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Salt & Advertising in 19th to the Early 20th Century in France by Anna Soo Hoo for HPFI
1. Salt in Relation to Food Advertising:
France from the Late 19th Century
to the Early 20th Century
Prepared by Anna Soo-Hoo
Fall 2015
2. Canning, developed in the early 19th century by two Frenchmen
Nicolas Appert (1749 โ 1841) and Philippe de Girard (1775 โ 1845), provided an
alternative to salting as a way to preserve certain foods, but quite a bit of salt
was still used in many canned fish and meat products. For example, a 1901
report about the French sardine industry reveals that one step in the process of
preparing sardines for canning involves soaking the sardines in strong brine for
an hour. Another canned food product that became popular was meat extracts.
Though a French chemist named Proust was acknowledged by Justus von
Liebig (1803-1873) as having already created meat extracts, it was Liebigโs
formula of using only meat stock and four percent of salt that became well-
known. Some food companies, however, soon produced canned meat extracts
that were made of 25% added salt.
As for growing wheat, fruits, and vegetables, the mining of potash (a
salt that can be used as fertilizer) became a lucrative business for certain
regions. In southern Alsace, Amรฉlie Zurcher (1858-1947) was persistent in
wanting to know if her land could be mined for valuable minerals, and this led
to the discovery of potash in the region.
3. ยซ La Sardine franรงaise, Bรฉziers vous salue ยป
Illustrateur : Benjamin Rabier (1864-1939)
Paris
Date d'รฉdition : 1920
Bibliothรจque nationale de France, Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9011427x
Interesting fact: Benjamin Rabier also
illustrated for a popular brand of processed
cheese productsโLa vache qui rit, known to
English speakers as The Laughing Cow.
4. The โAmieux Frรจresโ brand for canned sardines and other foods
Illustrator: Georges Fay (1871-1916)
Dated Issued: 1896-1900
The New York Public Library
http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-38b5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
5. โHarengs et maquereaux, La Boulonnaise... L. Bouclet.
Boulogne/s/Mer... โ (Herring and Mackerelโฆ)
Illustrateur : Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942)
Paris
Date d'รฉdition : 1912
Bibliothรจque nationale de France, Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9010470m
6. โConserves de l'Heureux conviveโ (The Happy
Guestโs Preserved Foods)
Illustrateur : Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942)
Paris
Date d'รฉdition : 1911
Bibliothรจque nationale de France, Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9005959k
7. Renaissance Art in Italy: Benvenuto Cellini, (c. 1900). Cellini (1500-1571) presents the famous saltcellar to the King of
France, Francis I. French advertisement for Liebig's extract of meat. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print
Collector/Getty Images)
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/renaissance-art-in-italy-benvenuto-cellini-cellini-presents-news-
photo/463950825
8. Trading cards introduced in 1872 by the Liebig Company increased
the popularity of its meat extracts and other products. Regarding the trading
card just shown, the saltcellar that Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1571) created for
Franรงois I (1494-1547) is currently at the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna.
9. France was one of the markets for the American
meatpacking company Armour & Co.
โArmour & Cie. Chicago, Etats-Unis. Extrait de
viande, le seul qui conserve la saveur de la
viande fraรฎche [...] : en vente chez les รฉpiciers
m[archan]d de comestibles [...]. Agence pour la
France, 37 rue Lafayette, Parisโ (โArmour & Co
meat extract, the only kind that preserves the
taste of meat โฆ : available at grocery storesโฆโ)
Illustrator: Albert Guillaume (1873-1942)
Paris
Dated Issued: 1896-1900
The New York Public Library
http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47
da-389f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
10. Poster: canned goods by the Louis Blachรจre company
Illustrateur : Eugรจne Ogรฉ (1861-1936)
Paris
Date d'รฉdition : 1905
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9011380z
11. โMes petits derniers, nourris ร la potasseโ
(My most recent little ones, nourished on potash)
Date d'รฉdition : c. 1920
Bibliothรจque nationale de France, Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10225160d
12. ยซ L'Alsace, ร tout l'Empire, apporte sa potasse ยป
Illustrateur : Pineau
Date d'รฉdition : c. 1910
Bibliothรจque nationale de France, Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b102251591
13. ยซ Potasses d'Alsace : on ne peut obtenir de
rendements รฉlevรฉs en agriculture que par
l'emploi simultanรฉ des engrais azotรฉs,
phosphatรฉs et potassiques... ยป
Illustrateur : Danilo
Date d'รฉdition : c. 1930
Bibliothรจque nationale de France, Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10225122
n/f1.item
14. Sources
Appelbaum, Stanley, ed. The Complete "Masters of the Poster": All 256 Color Plates from "Les
Maรฎtres de lโaffiche." New York: Dover, 1990.
Calon, Olivier. Benjamin Rabier. Paris: Tallandier, 2004.
Freedman, Paul H. Food: The History of Taste. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
McMichael, Philip, ed. Food and Agrarian Orders in the World-Economy. Connecticut:
Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995.
Nouveau Dictionnaire de biographie alsacienne, No. 42, Zo aฬ Zy. Strasbourg: Feฬdeฬration des
Soc. d'Histoire et d'Archeฬologie d'Alsace, 2003.
Robertson, Gordon L. Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, Second Edition. Florida: CRC
Press, 2006.
Smith, Hugh M. (US Commission of Fish and Fisheries). โThe French Sardine Industry.โ
Popular Science Monthly Oct. 1901: 542-556.
The Medical Press. London: Oxford University, 1882.
United States. Thirty-first and Thirty-second Annual Reports of the Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station. Hartford: The Tuttle, Morehouse, and Taylor Company, 1908.