ‫ٌدزحؿخص‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫طعسق‬ ‫ـعٕد‬ .ٓ‫رخٌظعة‬ ٍٗ١‫طؽى‬ ‫يٕد‬ )50ٚ
475o‫حٌىؼ١س‬ ‫ٚؿٛد‬ ِٓ ‫رد‬ ٚ .‫ٚطظّدد‬ ‫طظمٛن‬ ‫ـؤٔٙخ‬ ،َ‫ش‬ ‫رٛحظ‬ ‫حٌظفعفس‬ ً‫ِؼ‬ ٖ‫حٌّلفص‬ ‫حٌعٕخـس‬ ِٓ
‫يٕد‬ ٖ‫ٚحكد‬ ‫ِسس‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫طٛلق‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫ٕٚ٘خن‬ .‫حٌزٕفعـ١ش‬ ‫حٌفٛق‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫أؼعش‬
ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫يٍ١ٙخ‬ ‫٠مزك‬ ‫حٌّؼخزس‬ ‫ٌىظسٚٔخص‬ ‫ح‬ ْ ‫٘رح‬ .ٜ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ِسس‬ ‫طظٙس٘خ‬ ‫ذٌه‬ ‫رعد‬ ٚ ‫ٌٍلسحزس‬ ‫طعسلٙخ‬
‫ٚيٕد‬ ،‫حٌظزٍٛز‬ ‫يٍّ١ش‬ ‫أػٕخن‬ ‫حٌعخٌ١ش‬ ‫خلش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫حٌلخٌش‬ٓ‫ي‬ ‫خلش‬ ٌ‫ح‬ ‫كخٌش‬ ‫طةفك‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ٌٙخ‬ ‫٠عّق‬ ‫ـمه‬ ‫طعة١ٕٙخ‬
‫ـٛط١ٛٔخص‬ ‫أٔزعخع‬ ‫نس٠ك‬Photons.‫حٌمٛن‬
ً‫خ‬٠‫كسحز‬ ٗ‫ِظمٛث‬ ْ‫ِعخد‬ ‫طعظزس‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ً١ٍ‫ل‬ ‫ٚيدد‬Thermoluminescent
mineralsْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٓ‫٠عة‬ ْ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬١ٍّ‫ي‬ ‫ٌ١ط‬ ٗٔ‫ٚأ‬ .ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ٖ‫ِف١د‬ ‫ؼ١س‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ٝٙ‫ـ‬ ‫ٌٚرٌه‬
‫أظٙسص‬ ‫حذح‬ ‫ٌّؽخ٘دس‬ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫ٌةخـ١ش‬ ‫رع١ه‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫أ‬ ًّ‫ي‬ ‫٠ّىٕه‬ ،‫ذٌه‬ ‫ِٚع‬ .ٗ١‫حٌةخـ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬
Thermoluminescence،‫ذٌه‬ ‫ِٚع‬ .ٍُ‫ِظ‬ ْ‫ِىخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٖ‫لف١س‬ ٖ‫ٌّد‬ ‫يش‬ ٌٛ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٙذ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ٕٗ١‫ي‬ ‫رٛلع‬
ٜ‫حٌلسحز‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫ٌةخـ١ش‬ ‫رع١ه‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫أ‬ ًّ‫ي‬ ‫٠ّىٕه‬Thermoluminescenceٍٝ‫ي‬ ٕٗ١‫ي‬ ‫رٛلع‬
‫ِظ‬ ْ‫ِىخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ٖ‫لف١س‬ ٖ‫ٌّد‬ ‫يش‬ ٌٛ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٙذ‬ٗ‫ِظمٛث‬ ٝٙ‫ـ‬ ،‫حٌٍٙذ‬ ‫أشحٌش‬ ‫رعد‬ ٝٔ‫ػٛح‬ ‫ٌزعك‬ ‫طٛ٘ـش‬ ‫ـخذح‬ .ٍُ
ً‫خ‬٠‫كسحز‬Thermoluminescentٚ‫أ‬ ‫ٔلظخؿٙخ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌع١ٕخص‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ـمه‬ ٌ‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬ ٜ‫٠ـس‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٚ٘رح‬ .
.‫طعة١ٕٙخ‬ ِٓ ٌٍْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ظٛدحن‬ ‫حٌع١ٕش‬ ‫طعزق‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ‫ـ١ّى‬ ،ٖ‫حٌصحثد‬
‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ : ‫يخد٠ش‬ ‫حٌؽ١س‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫طٛلق‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫أِؼٍش‬ ِٓٚ‫خط١ض‬Apatite،
‫حٌىخٌع١ض‬Calcite‫حٌفٍعزخزحص‬ ‫أٔٛح‬ ‫ٚرعك‬ ،some feldspars‫حٌفٍٛز٠ض‬ ،Fluoriteٚ ،
‫حٌ١ز١دٌٚ١ض‬Lepidolite.
iv)ٝ‫االزرىاو‬ ‫اٌرؼٛء‬Triboluminescence
ٝ‫كظىخو‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬Triboluminescence‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫أؼىخي‬ ٜ‫أكد‬.ٜ‫س‬ ٢‫ح‬ِٓ ‫ٚ٠ٕزعغ‬
ْ‫ِعخد‬‫ح‬‫ٌظمٛن‬ٝ‫كظىخو‬ ‫ح‬Triboluminescent mineralsٗ١ٌ‫رسطمخ‬ ٚ‫ح‬ ‫ـفسحن‬ ‫طٛ٘ـخص‬ٚ‫أ‬ ‫كىٙخ‬
‫ظلمٙخ‬.ٚ‫دؼٙخ‬ ،‫طىع١س٘خ‬ ‫يٕد‬ ٝ‫كظىخو‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫خـ١ش‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫رعك‬ ‫طظٙس‬ ،ْ‫ك١خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رعك‬ ٝ‫ـ‬
‫أٔٛح‬ ِٓ ٛٔ ٜ‫رؤ‬ ‫طظؤػس‬ ‫يٕد‬ ‫حٌمٛن‬ ‫طزعغ‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫و١ّ١خث١ش‬ ‫زٚحره‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ٜٛ‫طلظ‬ .‫ـسوٙخ‬ ٚ‫أ‬
.‫حٌّ١ىخٔ١ى١ش‬ ‫حٌمٛس‬ٚ١ٍ‫ل‬ ‫يدد‬‫طعظزس‬ ٜ‫حٌر‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ِٓ ًْ‫ِعخد‬ٌ‫ٍظمٛن‬ٝ‫كظىخو‬ ‫ح‬
Triboluminescent mineralsٌٚ،‫حٌٛحكد‬ ْ‫حٌّعد‬ ‫ي١ٕخص‬ ‫ٌـّ١ع‬ ‫ِّ١صس‬ ٗ١‫خـ‬ ‫ٌ١عض‬ ٖ‫ٙر‬ٚ‫ؼ١س‬

23. ‫التعرف‬ ‫وخطوات‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫خواص‬MINERAL PROPERTIES and IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES October 3, 2012
H Z H , T a n t a U n i v 23
ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬ ‫ٌٍظعسؾ‬ ٖ‫ِف١د‬.٠ ْ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬١ٍّ‫ي‬ ‫ٌ١ط‬ ٗٔ‫ٚأ‬‫مسد‬ٗ١‫حٌةخـ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫أظٙسص‬ ‫حذح‬ ‫ٌّؽخ٘دس‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬.
‫حٌعفخٌ١س٠ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ ْ‫أ‬ ِٓ ُ‫حٌسؼ‬ ٍٝ‫ي‬Sphalerite.ً‫ح‬‫ؿ١د‬ ٗ١‫حٌةخـ‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫٠ظٙس‬
‫حٌىخٌع١ض‬ ْ‫ِعد‬ : ‫يخد٠ش‬ ‫حٌؽ١س‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫طٛلق‬ ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ‫أِؼٍش‬ ِٓٚCalcite،
‫حٌفٍعزخزحص‬ ‫أٔٛح‬ ‫ٚرعك‬some feldspars‫حٌفٍٛز٠ض‬ ،Fluorite‫حٌ١ز١دٌٚ١ض‬ ٚ ،Lepidolite،
‫حٌّ١ىخ‬Micas‫حٌىٛحزطص‬ ،Quartz‫حٌعفخٌ١س٠ض‬ ،Sphaleriteٌٛ‫حٌز١ىظ‬ ،‫١ض‬pectolite،
‫ِزٍ١ـٛٔ١ض‬ ‫ح‬Amblygonite.
ٝ‫كظىخو‬ ‫ح‬ ‫حٌظمٛن‬ ‫طةظزس‬ ٝ‫ٌٚى‬Triboluminescenceِٓ ُ‫ؿع‬ ‫ِع‬ ٕٗ١‫حٌع‬ ‫ألسد‬ ،
ٝ‫حٌظ‬ ‫حٌع١ٕخص‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫ـمه‬ ٌ‫خ‬‫أ٠م‬ ٜ‫٠ـس‬ ‫ظزخز‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ٚ٘رح‬ .‫ِٕٙخ‬ ‫ؼسحز‬ ‫خ٠س‬ ‫ط‬ ‫حذح‬ ‫ؼخ٘د‬ ٚ ُ‫ِظ‬ ْ‫ِىخ‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌلد٠د‬
‫ٚ٠ع‬ ْ‫حٌّعخد‬ ُ‫ِعظ‬ ‫٠ةدغ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٜ‫حٌل١د‬ ُ‫ٌٍـع‬ ٓ‫ـ١ّى‬ ،‫ٔلظخؿٙخ‬ٌُّٙ‫ح‬ ِٓٚ .‫حٌزٍٛز٠ش‬ ٗ‫ٌألٚؿ‬ ٖٛ‫طؽ‬ ‫زذ‬
.َ‫حٌظل‬ ٝ‫ـ‬ ‫حٌةخـ١ش‬ ٖ‫٘ر‬ ‫طةظزس‬ ْ‫أ‬
7-‫اٌثش٠ك‬ٚ‫(أ‬‫اٌرأٌك‬)Luster
WHAT IS LUSTER?
‫ٌٍثش٠ك‬ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫أِثٍح‬ ‫تؼغ‬
Some Lustrous
Examples:
ٝ‫ِاع‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Adamantine
Luster
ٜ‫زش٠ش‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Silky Luster
ٝ‫صخاخ‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Vitreous Luster
ٜ‫ٌإٌإ‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Pearly Luster
ٜ‫فٍض‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Metallic
Luster
ٝ‫شّؼ‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Waxy Luster
ٝ‫طّغ‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Resinous
Luster
‫بريق‬‫(أو‬ ‫مطفى‬‫باهت‬)
Dull Luste
ٜ‫فٍض‬ ‫ذسد‬ ‫تش٠ك‬
Submetallic
Luster