Weitere Ă€hnliche Inhalte Ăhnlich wie Winter Canola in Oklahoma by Brian Caldbeck, M.Sc. (20) KĂŒrzlich hochgeladen (20) Winter Canola in Oklahoma by Brian Caldbeck, M.Sc.1. Winter Canola in Oklahoma
Specific Considerations for Winter
Canola in the States Climate, Soils
and existing Crop Rotations
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2. Winter Canola : Components of Yield
Phase 1: Plant Population Density
WATER
YIELD NUTRIENTS
Phase 2: Number of Pods / Plant
Number of Seeds / Pod
Individual Seed Weight
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3. Nutrient and Water Needs for 45 bu. /ac.
2250 lb./ac. Winter Canola (approx)
Water (inches/ac.) Nutrients (lb./ac.)
Total: 9â to 11 â from rain N: 120 -140 (3lb./bu. YG)
or soil reserves.
P & K Removal Basis
25% in fall (6 to 8 leaf)
75% in spring. P2O5: 30 to 35 (NRCS)
April 10th to June 10th K: 27 to 30 (NRCS)
1/10th â to 15/100th â per
day or 6 to 8 inches water
(start of flowering to
maturity)
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4. Relative Water Requirements or
Transpiration Coefficient Ranges
âą Corn: 2500 to 3000 gal. / bu. (56lb)
âą Winter Canola: 4900 to 5300 gal. / bu. (50lb.)
( 75% in spring)
âą Winter Wheat: 4900 to 5300 gal. / bu. (60 lb.)
(75% in spring)
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6. Winter Canola: A Biomass
and Oil Production Facility
For high yields, winter
canola exerts huge
demands on moisture. 6
to 8â equivalent in 65 -75
days from beginning of
flowering to maturity
70 -90 lb. accumulation of
total dry matter / day (30
lb. seed / day) in a 45
bu./ac. crop plus high
rates of oil biosynthesis.
With optimal nutrients,
water, temperatures and
high yield potential
genetics dry matter
formation and seed yield
can double over numbers
above
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7. Winter Canola Root Structures
Compacted Soil Loamy Sand with Silty Loam with Clay loam , ideal
Poor structure minimal water good fertility and root environment,
Devoid of oxygen nutrient and oxygen permeability for good infiltration of
in subsoil storage capacity water and oxygen water and aerated
sub-soil
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8. SOIL TYPES
versus
Plant Available Field Capacity â Water
(Estimates)
Sand Sandy Loam Silty Clay Clay
Sandy Silt Sand Loam
Effective
Root Zone " 24 28 40 44 40
Plant available
field capacity " 2.2 5.2 6.8 6.6 5.6
Range " 1.2 to 3.3 4.4 to 5.7 6.8 6.0 to 7.5 5.6
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9. Plant Population Density as influenced
by Seeding/Planting Operations
VIABLE PLANTS / AC. PLANTS / AC.
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10. PRIMARY CHALLENGE TO
SUCCESS OF WINTER CANOLA
T
DELTA T
80-90°F Southern US Regions
vs.
30-50 °F Spring Canola Regions
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11. Establishing Winter Canola in
Oklahoma Winter Wheat Stubbles
Conventional or Min-Till No-Till
âą Accelerate wheat straw âą Chemical Fallow
degradation âallelopathy âą Moisture retention /
âą Encourage weed/volunteer accumulation in profile
seed bank âą Very difficult to establish
germination/reduction viable stand in heavy wheat
residue even with no-till
âą Water table/salinity wheat drills; allelopathy
âą Incorporation of fertility, âą Burning residue counter-
manure, litter or lime productive to soil fertility and
âą Stale seedbed eliminates carbon balance of the crop for
excessive soil disturbance processors.
resulting in optimum depth âą Better depth control /
control and consolidation consolidation
12. ALLELOPATHY
WHEAT RESIDUE LEACHATES INHIBIT CANOLA GERMINATION AND
GROWTH
S.E. Bruce1, J.A. Kirkegaard1, S. Cormack2 and J. Pratley2.
1CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601.
2 Farrer Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678.
ABSTRACT
Aqueous extracts of undecomposed residues of 2 wheat varieties
(cv. Janz and Swift) were tested for their effect on the germination
and radicle growth of lupins, oats and canola. Overall, the wheat
residues were more toxic to canola than the other species although
varietal differences were also evident. Both wheat cultivars caused
greater inhibition of radicle growth of the canola cultivars than the
other species. Extracts of Janz were more toxic to canola cv. Oscar
germination than the other species while Swift was more toxic to
oats cv. Echidna germination. These observations may explain the
poor emergence and vigour of canola sown into wheat straw.
Selection of canola varieties tolerant to wheat stubble phytotoxins
may be possible for increasing the yield potential of canola crops in
a wheat-canola rotation.
10th Intl. Rapeseed Congress, Canberra Australia, 1999
CALDBECK CONSULTING ©
13. Seeding Winter Canola with
Wheat Seeders
Single or Double Disc Openers
Narrow Seed Distribution 0.5 to 1.0â
vs.
Shovel/Sweep Openers 4â to 6â
Seed Spread (Northern Plains)
Wheat seeders in OK primarily
designed to seed in excess of 50 lb.
seed per acre
CALDBECK CONSULTING ©
16. Fluted Roller Metering Mechanisms
Geared down to very low rpm
resulting in âDumpingâ of multiple
seeds down seed tube
Bunching of
Small Seed
Fluted
metering
roller
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18. Poor uniformity in Emergence,
Pounding Rain on structure less soil
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21. Winter Canola: Yield Elasticity versus
Harvested Plant Population
Seeded at 3.2 lb. seed / ac. Seeded at 5.0 lb. / ac.
Hybrid Sitro: 70k seeds/lb. Hybrid Sitro 70k seeds/lb.
Yield 60 bu./ac. Yield 60 bu.ac
Commercial Winter Canola Production
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22. Over-seeding Winter Canola is
counter-intuitive
âą Manifestation of non-regular linear distribution of
plants within the canopy which is proven to decrease
yields (Huehn, 1998)
âą Greater than optimal fall stands create severe inter-
plant competition; this has been demonstrated to
reduce the yield potential of the remaining viable
spring plants by 50 to 100% (Stoy 1983)
âą Excessive or non-regular density influences crown
height which in turn influences plant viability and
stand loss
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26. Healthy Plant: Identical Conditions,
Frozen Soil Surrounding Stem
Preventing
Physical Rupturing.
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29. John Deere Seeder with Retrofitted
Small Seed Attachment
Note: The large box on this seeder was being used to meter a Urea:MAP
starter blend into the 7.5â rows.
30. No-Till Winter Canola
(Wheat Seeders)
Limited Success in Heavy Wheat Residue
Limited Success in Heavy Corn Stalks
Acceptable Performance in Bean Stubble (not a very
common rotation) Silage Corn or Cotton Stalks
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37. Planting Winter Canola With Row
Crop Equipment
âą Depth Control
âą Residue management with Row Cleaners
âą Extensive Research on Row Width Flexibility
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48. Additional Benefits of Row Cropping
Winter Canola
âą Fertility Efficiency through Banding P & N
âą High output equipment: tight planting window
âą White Mold Management air/stalk diameter
âą Precise Seed rates matched to moisture/soils
âą Residue reflectance/moderation of soil temps
âą Moisture Conservation with No-Till
âą Superb Depth Control on Row Units
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49. Planting Date and Plant Population
10/22/2009 10/15/2009
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50. Winter Canola : Components of Yield
Phase 1: Plant Population Density
WATER
YIELD NUTRIENTS
Phase 2: Number of Pods / Plant
Number of Seeds / Pod
Individual Seed Weight
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51. Phase 1 vs Phase 2 Yield Components
Phase 1 Phase 2
âą Building the Yield Potential âą Preserving the Yield Potential
âą Strong Viable Plants âą Number Pods / Plant
âą Extensive Root Systems âą Number of Seeds / Pod
âą Uniform Distribution âą Weight of Seeds
âą Residue Management
âą Optimal Nutrient Supply
âą Weed and Insect Mgt.
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52. âConstricting the Fuel Lineâ through a
lag in rate of Photosynthesis
Source (Leaf Area Index 3 to 4)
High Metabolic Rates
Potential for Significant
Yield Loss
Photosynthesis Sink
40% due to shading
and reflection of light
until pods become light
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53. Rate of Photosynthesis adjusts upwards as Pod Area Index
increases resulting in stabilization of Yield Potential
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55. Average of Plot Entries
(3 years)
2006 2007 2008
OP 49.96 56.28 71.95
Hybrid 63.08 75.61 88.38
Plot 52.07 58.61 75.2
average
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57. Heterosis or Hybrid Vigor In OK Winter
Canola: Current Status
Hybrids have demonstrated excellent yields in
Oklahoma State University Trials over multiple
years, frequently noted for their vigorous fall
establishment.
Commercial adaptation of hybrids is just beginning
as experienced farmers look toward increasing the
profitability of their winter canola enterprises
through increased bushels and higher seed oil
contents.
61. Middle 1/3 of Pods on main stem: 90% Seeds Color changed
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62. Top Pods on Main Stem: 10% Seed Color Change
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66. THANK YOU!
WISHING YOU CONTINUED SUCCESS
WITH
OKLAHOMA WINTER CANOLA
Caldbeck Consulting ©
Brian Caldbeck: Caldbeck Consulting LLC
brian.caldbeck@caldbeckconsulting.com