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Advanced Materials

ARADUR® 450 AND ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENTS
Surface Tolerant Ambient Cure Epoxy Primers
Introduction


A primer is an essential component of a                         strengthen the concrete substrate. They are also safer
high-performance flooring or coating                            and more environmentally friendly than solvent con-
system. No matter how good the rest of the system               taining systems. Waterborne primers have low-viscos-
may be, the ultimate and long term performance of the           ity and are typically odorless, but evaporation of the
system will only be as good as the foundation on                water is essential to the development of optimal cure.
which it has been applied. On concrete substrates the           Systems containing a solvent (or water) fill the voids in
primer can help strengthen the substrate by penetrat-           the concrete substrate initially but upon evaporation
ing into the concrete as well as provide a barrier to out       of the solvent leave these voids partially filled and,
gassing, which can cause blistering and delamination.           therefore, strengthen the concrete to a lesser degree
Primers will also facilitate the application of highly filled   than solvent-free primer systems. Huntsman
trowelable materials such as mortar screeds.                    Advanced Materials offers a line of solvent-free, low-
                                                                viscosity curing agents designed to provide excellent
Low-viscosity, solvent-free primers are typically pre-          adhesion to suitably prepared concrete and sand-
ferred because they are able to penetrate and                   blasted steel substrates.



                                                                                                   top coat

                                                                                                   primer penetration




                                                                                                   concrete substrate




                                                                                                                       1
Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents


Real life situations, unfortunately, are very differ-         should not be used in formulations that cure too fast
ent from the near ideal conditions encountered in the         under the existing temperature conditions. The recom-
laboratory. For instance, the substrate may be subject        mended epoxy resin for use with the Aradur® 450 and
to condensing humidity, damp, or in the worst case, be        Aradur® 450 S for formulation of primer systems is
completely saturated with water. Huntsman Advanced            Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin (a non-crystallizing
Materials has developed Aradur® 450 epoxy curing              bisphenol A/F blend modified with a reactive diluent).
agent and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent. These
products are low-viscosity formulated polyamidoamine          Typical properties of Araldite® PY 313
type curing agents. Even when applied to damp sub-
                                                              epoxy resin / Aradur® 450 and
strates e.g., dew coated steel or wet concrete, coat-
ings formulated with Aradur 450® epoxy curing agent           Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents
will provide outstanding adhesion properties. Aradur®
450 S systems may be applied and cured under water            The low-viscosity and relatively long gel-time of sys-
provided that the system is suitably formulated. Their        tems based on Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resins and the
low sensitivity to humidity makes both Aradur® 450 and        Aradur® 450 products are important in achieving a high
Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents especially suitable         degree of adhesion to concrete. These properties are
for concrete primers. With these epoxy curing agents it       also important in the formulation of pigmented coatings
is possible to apply a coating on concrete within one         for concrete or metal substrates. The typical properties
week of cure, as long as it is free of any cement lai-        of these systems cured at several temperatures are
tance. The typical properties of Aradur® 450 and              given in Table II. At lower temperatures, e.g., 5°C-
Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents are given in Table I.       15°C (41°F-59°F), Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent
                                                              offers significantly shorter tack-free time than Aradur®
Both curing agents have the same equivalent weight,           450 epoxy curing agent. At 23°C (73°F) Aradur® 450
which makes it easy for the formulator to customize a         epoxy curing agent has a moderate gel-time with a
formulation for a wide variety of environmental condi-        slightly longer cure time. It should be noted that these
tions and temperatures within the 5°C to 35°C (41°F to        test results were generated under controlled laboratory
95ºF) range. In general Huntsman Advanced Materials           conditions on cold rolled steel substrates. Under nor-
recommends the Aradur® 450 products be used in the            mal conditions where the substrate, such as a con-
following temperature ranges:                                 crete floor, may be at a significantly lower tempera-
                                                              ture than the atmospheric temperature, the cure
Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent:                             speed may be significantly longer. Also the addition
5°C to 18°C (41°F to 59°F)                                    of fillers and/or pigments will also reduce the cure
                                                              speed. As stated previously, the gel-time and the
Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent:                               mixed viscosity are important factors in obtaining
15°C to 35°C (59°F to 95°F)                                   good penetration and, consequently, optimum adhe-
                                                              sion properties to concrete.
These products are based on the same chemistry. It is
therefore, possible to fine tune the reactivity of a system   The basic properties of coatings based on low-viscosity
for a given application temperature. In order to achieve      epoxy resins Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin and Araldite®
optimal adhesion properties on dry, damp or wet con-          GY 9513 epoxy resin (a modified bisphenol A epoxy
crete, the binder system needs sufficient time to pene-       resin) cured with the Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S
trate into the substrate; therefore, these products           epoxy curing agents are listed in Table III.




2
TABLE I: TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES* OF THE ARADUR® 450 CURING AGENTS

                                                    ARADUR® 450 EPOXY CURING AGENT                         ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENT

      Viscosity @ 25°C, cP                                          1,000 – 2,000                                           600 – 1,400

      Amine Value, mg KOH/g                                             250 – 290                                            270 – 310

      H+ Active Eq. Wt., g/eq                                              115                                                     115

      Color, Gardner                                                      < 10                                                    < 10

      Density @ 20°C, lb/gal                                               8.4                                                     8.6

      Flash Point, °C (°F)                                               76 (169)                                                85 (185)

* Typical Physical Properties are based on Huntsman Advanced Materials test methods. Copies are available upon request.




  TABLE II: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF ARALDITE® PY 313 EPOXY RESIN / ARADUR® 450 SYSTEMS AT SEVERAL TEMPERATURES

                                                   ARADUR® 450 EPOXY CURING AGENT                         ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENT

      Mix Ratio with Araldite®                                            60                                                       60
      PY 313(1) epoxy resin phr (weight)

      Test Temperature/                             5°C/          15°C/          23°C/     35°C/            5°C/          15°C/          23°C/    35°C/
      Relative Humidity                             80%           60%            50%       35%              80%           60%            50%      35%

      Mixed Viscosity(3), cP                       >4,000         2,800          1,350       500           >4,000         2,400          1,150     500

      Gel-Time(4) (100-g mass),                      699           393            139        56              391          154               47     34
      minutes

      Tack-free Time(5), hours                       >24            8               5.5      2.5             14            6.5              4       1

      Dry Through Time(5), hours                     >24          10.5              7        3.5             21            8.5              6       2

      Visual Appearance                              Un-          Semi-          Glossy    Glossy          Semi-          Semi-          Glossy   Glossy
                                                    cured         gloss                                    gloss          gloss




                                                                                                                                                           3
Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents


      TABLE III: TYPICAL PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ARADUR® 450 PRODUCTS AND LOW-VISCOSITY ARALDITE® EPOXY RESINS

        PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

                                                      ARADUR® 450 EPOXY CURING AGENT                           ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENT

        Araldite® Epoxy Resin                                PY 313(1)           GY 9513(2)                             PY 313     GY 9513

        Mix Ratio, phr (weight)                                  60                    57.5                                60       57.5

        Mixed Viscosity(3) @ 23°C, cP                          1,350                   1,200                             1,150      1,025

        Gel-Time(4) (100-g mass), minutes                       139                    243                                 47        84

        Tack-free Time(5) @ 23°C, hours                         5.5                     9.5                                 4        6.5

        Dry Through Time(5) @ 23°C, hours                         7                    11.5                                 6        9.0

        Visual Appearance                                     Glossy               Glossy                                Glossy    Glossy

        Mechanical Properties*

        Pencil Hardness(6)                                       2H                     H                                  2H        H

        Persoz Hardness(7), seconds                             200                    165                                 167       174

        Cross-cut Adhesion(8)                                    5A                     5A                                 5A        5A

        Impact Resistance(9) (D/R), in lb.                      30/2                   34/6                               42/0      38/4

*Coating dry film thickness of 11 mils after curing seven days at 23°C/50% RH
(1)   Modified bisphenol A / F epoxy resin blend (epoxy eq. weight: 180 – 192)   (6)   ASTM    D   3363
(2)   Modified bisphenol A epoxy resin blend (epoxy eq. weight: 196 – 205)       (7)   ASTM    D   4366
(3)   ASTM D 4440 (ICI Cone & Plate)                                             (8)   ASTM    D   3359 (0 = worst, 5 = best)
(4)   Tested by TECAM gelation timer                                             (9)   ASTM    D   2794
(5)   Tested by Gardner Circular Drying Time Recorder on a 10 mil wet coating



The Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy                                           Testing Procedure for Adhesion
Curing Agents Offers Excellent Adhesion                                           to Concrete
to Dry, Damp and Wet Concrete
                                                                                  The standard construction grade concrete blocks (mea-
The Aradur 450 and Aradur 450 S products are
                  ®                       ®                                       suring 7.75" L x 3.75" W x 2.5" D) used in this test were
designed to have excellent adhesion to dry, damp and                              sandblasted and prepared in the following manner:
wet concrete. It is also possible to apply a coating
based on these products to a concrete surface within                              Dry concrete blocks: Concrete blocks were stored at
one week of cure, provided that the surface has been                              ambient temperature (~23°C, 73°F) and relative humidity
suitably treated, e.g. free of any cement laitance. In                            (~ 60%) before coating.
laboratory studies, the adhesion of coatings based on
the Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing                                    Damp concrete blocks: Concrete blocks were prepared
agents to concrete was demonstrated.                                              by submersing in cool tap water for 24 hours. The block




4
was removed from water bath and the standing water                                         The coatings were applied by brush to an approximate
was removed from the surface to be coated, using a                                         wet film build of 5-7 mils then allowed to cure at ambi-
paper towel, immediately prior to applying the coating.                                    ent conditions. On the sixth day of cure, three aluminum
                                                                                           dollies were affixed to different areas on the surface of
Wet concrete blocks: Concrete blocks were sub-                                             the coating with an epoxy adhesive. On the seventh day
mersed in water for 24 hours, then placed in a basin                                       of cure, the pull-off strength was determined in accor-
filled with cool tap water up to approximately 1/4 inch                                    dance with ASTM D 4541-95 (Pull-off Strength of
below the exposed surface of the block. The excess                                         Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers). All pull-off
(standing) water was removed from the surface with a                                       strength values reported here represent an average of
paper towel and the coating was applied. The blocks                                        three measurements per concrete block.
remained in the water, with the water level being
approximately 1/4 inch from the concrete block surface,                                    Typical adhesion performance properties of unpigment-
throughout the curing period.                                                              ed systems applied over properly pretreated concrete
                                                                                           substrates are shown in Figures 1 and 2.




                                                            Picture 1. The wet concrete test apparatus.




   a                                                          b                                                            c

Picture 2 . (a) Portable adhesion tester. (b) Pull-off test in progress. (c) Test dolly after pull-off test. Notice the adhered concrete present on face of dolly.




                                                                                                                                                                     5
Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents


 Pull-Off Strength of Unpigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313 Epoxy                                            Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent
 Resin and Aradur® 450 Epoxy Curing Agents on Concrete (23°C/50% RH)                                                  shows the highest level of adhe-
                                                                                                                      sion followed by Aradur® 450 S
                                                                                                                      epoxy curing agent. Versions of
                                                                                                                      Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent
                                                                                                                      offer a much higher level of adhe-
                                                                                                                      sion than Aradur® 283 epoxy cur-
                                                                                                                      ing agent (a modified polyami-
Pull-Off Strenght, psi




                                                                                                                      doamine) in all cases. The failure
                                                                                                                      mode of the systems based on
                                                                                                         *            Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin was
                                                                              *
                                                                                                                  *   almost entirely by delamination on
                                                                                                                      damp and wet concrete.
                                                                                                                      Adhesion failure did not occur
                                                                                                                      with Araldite® GY 9513 epoxy
                                                                  *
                                                                                                *                     resin, except for the Aradur® 2965
                                Dry Concrete                      Damp Concrete                     Wet Concrete      (a low viscosity cycloaliphatic
                                 Aradur® 283 epoxy curing agent                    Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent     hardener) epoxy curing agent on
                                                        Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent                              damp and wet concrete. The
 Figure 1. Compared to Aradur® 283 epoxy curing agent, the Aradur® 450 products offers superior adhesion              lower viscosity and longer gel-
 on damp and wet concrete when used with Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin. (*Indicates delamination of coating
                                                                                                                      times of the Araldite® GY 9513
 from the substrate.)
                                                                                                                      system compared to the Araldite®
 Pull-Off Strength of Unpigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® GY 9513 Epoxy                                           PY 313 epoxy resin systems (see
 Resin and Aradur® 450 Epoxy Curing Agents on Concrete (23°C/50% RH)                                                  Table III) demonstrates that these
                                                                                                                      two factors play an important role
                                                                                                                      in the adhesion to concrete sur-
                                                                                                                      faces. The benefits of using
                                                                                                                      Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin
                                                                                                                      include its faster curing speed and
                                                                                                                      its high resistance to crystalliza-
                                                                                                                      tion. The faster curing speed is an
     Pull-Off Strenght, psi




                                                                                                                      important factor for application or
                                                                                                                      in cases where the substrate tem-
                                                                                                                      perature is below 23°C or when
                                                                                                                      the primer is formulated with pig-
                                                                                                                      ments or fillers.
                                                              *
                                                                                               *                      Pigments and fillers do not appear
                                                                                                                      to affect the adhesion properties
                                Dry Concrete                  Damp Concrete                        Wet Concrete
                                                                                                                      of Aradur® 450 systems on con-
                                Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent                   Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent
                                                                                                                      crete. The adhesion of pigmented
                                                       Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent
                                                                                                                      formulations (Table IV) was evalu-
 Figure 2. The excellent adhesion of the Aradur®450 products epoxy curing agent’s maintained with                     ated at various temperatures. The
 Araldite® GY 9513 epoxy resin on the concrete substrates used in this test. (* Indicates delamination of
 coating from the substrate.)                                                                                         evaluation on concrete was per-



6
formed in a manner similar to that of                            TABLE IV: PRIMER FORMULATIONS BASED ON ARADUR® 450 PRODUCTS
the unpigmented systems. The per-
formance of these pigmented for-                                 RAW MATERIALS             ARADUR® 450           ARADUR® 450 S            ARADUR® 2965
                                                                                          EPOXY CURING           EPOXY CURING            EPOXY CURING
mula on concrete is illustrated in                                                           AGENT                  AGENT                AGENT (CONTROL)
Figures 3-5.
                                                                 Araldite® Epoxy
                                                                 Resin PY 313, pbw               100                    100                     100
When comparing pigmented to
unpigmented at 23°C (73°F), the                                  Titanium                         30                    30                      30
mode of failure had changed from                                 Dioxide, pbw
delamination in the unpigmented
                                                                 Barytes, pbw                     40                    40                      40
systems to concrete failure in the
pigmented systems, except for                                    Curing Agent,                    60                    60                      60
Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent                                 pbw
on wet concrete.                                                 Total Parts                     230                    230                     230

At lower ambient temperatures, e.g.                              Pigment:Binder                  0.44                   0.44                   0.44
                                                                 ratio, w/w
at 15°C (59°F), Aradur® 450 epoxy
curing agent and Aradur® 450 S                                   Epoxy:Active                     1.0                   1.0                     1.0
epoxy curing agent combined with                                 H+ eq. ratio
Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin exhibit                                                                    *                            *
good adhesion to damp and wet
concrete as concrete failure
occurred in all cases; the control       Pull-Off Strength of Pigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313 Epoxy
based on Aradur® 2965 epoxy resin        Resin and Aradur® 450 Products on Concrete (23°C/50% RH)
(a low-viscosity cycloaliphatic hard-
ener) delaminated from damp and
wet concrete.

Each system shows excellent adhe-
sion on dry concrete at 35°C (95°F).
On damp concrete none of the
                                        Pull-Off Strenght, psi




Aradur® 450 products showed any
delamination as in the case of the
Aradur® 2965 system. Although the
primers had excellent adhesion on
dry concrete, Aradur® 2965 epoxy
curing agent or Aradur® 450 S epoxy
curing agents are not recommended
because of the short working time                                       Dry Concrete                    Damp Concrete                    Wet Concrete
(pot life) of these hardeners at ele-
                                                                        Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent                 Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent
vated temperatures.
                                                                                               Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent

                                         Figure 3. At 23°C, Aradur® 450 products provide much better adhesion on damp and wet surfaces than the
                                         Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent based control. (* Indicates delamination of coating from the substrate.)




                                                                                                                                                           7
Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents


Pull-Off Strength of Pigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313                                                              Acceleration of Aradur®
Epoxy Resin, Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents on                                                              450 and Aradur® 450 S
Concrete (15°C/65% RH)
                                                                                                                               Epoxy Curing Agents

                                                                                                                               To achieve good adhesion of a
                                                                                                                               primer to concrete two key fac-
                                                                                                                               tors must be addressed, namely,
                                                                                                                               the reactivity (gel-time) of the
                                                                                                                               primer at the working temperature
Pull-Off Strenght, psi




                                                                                                                               and the mixed viscosity of the
                                                                                                                               system. Sufficient time must be
                                                                                                     *                         allowed for the primer to pene-
                                                                                                                               trate into the concrete before the
                                                                                                                               viscosity increases as the curing
                                                                   *                                                           reaction takes place. The lower
                                                                                                                               the initial mixed viscosity of the
                                                                                                                               primer, the more it will penetrate
                                    Dry Concrete                       Damp Concrete                      Wet Concrete         into the substrate.
                                    Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent                       Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent
                                                             Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent                                  As demonstrated, Aradur® 450 S
                         Figure 4. At low temperatures Aradur® 450 products still show a high level of adhesion even to damp
                                                                                                                               epoxy curing agent, the acceler-
                         and wet concrete. (* Indicates delamination of coating from the substrate.)                           ated version of Aradur® 450 epoxy
                                                                                                                               curing agent, generally has the
Pull-Off Strength of Pigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313 Epoxy                                                        lowest level of adhesion to damp
Resin and Aradur® 450 Epoxy Curing Agent on Concrete (35°C/60% RH)                                                             and wet concrete of Aradur® 450
                                                                                                                               and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing
                                                                                                                               agents. Further acceleration of the
                                                                                                                               Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S
                                                                                                                               epoxy curing agents hardeners is
                                                                                                                               therefore not advisable.
Pull-Off Strenght, psi




                                                                                          *




                                            Dry Concrete                                       Damp Concrete

                                   Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent                       Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent
                                                            Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent

Figure 5. On damp concrete at 35°C (95°F) Aradur® 450 products are superior. (* Indicates delamination of
coating from the substrate.)



8
Summary


Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents                                • Both products are the same equivalent weight and is
offer several advantages for the preparation of solvent-                           based on the same chemistry, enabling “drop-in”
free concrete primers, namely:                                                     replacement of the curing agent depending on the
                                                                                   environmental conditions. They can also be combined
• Outstanding adhesion properties on damp substrates,                              in any ratio to suit specific conditions of application or
  e.g. dew covered steel or wet concrete.                                          environment.

• The possibility of coating recently cast concrete pro-                         • Excellent adhesion and curing properties when used
  vided that the surface has been properly treated (e.g.                           with Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin and Araldite® GY
  sand-blasted) to eliminate all remaining cement lai-                             9513 epoxy resin.
  tance.
                                                                                 The Aradur® 450 products can provide the formulator
• Good adhesion and curing properties when applied                               with some peace of mind, knowing that a properly for-
  and cured under water,if properly formulated.                                  mulated primer system will perform under adverse
                                                                                 weather conditions when the substrate is suitably pre-
• The ability to apply a primer in rainy and high humidity                       pared. Furthermore, the formulator now has the tools to
  conditions, or almost immediately after hydroblasting,                         ensure that the other components of the flooring or
  allows application to continue in spite of the elements.                       coating system will be applied on a sound foundation in
                                                                                 the form of an Aradur® 450 product based primer.
• Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents
  allow for application at temperatures between 5°C (41°F)                       Note: While the Aradur® 450 products can provide some
  and 35°C (95°F). In general, the recommended tempera-                          ambient cure systems with outstanding adhesion when
  ture range for coatings based on these products are:                           properly cured and applied, their ultimate performance
                                                                                 will depend on the quality and properties of the actual
Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent:                                                substrate. In other words, while the adhesion of an
  5°C-15°C (41°F-59°F)                                                           Aradur® 450 system can easily exceed the hydrostatic
                                                                                 pressure, the strength of the concrete itself must exceed
Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent:                                                  the hydrostatic pressure forces, otherwise cohesive fail-
  15°C-35°C (50°F-77°F)                                                          ure of the substrate may occur.


Important
The following shall supersede any provision in Buyer’s forms, letters and        intended use is the sole responsibility of Buyer. The product(s) has not
papers. THERE IS NO WARRANTY OR CONDITION, WHETHER                               been tested for, and is therefore not recommended for, uses for which
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED BY ANY STATUTE OR OTHERWISE,                                  prolonged contact with mucous membranes, abraded skin, or blood is
INCLUDING WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTIBILI-                            intended, or for uses for which implantation within the human body is
TY OR OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, FOR THE                               intended. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL SELLER BE LIABLE
PRODUCT OR PRODUCTS REFERRED TO HEREIN. TECHNICAL                                FOR INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTAL OR OTHER DAMAGES FROM
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WARRANTY OR CONDITION, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, WHICH                             STRICT LIABILITY OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY, ARISING OUT
IS EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED, ALL SUCH ADVICE BEING GIVEN                             OF MANUFACTURE, SALE, USE OR HANDLING OF THE PRODUCT
AND ACCEPTED AT BUYER’S RISK. While the information contained                    OR PRODUCTS REFERRED TO HEREIN. The sole remedy of Buyer
herein is believed to be accurate, Seller makes no representations as to         and the sole liability of Seller for any claims shall be limited to Buyer’s pur-
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                                                                                                                                                               9
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Aradur 450 Brochure

  • 1. Advanced Materials ARADUR® 450 AND ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENTS Surface Tolerant Ambient Cure Epoxy Primers
  • 2.
  • 3. Introduction A primer is an essential component of a strengthen the concrete substrate. They are also safer high-performance flooring or coating and more environmentally friendly than solvent con- system. No matter how good the rest of the system taining systems. Waterborne primers have low-viscos- may be, the ultimate and long term performance of the ity and are typically odorless, but evaporation of the system will only be as good as the foundation on water is essential to the development of optimal cure. which it has been applied. On concrete substrates the Systems containing a solvent (or water) fill the voids in primer can help strengthen the substrate by penetrat- the concrete substrate initially but upon evaporation ing into the concrete as well as provide a barrier to out of the solvent leave these voids partially filled and, gassing, which can cause blistering and delamination. therefore, strengthen the concrete to a lesser degree Primers will also facilitate the application of highly filled than solvent-free primer systems. Huntsman trowelable materials such as mortar screeds. Advanced Materials offers a line of solvent-free, low- viscosity curing agents designed to provide excellent Low-viscosity, solvent-free primers are typically pre- adhesion to suitably prepared concrete and sand- ferred because they are able to penetrate and blasted steel substrates. top coat primer penetration concrete substrate 1
  • 4. Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents Real life situations, unfortunately, are very differ- should not be used in formulations that cure too fast ent from the near ideal conditions encountered in the under the existing temperature conditions. The recom- laboratory. For instance, the substrate may be subject mended epoxy resin for use with the Aradur® 450 and to condensing humidity, damp, or in the worst case, be Aradur® 450 S for formulation of primer systems is completely saturated with water. Huntsman Advanced Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin (a non-crystallizing Materials has developed Aradur® 450 epoxy curing bisphenol A/F blend modified with a reactive diluent). agent and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent. These products are low-viscosity formulated polyamidoamine Typical properties of Araldite® PY 313 type curing agents. Even when applied to damp sub- epoxy resin / Aradur® 450 and strates e.g., dew coated steel or wet concrete, coat- ings formulated with Aradur 450® epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents will provide outstanding adhesion properties. Aradur® 450 S systems may be applied and cured under water The low-viscosity and relatively long gel-time of sys- provided that the system is suitably formulated. Their tems based on Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resins and the low sensitivity to humidity makes both Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 products are important in achieving a high Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents especially suitable degree of adhesion to concrete. These properties are for concrete primers. With these epoxy curing agents it also important in the formulation of pigmented coatings is possible to apply a coating on concrete within one for concrete or metal substrates. The typical properties week of cure, as long as it is free of any cement lai- of these systems cured at several temperatures are tance. The typical properties of Aradur® 450 and given in Table II. At lower temperatures, e.g., 5°C- Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents are given in Table I. 15°C (41°F-59°F), Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent offers significantly shorter tack-free time than Aradur® Both curing agents have the same equivalent weight, 450 epoxy curing agent. At 23°C (73°F) Aradur® 450 which makes it easy for the formulator to customize a epoxy curing agent has a moderate gel-time with a formulation for a wide variety of environmental condi- slightly longer cure time. It should be noted that these tions and temperatures within the 5°C to 35°C (41°F to test results were generated under controlled laboratory 95ºF) range. In general Huntsman Advanced Materials conditions on cold rolled steel substrates. Under nor- recommends the Aradur® 450 products be used in the mal conditions where the substrate, such as a con- following temperature ranges: crete floor, may be at a significantly lower tempera- ture than the atmospheric temperature, the cure Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent: speed may be significantly longer. Also the addition 5°C to 18°C (41°F to 59°F) of fillers and/or pigments will also reduce the cure speed. As stated previously, the gel-time and the Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent: mixed viscosity are important factors in obtaining 15°C to 35°C (59°F to 95°F) good penetration and, consequently, optimum adhe- sion properties to concrete. These products are based on the same chemistry. It is therefore, possible to fine tune the reactivity of a system The basic properties of coatings based on low-viscosity for a given application temperature. In order to achieve epoxy resins Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin and Araldite® optimal adhesion properties on dry, damp or wet con- GY 9513 epoxy resin (a modified bisphenol A epoxy crete, the binder system needs sufficient time to pene- resin) cured with the Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S trate into the substrate; therefore, these products epoxy curing agents are listed in Table III. 2
  • 5. TABLE I: TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES* OF THE ARADUR® 450 CURING AGENTS ARADUR® 450 EPOXY CURING AGENT ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENT Viscosity @ 25°C, cP 1,000 – 2,000 600 – 1,400 Amine Value, mg KOH/g 250 – 290 270 – 310 H+ Active Eq. Wt., g/eq 115 115 Color, Gardner < 10 < 10 Density @ 20°C, lb/gal 8.4 8.6 Flash Point, °C (°F) 76 (169) 85 (185) * Typical Physical Properties are based on Huntsman Advanced Materials test methods. Copies are available upon request. TABLE II: TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF ARALDITE® PY 313 EPOXY RESIN / ARADUR® 450 SYSTEMS AT SEVERAL TEMPERATURES ARADUR® 450 EPOXY CURING AGENT ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENT Mix Ratio with Araldite® 60 60 PY 313(1) epoxy resin phr (weight) Test Temperature/ 5°C/ 15°C/ 23°C/ 35°C/ 5°C/ 15°C/ 23°C/ 35°C/ Relative Humidity 80% 60% 50% 35% 80% 60% 50% 35% Mixed Viscosity(3), cP >4,000 2,800 1,350 500 >4,000 2,400 1,150 500 Gel-Time(4) (100-g mass), 699 393 139 56 391 154 47 34 minutes Tack-free Time(5), hours >24 8 5.5 2.5 14 6.5 4 1 Dry Through Time(5), hours >24 10.5 7 3.5 21 8.5 6 2 Visual Appearance Un- Semi- Glossy Glossy Semi- Semi- Glossy Glossy cured gloss gloss gloss 3
  • 6. Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents TABLE III: TYPICAL PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ARADUR® 450 PRODUCTS AND LOW-VISCOSITY ARALDITE® EPOXY RESINS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARADUR® 450 EPOXY CURING AGENT ARADUR® 450 S EPOXY CURING AGENT Araldite® Epoxy Resin PY 313(1) GY 9513(2) PY 313 GY 9513 Mix Ratio, phr (weight) 60 57.5 60 57.5 Mixed Viscosity(3) @ 23°C, cP 1,350 1,200 1,150 1,025 Gel-Time(4) (100-g mass), minutes 139 243 47 84 Tack-free Time(5) @ 23°C, hours 5.5 9.5 4 6.5 Dry Through Time(5) @ 23°C, hours 7 11.5 6 9.0 Visual Appearance Glossy Glossy Glossy Glossy Mechanical Properties* Pencil Hardness(6) 2H H 2H H Persoz Hardness(7), seconds 200 165 167 174 Cross-cut Adhesion(8) 5A 5A 5A 5A Impact Resistance(9) (D/R), in lb. 30/2 34/6 42/0 38/4 *Coating dry film thickness of 11 mils after curing seven days at 23°C/50% RH (1) Modified bisphenol A / F epoxy resin blend (epoxy eq. weight: 180 – 192) (6) ASTM D 3363 (2) Modified bisphenol A epoxy resin blend (epoxy eq. weight: 196 – 205) (7) ASTM D 4366 (3) ASTM D 4440 (ICI Cone & Plate) (8) ASTM D 3359 (0 = worst, 5 = best) (4) Tested by TECAM gelation timer (9) ASTM D 2794 (5) Tested by Gardner Circular Drying Time Recorder on a 10 mil wet coating The Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Testing Procedure for Adhesion Curing Agents Offers Excellent Adhesion to Concrete to Dry, Damp and Wet Concrete The standard construction grade concrete blocks (mea- The Aradur 450 and Aradur 450 S products are ® ® suring 7.75" L x 3.75" W x 2.5" D) used in this test were designed to have excellent adhesion to dry, damp and sandblasted and prepared in the following manner: wet concrete. It is also possible to apply a coating based on these products to a concrete surface within Dry concrete blocks: Concrete blocks were stored at one week of cure, provided that the surface has been ambient temperature (~23°C, 73°F) and relative humidity suitably treated, e.g. free of any cement laitance. In (~ 60%) before coating. laboratory studies, the adhesion of coatings based on the Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing Damp concrete blocks: Concrete blocks were prepared agents to concrete was demonstrated. by submersing in cool tap water for 24 hours. The block 4
  • 7. was removed from water bath and the standing water The coatings were applied by brush to an approximate was removed from the surface to be coated, using a wet film build of 5-7 mils then allowed to cure at ambi- paper towel, immediately prior to applying the coating. ent conditions. On the sixth day of cure, three aluminum dollies were affixed to different areas on the surface of Wet concrete blocks: Concrete blocks were sub- the coating with an epoxy adhesive. On the seventh day mersed in water for 24 hours, then placed in a basin of cure, the pull-off strength was determined in accor- filled with cool tap water up to approximately 1/4 inch dance with ASTM D 4541-95 (Pull-off Strength of below the exposed surface of the block. The excess Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers). All pull-off (standing) water was removed from the surface with a strength values reported here represent an average of paper towel and the coating was applied. The blocks three measurements per concrete block. remained in the water, with the water level being approximately 1/4 inch from the concrete block surface, Typical adhesion performance properties of unpigment- throughout the curing period. ed systems applied over properly pretreated concrete substrates are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Picture 1. The wet concrete test apparatus. a b c Picture 2 . (a) Portable adhesion tester. (b) Pull-off test in progress. (c) Test dolly after pull-off test. Notice the adhered concrete present on face of dolly. 5
  • 8. Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents Pull-Off Strength of Unpigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313 Epoxy Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent Resin and Aradur® 450 Epoxy Curing Agents on Concrete (23°C/50% RH) shows the highest level of adhe- sion followed by Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent. Versions of Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent offer a much higher level of adhe- sion than Aradur® 283 epoxy cur- ing agent (a modified polyami- Pull-Off Strenght, psi doamine) in all cases. The failure mode of the systems based on * Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin was * * almost entirely by delamination on damp and wet concrete. Adhesion failure did not occur with Araldite® GY 9513 epoxy * * resin, except for the Aradur® 2965 Dry Concrete Damp Concrete Wet Concrete (a low viscosity cycloaliphatic Aradur® 283 epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent hardener) epoxy curing agent on Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent damp and wet concrete. The Figure 1. Compared to Aradur® 283 epoxy curing agent, the Aradur® 450 products offers superior adhesion lower viscosity and longer gel- on damp and wet concrete when used with Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin. (*Indicates delamination of coating times of the Araldite® GY 9513 from the substrate.) system compared to the Araldite® Pull-Off Strength of Unpigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® GY 9513 Epoxy PY 313 epoxy resin systems (see Resin and Aradur® 450 Epoxy Curing Agents on Concrete (23°C/50% RH) Table III) demonstrates that these two factors play an important role in the adhesion to concrete sur- faces. The benefits of using Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin include its faster curing speed and its high resistance to crystalliza- tion. The faster curing speed is an Pull-Off Strenght, psi important factor for application or in cases where the substrate tem- perature is below 23°C or when the primer is formulated with pig- ments or fillers. * * Pigments and fillers do not appear to affect the adhesion properties Dry Concrete Damp Concrete Wet Concrete of Aradur® 450 systems on con- Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent crete. The adhesion of pigmented Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent formulations (Table IV) was evalu- Figure 2. The excellent adhesion of the Aradur®450 products epoxy curing agent’s maintained with ated at various temperatures. The Araldite® GY 9513 epoxy resin on the concrete substrates used in this test. (* Indicates delamination of coating from the substrate.) evaluation on concrete was per- 6
  • 9. formed in a manner similar to that of TABLE IV: PRIMER FORMULATIONS BASED ON ARADUR® 450 PRODUCTS the unpigmented systems. The per- formance of these pigmented for- RAW MATERIALS ARADUR® 450 ARADUR® 450 S ARADUR® 2965 EPOXY CURING EPOXY CURING EPOXY CURING mula on concrete is illustrated in AGENT AGENT AGENT (CONTROL) Figures 3-5. Araldite® Epoxy Resin PY 313, pbw 100 100 100 When comparing pigmented to unpigmented at 23°C (73°F), the Titanium 30 30 30 mode of failure had changed from Dioxide, pbw delamination in the unpigmented Barytes, pbw 40 40 40 systems to concrete failure in the pigmented systems, except for Curing Agent, 60 60 60 Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent pbw on wet concrete. Total Parts 230 230 230 At lower ambient temperatures, e.g. Pigment:Binder 0.44 0.44 0.44 ratio, w/w at 15°C (59°F), Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy:Active 1.0 1.0 1.0 epoxy curing agent combined with H+ eq. ratio Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin exhibit * * good adhesion to damp and wet concrete as concrete failure occurred in all cases; the control Pull-Off Strength of Pigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313 Epoxy based on Aradur® 2965 epoxy resin Resin and Aradur® 450 Products on Concrete (23°C/50% RH) (a low-viscosity cycloaliphatic hard- ener) delaminated from damp and wet concrete. Each system shows excellent adhe- sion on dry concrete at 35°C (95°F). On damp concrete none of the Pull-Off Strenght, psi Aradur® 450 products showed any delamination as in the case of the Aradur® 2965 system. Although the primers had excellent adhesion on dry concrete, Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent or Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents are not recommended because of the short working time Dry Concrete Damp Concrete Wet Concrete (pot life) of these hardeners at ele- Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent vated temperatures. Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent Figure 3. At 23°C, Aradur® 450 products provide much better adhesion on damp and wet surfaces than the Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent based control. (* Indicates delamination of coating from the substrate.) 7
  • 10. Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents Pull-Off Strength of Pigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313 Acceleration of Aradur® Epoxy Resin, Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S Epoxy Curing Agents on 450 and Aradur® 450 S Concrete (15°C/65% RH) Epoxy Curing Agents To achieve good adhesion of a primer to concrete two key fac- tors must be addressed, namely, the reactivity (gel-time) of the primer at the working temperature Pull-Off Strenght, psi and the mixed viscosity of the system. Sufficient time must be * allowed for the primer to pene- trate into the concrete before the viscosity increases as the curing * reaction takes place. The lower the initial mixed viscosity of the primer, the more it will penetrate Dry Concrete Damp Concrete Wet Concrete into the substrate. Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent As demonstrated, Aradur® 450 S Figure 4. At low temperatures Aradur® 450 products still show a high level of adhesion even to damp epoxy curing agent, the acceler- and wet concrete. (* Indicates delamination of coating from the substrate.) ated version of Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent, generally has the Pull-Off Strength of Pigmented Coatings Based on Araldite® PY 313 Epoxy lowest level of adhesion to damp Resin and Aradur® 450 Epoxy Curing Agent on Concrete (35°C/60% RH) and wet concrete of Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents. Further acceleration of the Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents hardeners is therefore not advisable. Pull-Off Strenght, psi * Dry Concrete Damp Concrete Aradur® 2965 epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent Figure 5. On damp concrete at 35°C (95°F) Aradur® 450 products are superior. (* Indicates delamination of coating from the substrate.) 8
  • 11. Summary Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents • Both products are the same equivalent weight and is offer several advantages for the preparation of solvent- based on the same chemistry, enabling “drop-in” free concrete primers, namely: replacement of the curing agent depending on the environmental conditions. They can also be combined • Outstanding adhesion properties on damp substrates, in any ratio to suit specific conditions of application or e.g. dew covered steel or wet concrete. environment. • The possibility of coating recently cast concrete pro- • Excellent adhesion and curing properties when used vided that the surface has been properly treated (e.g. with Araldite® PY 313 epoxy resin and Araldite® GY sand-blasted) to eliminate all remaining cement lai- 9513 epoxy resin. tance. The Aradur® 450 products can provide the formulator • Good adhesion and curing properties when applied with some peace of mind, knowing that a properly for- and cured under water,if properly formulated. mulated primer system will perform under adverse weather conditions when the substrate is suitably pre- • The ability to apply a primer in rainy and high humidity pared. Furthermore, the formulator now has the tools to conditions, or almost immediately after hydroblasting, ensure that the other components of the flooring or allows application to continue in spite of the elements. coating system will be applied on a sound foundation in the form of an Aradur® 450 product based primer. • Aradur® 450 and Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agents allow for application at temperatures between 5°C (41°F) Note: While the Aradur® 450 products can provide some and 35°C (95°F). In general, the recommended tempera- ambient cure systems with outstanding adhesion when ture range for coatings based on these products are: properly cured and applied, their ultimate performance will depend on the quality and properties of the actual Aradur® 450 S epoxy curing agent: substrate. In other words, while the adhesion of an 5°C-15°C (41°F-59°F) Aradur® 450 system can easily exceed the hydrostatic pressure, the strength of the concrete itself must exceed Aradur® 450 epoxy curing agent: the hydrostatic pressure forces, otherwise cohesive fail- 15°C-35°C (50°F-77°F) ure of the substrate may occur. Important The following shall supersede any provision in Buyer’s forms, letters and intended use is the sole responsibility of Buyer. The product(s) has not papers. THERE IS NO WARRANTY OR CONDITION, WHETHER been tested for, and is therefore not recommended for, uses for which EXPRESS OR IMPLIED BY ANY STATUTE OR OTHERWISE, prolonged contact with mucous membranes, abraded skin, or blood is INCLUDING WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTIBILI- intended, or for uses for which implantation within the human body is TY OR OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, FOR THE intended. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL SELLER BE LIABLE PRODUCT OR PRODUCTS REFERRED TO HEREIN. TECHNICAL FOR INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTAL OR OTHER DAMAGES FROM ADVICE FURNISHED BY THE SELLER SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE A ALLEGED NEGLIGENCE, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONDITION, WARRANTY OR CONDITION, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, WHICH STRICT LIABILITY OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY, ARISING OUT IS EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED, ALL SUCH ADVICE BEING GIVEN OF MANUFACTURE, SALE, USE OR HANDLING OF THE PRODUCT AND ACCEPTED AT BUYER’S RISK. While the information contained OR PRODUCTS REFERRED TO HEREIN. The sole remedy of Buyer herein is believed to be accurate, Seller makes no representations as to and the sole liability of Seller for any claims shall be limited to Buyer’s pur- the reliability of the results or as to the results of Buyer or as inducements chase price of the product(s) which is the subject of the claim or the to infringe any relevant patent, now or hereafter in existence. Testing for amount actually paid for such product(s), whichever is less. 9
  • 12. AMERICAS Huntsman Advanced Materials Americas Inc. 10003 Woodloch Forest Drive The Woodlands • Texas 77380 • USA Tel +1 888 564 9318 Fax +1 281 719 4047 Huntsman Advanced Materials Avenida Professor Vicente Rao, 90 04706-900 São Paulo Brazil Tel +5511 5532 7390 Aradur and Araldite are registered trademarks of Huntsman Corporation or an affiliate thereof in Fax +5511 5543 6386 one or more, but not all, countries. Sales of the product described herein (“Product”) are subject to the general terms and condi- ASIA / PACIFIC tions of sale of either Huntsman Advanced Materials LLC, or its appropriate affiliate including Huntsman Advanced Materials without limitation Huntsman Advanced Materials (Europe) BVBA, Huntsman Advanced Materials Americas Inc., or Huntsman Advanced Materials (Hong Kong) Ltd. (“Huntsman”). The following (Hong Kong) Ltd supercedes Buyer’s documents. Suites 3 - 12, Level 41 Langham Place While the information and recommendations included in this publication are, to the best of Huntsman’s knowledge, accurate as of the date of publication, NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN 8 Argyle Street • Kowloon • Hong Kong IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS A REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR Tel +852 2148 8800 IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR Fax +852 2424 1741 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, OR WARRANTIES AS TO QUALITY OR CORRESPONDENCE WITH PRIOR DESCRIPTION OR SAMPLE, AND THE BUYER ASSUMES ALL RISK AND LIABILITY EUROPE / AFRICA WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF SUCH PRODUCT, WHETHER USED SINGLY Huntsman Advanced Materials OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES. No statements or recommendations made (Switzerland) GmbH herein are to be construed as a representation about the suitability of any Product for the par- ticular application of Buyer or user or as an inducement to infringe any patent or other intellec- Klybeckstrasse 200 • P.O. Box tual property right. Data and results are based on controlled conditions and/or lab work. Buyer 4002 Basel • Switzerland is responsible to determine the applicability of such information and recommendations and the Tel +41 61 299 11 11 suitability of any Product for its own particular purpose, and to ensure that its intended use of the Product does not infringe any intellectual property rights. INDIA / MIDDLE EAST The Product may be or become hazardous. Buyer should (i) obtain Material Safety Data Sheets Huntsman Advanced Materials and Technical Data Sheets from Huntsman containing detailed information on Product hazards and toxicity, together with proper shipping, handling and storage procedures for the Product, (ii) (India) Pvt. Ltd take all steps necessary to adequately inform, warn and familiarize its employees, agents, direct 5th Floor, Bldg. No. 10 and indirect customers and contractors who may handle or be exposed to the Product of all Solitaire Corporate Park hazards pertaining to and proper procedures for safe handling, use, storage, transportation and 167, Guru Hargovindji Marg, Chakal disposal of and exposure to the Product and (iii) comply with and ensure that its employees, agents, direct and indirect customers and contractors who may handle or be exposed to the Andheri (East) Product comply with all safety information contained in the applicable Material Safety Data Mumbai - 400 093 • India Sheets, Technical Data Sheets or other instructions provided by Huntsman and all applicable Tel +91 22 4095 1556 - 60 laws, regulations and standards relating to the handling, use, storage, distribution and disposal of and exposure to the Product. Fax +91 22 4095 1300/1400/1500 Please note that products may differ from country to country. If you have any queries, kindly More detailed information about these contact your local Huntsman representative. products can be found on our website: © 2008 Huntsman Corporation. All rights reserved. www.huntsman.com/advanced_materials www.huntsman.com