The Cold War began in 1945 following World War II and lasted until the early 1990s. It was a state of political and military tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country saw the other as an ideological threat and sought to limit the other's influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to an arms race and space race between the two superpowers. The tensions eased in the late 1980s with reforms in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe, ultimately ending the Cold War.

1. The Cold War
1945-1990

2. The Cold War Defined
• A continuing state of
tensions between the
United States and the
Soviet Union

3. Development of the Cold War
• U.S. saw Soviet Union
as threat to their way
of life
• USSR thought they
had won WWII
– Lost most lives
– Wanted to gain land
as prize
– Saw U.S. as threat

4. Development of the Cold War
• Iron Curtain-figure of speech by Churchill describing line
separating free and communist Europe
• “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind
that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of
Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague,
Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all
these famous cities and the populations around them lie
in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject
in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but
to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of
control from Moscow. “

5. Cold War Doctrines
• Truman Doctrine-promised aid to
countries resisting communism
– Communist pressured Greece and Turkey
– Containment- philosophy of limiting spread of
communism
• Marshall Plan- aid to strengthen
democratic governments

6. Division of Germany
• Divided into four
zones
– West Germany free
– East Germany
communist controlled
• Berlin Airlift
– Communists forced
blockade of West
Berlin
– U.S. , Britain flew in
food almost a year.

8. Cold War Alliances
• NATO-North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
– Free nations pledged
support to each other if
attacked by communism
• SEATO-Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization
– Stop the spread of
communism in Southeast
Asia, following Korean War
• Warsaw Pact
– Included Soviet Union and
it’s seven satellite nations

10. Cold War Heats Up
• 1940’s-50’s Hungarian
and Czechoslovakian
anti-communist
revolts forcefully
repressed by USSR
• Beginning of Atomic
Age
– 1949 Soviet
Detonation of Nuclear
Bomb
– U.S. begins work on
hydrogen bomb
– Next 50 years arms
race between two

11. Cold War Heats Up
• Space Race
– Competition for space
– 1957 Soviet’s launch
Sputnik
– U.S. starts NASA
– Use of Spy satellite
equipment
– 1958- U.S. sent Explorer
– 1969- Man lands on Moon

16. Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1990
• Triggered by flood of refugees flowing
east to west through Hungary
• Wall came down Nov. 1990; Germany
began reunification process

25. Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Stalin’s successors
– Nikita Kruschev 1956-1964 – hard line
commie
– Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982
• Practiced a policy of détente ( lessening of
tensions) with the U.S.
• Characterized by
– Arms control talks
– Cultural exchanges
– Trade agreements

26. The Fall of the Soviet Union
Causes
1. Leadership
of Mikhail
Gorbachev
2. Glasnost-
openness to
democracy
3. Perestroika-
reshaping of
economy
4. Economic
movements
5. Freedom
Movements
Fall of
Soviet
Union
Effects
1. Formation of
Commonwealth of
Independent States
2. Loss of role as
superpower
3. End of Cold War
4. Economic Hardship
5. Minority Revolts
and ethnic conflicts

28. Break-up of Soviet Union, 1991
• 1989- Poland breaks away from Soviet Union
– Solidarity- movement that called for economic and
political change led by Lech Walesa
• Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991
• USSR dissolved Dec. 1991
• Commonwealth of Independent States, led by
Russia under Boris Yeltsin
• Economic, religious, and crime problems

31. Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil
War
• Yugoslavia created after WWI
• 6 Major National Groups
– Croats- Roman Catholic
– Slovenes- Roman Catholic
– Serbs- Eastern Orthodox
– Montenegrins- Eastern Orthodox
– Macedonians – Eastern Orthodox
– Bosnians - Muslims

33. Civil War
• At independence Serbs in Bosnia used
force to remove all non-Serbs
• Ethnic Cleansing-removal or killing of
ethnic group
• Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic led
campaign to remove non-Serbs
• NATO used Military Campaign against
Milosevic

34. Civil War cont’d
• Milosevic arrested tried for war crimes
• Tensions still exist between ethnic groups
– 2004-Ukrainian (pro-western) Presidential
Candidate Victor Yushchenko poisoned