ISCA final presentation - Runtime

HSA RUNTIME
YEN-CHING CHUNG, NATIONAL TSING HUA
UNIVERSITY

OUTLINE
 Introduction
 HSA Core Runtime API (Pre-release 1.0 provisional)
 Initialization and Shut Down
 Notifications (Synchronous/Asynchronous)
 Agent Information
 Signals and Synchronization (Memory-Based)
 Queues and Architected Dispatch
 Summary
© Copyright 2014 HSA Foundation. All Rights Reserved

INTRODUCTION (1)
 The HSA core runtime is a thin, user-mode API that provides the interface necessary for
the host to launch compute kernels to the available HSA components.
 The overall goal of the HSA core runtime design is to provide a high-performance dispatch
mechanism that is portable across multiple HSA vendor architectures.
 The dispatch mechanism differentiates the HSA runtime from other language runtimes by
architected argument setting and kernel launching at the hardware and specification level.
 The HSA core runtime API is standard across all HSA vendors, such that languages which use the
HSA runtime can run on different vendor’s platforms that support the API.
 The implementation of the HSA runtime may include kernel-level components (required for
some hardware components, ex: AMD Kaveri) or may be entirely user-space (for example,
simulators or CPU implementations).

Component 1
Driver
Component N…
Vendor m
…
Component 1
Driver
Component N…
Vendor 1
Component 1
HSA Runtime
Component N…
HSA Vendor 1
HSA
Finalizer Component 1
HSA Runtime
Component N…
HSA Vendor m
HSA
Finalizer
INTRODUCTION (2)
Programming Model
Language Runtime
 The software architecture stack without HSA runtime
OpenCL
App
Java
App
OpenMP
App
DSL
App
OpenCL
Runtime
Java
Runtime
OpenMP
Runtime
DSL
Runtime
…
…
 The software architecture stack with HSA runtime
…

INTRODUCTION (3)
OpenCL Runtime HSA RuntimeAgent
Start
Program
HSA Memory Allocation
Enqueue Dispatch Packet
Exit
Program Resource Deallocation
Command Queue
Platform, Device, and
Context Initialization
SVM Allocation and
Kernel Arguments Setting
Build Kernel
HSA Runtime Close
HSA Runtime Initialization
and Topology Discovery
HSAIL Finalization and
Linking

INTRODUCTION (4)
 HSA Platform System Architecture Specification support
 Runtime initialization and shutdown
 Notifications (synchronous/asynchronous)
 Agent information
 Signals and synchronization (memory-based)
 Queues and Architected dispatch
 Memory management
 HSAIL support
 Finalization, linking, and debugging
 Image and Sampler support
HSA Runtime
HSA Memory Allocation
Enqueue Dispatch Packet
HSA Runtime Close
HSA Runtime
Initialization and
Topology Discovery
HSAIL Finalization and
Linking

RUNTIME INITIALIZATION AND
SHUTDOWN

OUTLINE
 Runtime Initialization API
 hsa_init
 Runtime Shut Down API
 hsa_shut_down
 Examples

HSA RUNTIME INITIALIZATION
 When the API is invoked for the first time in a given process, a runtime
instance is created.
 A typical runtime instance may contain information of platform, topology, reference
count, queues, signals, etc.
 The API can be called multiple times by applications
 Only a single runtime instance will exist for a given process.
 Whenever the API is invoked, the reference count is increased by one.

HSA RUNTIME SHUT DOWN
 When the API is invoked, the reference count is decreased by 1.
 When the reference count < 1
 All the resources associated with the runtime instance (queues, signals, topology
information, etc.) are considered invalid and any attempt to reference them in
subsequent API calls results in undefined behavior.
 The user might call hsa_init to initialize the HSA runtime again.
 The HSA runtime might release resources associated with it.

EXAMPLE – RUNTIME INITIALIZATION (1)
Data structure for
runtime instance
If hsa_init is called more than once,
increase the ref_count by 1

EXAMPLE – RUNTIME INITIALIZATION (2)
hsa_init is called the first time, allocate
resources and set the reference count
Get the number of HSA agent
Initialize agents
Create an empty agent list
If initialization failed, release resources
Create topology table

Agent-0
node_id 0
id 0
type CPU
vendor Generic
name Generic
wavefront_size 0
queue_size 200
group_memory 0
fbarrier_max_count 1
is_pic_supported 0
…
…
EXAMPLE - RUNTIME INSTANCE (1)
Platform Name: Generic Memory
node_id 0
id 0
segment_type 111111
address_base 0x0001
size 2048 MB
peak_bandwidth 6553.6 mpbs
Agent-1
node_id 0
id 0
type GPU
vendor Generic
name Generic
wavefront_size 64
queue_size 200
group_memory 64
fbarrier_max_count 1
is_pic_supported 1
Cache
node_id 0
id 0
levels 1
associativity 1
cache size 64KB
cache line size 4
is_inclusive 1
Agent: 2
Memory: 1
Cache: 1
…
…

Agent-0
node_id = 0
id = 0
agent_type = 1 (CPU)
vendor[16] = Generic
name[16] = Generic
wavefront_size = 0
queue_size =200
group_memory_size_bytes =0
fbarrier_max_count = 1
is_pic_supported = 0
Platform Header File
*base_address = 0x00001
Size = 248
system_timestamp_frequency_
mhz = 200
signal_maximum_wait = 1/200
*node_id
no_nodes = 1
*agent_list
no_agent = 2
*memory_descriptor_list
no_memory_descriptor = 1
*cache_descriptor_list
no_cache_descriptor = 1
EXAMPLE - RUNTIME INSTANCE (2)
…
…
cache
node_id = 0
Id = 0
Levels = 1
* associativity
* cache_size
* cache_line_size
* is_inclusive
1 NULL
64KB NULL
1 NULL
4 NULL
Memory
node_id = 0
Id = 0
supported_segment_type_mask =
111111
virtual_address_base = 0x0001
size_in_bytes = 2048MB
peak_bandwidth_mbps = 6553.6
0 NULL
45 165 NULL
285 NULL
325 NULL
Agent-1
node_id = 0
id = 0
agent_type = 2 (GPU)
vendor[16] = Generic
name[16] = Generic
wavefront_size = 64
queue_size =200
group_memory_size_bytes =64
fbarrier_max_count = 1
is_pic_supported = 1
…

EXAMPLE – RUNTIME SHUT DOWN
If ref_count < 1, then free the list;
Otherwise decrease the ref_count
by 1.

NOTIFICATIONS
(SYNCHRONOUS/ASYNCHRONOUS)

OUTLINE
 Synchronous Notifications
 hsa_status_t
 hsa_status_string
 Asynchronous Notifications
 Example

SYNCHRONOUS NOTIFICATIONS
 Notifications (errors, events, etc.) reported by the runtime can be synchronous or
asynchronous
 The HSA runtime uses the return values of API functions to pass notifications
synchronously.
 A status code is define as an enumeration, , to capture the return value
of any API function that has been executed, except accessors/mutators.
 The notification is a status code that indicates success or error.
 Success is represented by HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS, which is equivalent to zero.
 An error status is assigned a positive integer and its identifier starts with the
HSA_STATUS_ERROR prefix.
 The status code can help to determine a cause of the unsuccessful execution.

STATUS CODE QUERY
 Query additional information on status code
 Parameters
 status (input): Status code that the user is seeking more information on
 status_string (output): An ISO/IEC 646 encoded English language string that potentially
describes the error status

ASYNCHRONOUS NOTIFICATIONS
 The runtime passes asynchronous notifications by calling user-defined
callbacks.
 For instance, queues are a common source of asynchronous events because the
tasks queued by an application are asynchronously consumed by the packet
processor. Callbacks are associated with queues when they are created. When the
runtime detects an error in a queue, it invokes the callback associated with that
queue and passes it an error flag (indicating what happened) and a pointer to the
erroneous queue.
 The HSA runtime does not implement any default callbacks.
 When using blocking functions within the callback implementation, a callback that
does not return can render the runtime state to be undefined.

EXAMPLE - CALLBACK
Pass the callback function
when create queue
If the queue is empty, set the
event and invoke callback

OUTLINE
 Agent information
 hsa_node_t
 hsa_agent_t
 hsa_agent_info_t
 hsa_component_feature_t
 Agent Information manipulation APIs
 hsa_iterate_agents
 hsa_agent_get_info
 Example

INTRODUCTION
 The runtime exposes a list of agents that are available in the system.
 An HSA agent is a hardware component that participates in the HSA memory model.
 An HSA agent can submit AQL packets for execution.
 An HSA agent may also but is not required to be an HSA component. It is possible for
a system to include HSA agents that are neither an HSA component nor a host CPU.
 HSA agents are defined as opaque handles of type hsa_agent_t .
 The HSA runtime provides APIs for applications to traverse the list of available
agents and query attributes of a particular agent.

AGENT INFORMATION (1)
 Opaque agent handle
 Opaque NUMA node handle
 An HSA memory node is a node that delineates a set of
system components (host CPUs and HSA Components) with
“local” access to a set of memory resources attached to the
node's memory controller and appropriate HSA-compliant
access attributes.

 Component features
 An HSA component is a hardware or software component that can be a target of the AQL queries
and conforms to the memory model of the HSA.
 Values
 HSA_COMPONENT_FEATURE_NONE = 0
 No component capabilities. The device is an agent, but not a component.
 HSA_COMPONENT_FEATURE_BASIC = 1
 The component supports the HSAIL instruction set and all the AQL packet types except Agent
dispatch.
 HSA_COMPONENT_FEATURE_ALL = 2
 The component supports the HSAIL instruction set and all the AQL packet types.

 Agent attributes
 Values
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_MAX_GRID_DIM
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_MAX_WORKGROUP_DIM
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_QUEUE_MAX_PACKETS
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_CLOCK
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_CLOCK_FREQUENCY
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_MAX_SIGNAL_WAIT
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_NAME
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_NODE
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_COMPONENT_FEATURES
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_VENDOR_NAME
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_WAVEFRONT_SIZE
 HSA_AGENT_INFO_CACHE_SIZE

AGENT INFORMATION MANIPULATION (1)
 Iterate over the available agents, and invoke an application-defined callback on
every iteration
 If callback returns a status other than HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS for a particular
iteration, the traversal stops and the function returns that status value.
 Parameters
 callback (input): Callback to be invoked once per agent
 data (input): Application data that is passed to callback on every iteration. Can be
NULL.

AGENT INFORMATION MANIPULATION (2)
 Get the current value of an attribute for a given agent
 Parameters
 agent (input): A valid agent
 attribute (input): Attribute to query
 value (output): Pointer to a user-allocated buffer where to store the value of the
attribute. If the buffer passed by the application is not large enough to hold the value
of attribute, the behavior is undefined.

EXAMPLE - AGENT ATTRIBUTE QUERY
Copy agent attribute information
Get the agent handle of Agent 0

SIGNALS AND SYNCHRONIZATION
(MEMORY-BASED)

OUTLIINE
 Signal
 Signal manipulation API
 Create/Destroy
 Query
 Send
 Atomic Operations
 Signal wait
 Get time out
 Signal Condition
 Example

SIGNAL (1)
 HSA agents can communicate with each other by using coherent global memory,
or by using signals.
 A signal is represented by an opaque signal handle
 A signal carries a value, which can be updated or conditionally waited upon via
an API call or HSAIL instruction.
 The value occupies four or eight bytes depending on the machine model in use.

SIGNAL (2)
 Updating the value of a signal is equivalent to sending the signal.
 In addition to the update (store) of signals, the API for sending signal must
support other atomic operations with specific memory order semantics
 Atomic operations: AND, OR, XOR, Add, Subtract, Exchange, and CAS
 Memory order semantics : Release and Relaxed

SIGNAL CREATE/DESTROY
 Create a signal
 Parameters
 initial_value (input): Initial value of the
signal.
 signal_handle (output): Signal handle.
 Destroy a signal previous created by
hsa_signal_create
 Parameter
 signal_handle (input): Signal handle.

 Send and atomically set the value of a signal
with release semantics
SIGNAL LOAD/STORE
 Atomically read the current signal value with
acquire semantics
 Atomically read the current signal value with
relaxed semantics
 Send and atomically set the value of a signal with
relaxed semantics

 Send and atomically increment the value of a
signal by a given amount with release semantics
SIGNAL ADD/SUBTRACT
 Send and atomically decrement the value of a
signal by a given amount with release semantics
 Send and atomically increment the value of a
signal by a given amount with relaxed semantics
 Send and atomically decrement the value of a
signal by a given amount with relaxed semantics

 Send and atomically perform a logical AND operation
on the value of a signal and a given value with
release semantics
SIGNAL AND (OR, XOR)/EXCHANGE
 Send and atomically set the value of a signal and
return its previous value with release semantics
 Send and atomically perform a logical AND operation
on the value of a signal and a given value with
relaxed semantics
 Send and atomically set the value of a signal and
return its previous value with relaxed semantics

SIGNAL WAIT (1)
 The application may wait on a signal, with a condition specifying the terms of
wait.
 Signal wait condition operator
 Values
 HSA_EQ: The two operands are equal.
 HSA_NE: The two operands are not equal.
 HSA_LT: The first operand is less than the second operand.
 HSA_GTE: The first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand.

SIGNAL WAIT (2)
 The wait can be done either in the HSA component via an HSAIL wait instruction
or via a runtime API defined here.
 Waiting on a signal returns the current value at the opaque signal object;
 The wait may have a runtime defined timeout which indicates the maximum amount of time that an
implementation can spend waiting.
 The signal infrastructure allows for multiple senders/waiters on a single signal.
 Wait reads the value, hence acquire synchronizations may be applied.

SIGNAL WAIT (3)
 Signal wait
 Parameters
 signal_handle (input): A signal handle
 condition (input): Condition used to compare the passed and signal values
 compare_ value (input): Value to compare with
 return_value (output): A pointer where the current signal value must be read into

SIGNAL WAIT (4)
 Signal wait with timeout
 Parameters
 signal_handle (input): A signal handle
 timeout (input): Maximum wait duration (A value of zero indicates no maximum)
 long_wait (input): Hint indicating that the signal value is not expected to meet the given condition in
a short period of time. The HSA runtime may use this hint to optimize the wait implementation.
 condition (input): Condition used to compare the passed and signal values
 compare_ value (input): Value to compare with
 return_value (output): A pointer where the current signal value must be read into

EXAMPLE – SIGNAL WAIT (1)
thread_1 thread_2
thread_1 is blocked
hsa_signal_add_relaxed
(value = value + 3)
Return signal value
Condition satisfied, the
execution of thread_1
continues
value = 0
Timeline Timeline
value = 3
hsa_signal_substract_relaxed
(value = value - 1)value = 2
hsa_signal_wait_timeout_acquire
(value == 2)

EXAMPLE – SIGNAL WAIT (2)
If signal_handle is invalid, then return signal invalid status
Compare tmp->value with compare_value to see if the
condition is satisfied?
If timeout = 0 then return signal time out status
Signal wait condition function
If the condition is satisfied, then return signal and status

QUEUES AND ARCHITECTED
DISPATCH

OUTLINE
 Queues
 Queue Types and Structure
 HSA runtime API for Queue Manipulations
 Architected Queuing Language (AQL) Support
 Packet type
 Packet header
 Examples
 Enqueue Packet
 Packet Processor

INTRODUCTION (1)
 An HSA-compliant platform supports multiple user-level command queues allocation.
 A use-level command queue is characterized as runtime-allocated, user-level accessible virtual
memory of a certain size, containing packets defined in the Architected Queuing Language (AQL
packets).
 Queues are allocated by HSA applications through the HSA runtime.
 HSA software receives memory-based structures to configure the hardware queues to
allow for efficient software management of the hardware queues of the HSA agents.
 This queue memory shall be processed by the HSA Packet Processor as a ring buffer.
 Queues are read-only data structures.
 Writing values directly to a queue structure results in undefined behavior.
 But HSA agents can directly modify the contents of the buffer pointed by base_address, or use
runtime APIs to access the doorbell signal or the service queue.

 Two queue types, AQL and Service Queues, are supported
 AQL Queue consumes AQL packets that are used to specify the information of kernel functions
that will be executed on the HSA component
 Service Queue consumes agent dispatch packets that are used to specify runtime-defined or user
registered functions that will be executed on the agent (typically, the host CPU)
INTRODUCTION (2)

INTRODUCTION (3)
 AQL queue structure

INTRODUCTION (4)
 In addition to the data held in the queue structure, the queue also defines two
properties (readIndex and writeIndex) that define the location of “head” and “tail”
of the queue.
 readIndex: The read index is a 64-bit unsigned integer that specifies the packetID of
the next AQL packet to be consumed by the packet processor.
 writeIndex: The write index is a 64-bit unsigned integer that specifies the packetID of
the next AQL packet slot to be allocated.
 Both indices are not directly exposed to the user, who can only access them by using
dedicated HSA core runtime APIs.
 The available index functions differ on the index of interest (read or write), action to be
performed (addition, compare and swap, etc.), and memory consistency model
(relaxed, release, etc.).

INTRODUCTION (5)
 The read index is automatically advanced when a packet is read by the packet
processor.
 When the packet processor observes that
 The read index matches the write index, the queue can be considered empty;
 The write index is greater than or equal to the sum of the read index and the size of
the queue, then the queue is full.
 The doorbell_signal field of a queue contains a signal that is used by the agent
to inform the packet processor to process the packets it writes.
 The value that the doorbell signaled is equal to the ID of the packet that is ready to be
launched.

INTRODUCTION (6)
 The new task might be consumed by the packet processor even before the
doorbell signal has been signaled by the agent.
 This is because the packet processor might be already processing some other
packets and observes that there is new work available, so it processes the new
packets.
 In any case, the agent must ring the doorbell for every batch of packets it writes.

QUEUE CREATE/DESTROY
 Create a user mode queue
 When a queue is created, the runtime also
allocates the packet buffer and the completion
signal.
 The application should only rely on the status
code returned to determine if the queue is valid
 Destroy a user mode queue
 A destroyed queue might not be accessed after being
destroyed.
 When a queue is destroyed, the state of the AQL packets
that have not been yet fully processed becomes undefined.

GET READ/WRITE INDEX
 Atomically retrieve read index of a queue with
acquire semantics
 Atomically retrieve write index of a queue with
acquire semantics
 Atomically retrieve read index of a queue with
relaxed semantics
 Atomically retrieve write index of a queue with
relaxed semantics

SET READ/WRITE INDEX
 Atomically set the read index of a queue with
release semantics
 Atomically set the read index of a queue with
relaxed semantics
 Atomically set the write index of a queue with
release semantics
 Atomically set the write index of a queue with
relaxed semantics

COMPARE AND SWAP WRITE INDEX
 Atomically compare and set the write index of a
queue with acquire/release/relaxed/acquire-
release semantics
 Parameters
 queue (input): A queue
 expected (input): The expected index value
 val (input): Value to copy to the write index if expected
matches the observed write index
 Return value
 Previous value of the write index

ADD WRITE INDEX
 Atomically increment the write index of a
queue by an offset with
release/acquire/relaxed/acquire-release
semantics
 Parameters
 queue (input): A queue
 val (input): The value to add to the write index
 Return value
 Previous value of the write index

ARCHITECTED QUEUING LANGUAGE (AQL)
 An HSA-compliant system provides a command interface for the dispatch of
HSA agent commands.
 This command interface is provided by the Architected Queuing Language (AQL).
 AQL allows HSA agents to build and enqueue their own command packets,
enabling fast and low-power dispatch.
 AQL also provides support for HSA component queue submissions
 The HSA component kernel can write commands in AQL format.

AQL PACKET (1)
 AQL packet format
 Values
 Always reserved packet (0): Packet format is set to always reserved when the queue is initialized.
 Invalid packet (1): Packet format is set to invalid when the readIndex is incremented, making the
packet slot available to the HSA agents.
 Dispatch packet (2): Dispatch packets contain jobs for the HSA component and are created by
HSA agents.
 Barrier packet (3): Barrier packets can be inserted by HSA agents to delay processing subsequent
packets. All queues support barrier packets.
 Agent dispatch packet (4): Dispatch packets contain jobs for the HSA agent and are created by
HSA agents.

AQL PACKET (2)
HSA signaling object handle used to indicate completion of the job

EXAMPLE - ENQUEUE AQL PACKET (1)
 An HSA agent submits a task to a queue by performing the following steps:
 Allocate a packet slot (by incrementing the writeIndex)
 Initialize the packet and copy packet to a queue associated with the Packet Processor
 Mark packet as valid
 Notify the Packet Processor of the packet (With doorbell signal)

EXAMPLE - ENQUEUE AQL PACKET (2)
Dispatch Queue
Allocate an AQL packet slot
Copy the packet into queue. Note
that, we can have a lock here to
prevent race condition in
multithread environment
WriteIndex
ReadIndex
Initialize
packet
Send doorbell signal

EXAMPLE - PACKET PROCESSOR
WriteIndex
ReadIndex
Get packet content
Check if barrier packet
Update readIndex, change packet state to invalid,
and send completion signal.
Receive doorbell
Dispatch Queue
If there is any packet in queue, process the packet.

OUTLINE
 Memory registration and deregistration
 Memory region and memory segment
 APIs for memory region manipulation
 APIs for memory registration and deregistration

INTRODUCTION
 One of the key features of HSA is its ability to share global pointers between the
host application and code executing on the HSA component.
 This ability means that an application can directly pass a pointer to memory allocated on the host
to a kernel function dispatched to a component without an intermediate copy
 When a buffer created in the host is also accessed by a component,
programmers are encouraged to register the corresponding address range
beforehand.
 Registering memory expresses an intention to access (read or write) the passed buffer from a
component other than the host. This is a performance hint that allows the runtime implementation
to know which buffers will be accessed by some of the components ahead of time.
 When an HSA program no longer needs to access a registered buffer in a device,
the user should deregister that virtual address range.

MEMORY REGION/SEGMENT
 A memory region represents a virtual memory interval that is visible to a particular agent,
and contains properties about how memory is accessed or allocated from that agent.
 Memory segments
 Values
 HSA_SEGMENT_GLOBAL = 1
 HSA_SEGMENT_PRIVATE = 2
 HSA_SEGMENT_GROUP = 4
 HSA_SEGMENT_KERNARG = 8
 HSA_SEGMENT_READONLY = 16
 HSA_SEGMENT_IMAGE = 32

MEMORY REGION INFORMATION
 Attributes of a memory region
 Values
 HSA_REGION_INFO_BASE_ADDRESS
 HSA_REGION_INFO_SIZE
 HSA_REGION_INFO_NODE
 HSA_REGION_INFO_MAX_ALLOCATION_SIZE
 HSA_REGION_INFO_SEGMENT
 HSA_REGION_INFO_BANDWIDTH
 HSA_REGION_INFO_CACHED

MEMORY REGION MANIPULATION (1)
 Get the current value of an attribute of a region
 Iterate over the memory regions that are visible to an agent, and invoke an
application-defined callback on every iteration
 If callback returns a status other than HSA_STATUS_SUCCESS for a particular iteration, the
traversal stops and the function returns that status value.

MEMORY REGION MANIPULATION (2)
 Allocate a block of memory
 Deallocate a block of memory previously allocated
using hsa_memory_allocate
 Copy block of memory
 Copying a number of bytes larger than the size of the
memory regions pointed by dst or src results in
undefined behavior.

MEMORY REGISTRATION/DEREGISTRATION
 Register memory
 Parameters
 address (input): A pointer to the base of
the memory region to be registered. If a
NULL pointer is passed, no operation is
performed.
 size (input): Requested registration size
in bytes. A size of zero is only allowed if
address is NULL.
 Deregister memory previously registered
using hsa_memory_register
 Parameter
 address (input): A pointer to the base of the
memory region to be registered. If a NULL
pointer is passed, no operation is performed.

EXAMPLE
Allocate a memory space
Use hsa_region_get_info to get the
size in byte of this memory space
Register this memory space for a
performance hint
Finish operation, deregister and
free this memory space

SUMMARY
 Covered
 HSA Core Runtime API (Pre-release 1.0 provisional)
 Runtime Initialization and Shutdown (Open/Close)
 Notifications (Synchronous/Asynchronous)
 Agent Information
 Signals and Synchronization (Memory-Based)
 Queues and Architected Dispatch
 Memory Management
 Not covered
 Extension of Core Runtime
 HSAIL Finalization, Linking, and Debugging
 Images and Samplers

QUESTIONS?

ISCA final presentation - Runtime

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