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OOP'2020
06/Feb/2020
ETHICAL DECISIONS IN A WICKED WORLD:
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGISTS,
ENTREPRENEURS, AND ORGANIZATIONS
Dr. Claudia Melo
@claudia_melo
www.claudiamelo.org
2
I’m Claudia Melo
Technologist since 1997
I have worked as [CTO, Agile
Coach, Researcher, Professor,
Programmer, Coordinator, Project
Manager, Consultant]
Currently working with an
International Organization &
Advisory Board Member at
Mulheres na Tecnologia
WHO AM I?
www.claudiamelo.org
3
STORY CHAPTER 1:
REALIZING THE ISSUE
4
REVELATIONS 7 YEARS AGO
5
Mass surveillance Digital Colonialism
Knowledge privatization
Monopoly
Economic and Political
Control
Infrastructure Control
INTERNET IS
BROKEN
6
Ethics is a system of moral principles […]
covers the following dilemmas:
how to live a good life;
our rights and responsibilities;
the language of right and wrong;
moral decisions - what is good and bad?
http:/
/www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml
h7ps:/
/www.merriam-webster.com/dic:onary/ethic
7
Well-being of others
Non-suffering/harm
Autonomy
Equality
My own well-being
Character Excellence/Virtue
Trust
UNDERLYING VALUES BEHIND
ETHICAL THEORIES
8
You care about the well-being of people
9
CIVIL RIGHTS FRAMEWORK
FOR THE INTERNET
A Multi-lateral
arrangement is better
than Multi-
stakeholder
The Filter Bubble is part
of the personalisation of
recommendation systems
We need to pass a bill
of rights!
10
Ethics
Law &
Policies
Higher bar,
Principles
Moral
minimum,
moves
slower ,
Territorial
Accountability
Regulation
Responsibility for one's
actions, decisions and
their consequences
Rules issued by the
government,
force of law,
participatory process
11
ETHICS, HUMAN RIGHTS, TECHNOLOGY,
POLICY, REGULATION…
12
13
'Everyone wants to do
better, but we heard
feedback when we were
speaking to VCs and tech
co-founders that they
didn't know how. They
didn't know what to do.'
RAINA KUMRA, TECH AND SOCIETY
SOLUTIONS LAB
https://www.wired.com/story/ethical-os/
The central challenge ethics owners are
grappling with is nego1a1ng between
external pressures to respond to ethical
crises at the same 1me that they must be
responsive to the internal logics of their
companies and the industry.
h7ps:/
/hbr.org/2019/11/the-ethical-dilemma-at-the-heart-of-big-tech-companies
THE BOTTOM LINE WINS
14
There is no way to approach
ethics & tech
without questioning
money, power, progress, and
unconstrained/exponential
growth
http:/
/imgur.com/zXuVYA7
15
“The idea that we exist for the sake of progress,
and that progress requires
unconstrained and exponen8al growth,
is the whip that lashes us.”
https://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/resisting-reduction
16
STORY CHAPTER 2:
EMPOWERING PEOPLE TO
UNDERSTAND AND MAKE
DECISIONS
17
18
https:/
/sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
19
SW ENGINEERING CURRICULUM
ACM/IEEE Curriculum
Guidelines for Undergraduate
Degree Programs in Software
Engineering units
SW ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM
ETHICS-
RELATED
UNITS/COURSES
Potential
coverage
(from our
mapping)
1.3%
(6h out 467h)
66.8% of the
total content
Claudia Melo and Thiago Sousa. 2017. Reflections on cyberethics education for millennial software engineers. In Proc. of the 1st International Workshop on
Software Engineering Curricula for Millennials (SECM '17). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 40-46
Claudia
Melo
and
Thiago
Sousa.
2017.
Reflections
on
cyberethics
education
for
millennial
software
engineers.
In
Proc.
of
the
1st
International
Workshop
on
Software
Engineering
Curricula
for
Millennials
(SECM
'17).
IEEE
Press,
Piscataway,
NJ,
USA,
40-46
21
(2009-2011)
h7ps:/
/ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/pub_archive/bernd-carsten-stahl_en.pdf
h7p:/
/www.e:ca-project.eu/home
1. Anticipatory ethical approaches:
Plausible or Possible Futures, Risk Assessment, Precautionary Principle
22
1. Anticipatory ethical approaches:
Plausible or Possible Futures, Risk Assessment, Precautionary Principle
https://www.doteveryone.org.uk/project/consequence-scanning/
https://ethicalos.org/
23
1. Anticipatory ethical approaches:
Plausible or Possible Futures, Risk Assessment, Precautionary Principle
https://ethicalos.org/
24
2. Participatory/Deliberative ethical approaches: Adaptive
learning process, Responsible Experimentation
25
3. Code of Conduct
1.GENERAL ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES
2.PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
3.PROFESSIONAL
LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES
4.COMPLIANCE WITH THE
CODE
h7ps:/
/www.acm.org/code-of-ethics
26
1. Anticipatory ethical approaches:
Plausible or Possible Futures, Risk Assessment, Precautionary
Principle
2. Participatory/Deliberative ethical approaches: Adaptive
learning process, Responsible Experimentation
3.
Code
of
Conduct
27
ETHICAL
APPROACHES FOR
ORGANIZATIONS/
ENTREPRENEURS
28
ORGANIZATIONS
• Financial risk (regulatory fines, reputation,
unsustainable).
• Responsible for complying and demonstrate it.
1. Redesign governance, policies and mechanisms to be ethical
by design (anticipatory and responsive ethical assessment)
2. Build Ethical Capabilities (Learn by doing, by case analysis, by labs)
3. Diverse, inclusive, multi-disciplinary teams
29
ENTREPRENEURS
• Risk evaluation
• Responsible for complying and demonstrate it
It is time to create new sustainable business models,
lead the way
30
TECHNOLOGISTS,
HOW DO YOU SEE YOUR ROLE?
31
EMBODYING ETHICS > BE AWARE OF ETHICS
TRANSFORMATION JOURNEY =
TO BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE
AND DO WHAT IS GOOD
FOR HUMAN WELL-BEING
&
MONITOR AND RESPOND
TO (UNINTENDED) CONSEQUENCES
OF ACTIONS.
32
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!
@claudia_melo
claudiamelo.org
claudia.melo.prof@gmail.com
33
https:/
/insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2018/
34
Explainable AI in Industry (KDD 2019 Tutorial)
https://www.slideshare.net/KrishnaramKenthapadi/explainable-ai-in-industry-kdd-2019-tutorial
“BLACK-BOX” AI CREATES CONFUSION AND
RISKS
35
DEBATE (NOT CONSENSUS) ON HOW TO
ACHIEVE RESPONSIBLE AI
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1566253519308103
36
2. Participatory/Deliberative ethical approaches: Adaptive
learning process, Responsible Experimentation
Algorithm
bias
37
EXAMPLES OF CYBERTECH CONTROVERSIES
Innovation is a result of the combination and evolution of complementary
technologies.
CYBERTECHNOLOGIES CONTROVERSIAL PRACTICES/FEATURES, FROM A MORAL PERSPECTIVE
Data Science Discoveries in data mining, propensity and group privacy.
Cloud Compu:ng Consumer privacy, reliability of services, data ownership, and technology neutrality.
Algorithms
Misguided evidence leading to bias; Unfair outcomes leading to discrimina:on,
transforma:on effects leading to challenges for autonomy, and traceability leading to
moral responsibility.
Digital Business Models Intellectual property rights, economic market impact and customer rela:onship.
Internet; IoT; Mobile;
Social
Individual privacy preferences, access controls, emergent social conven:ons and
infrastructures for government surveillance.
So[ware and Society;
Cyberlaw
Cryptocurrency, net neutrality, proprietary code and content and freedom of speech.
Secure So[ware
Engineering
Purposeful human errors injec:on, so[ware piracy and so[ware development for
espionage, extor:on, vandalism and the[.
Ar:ficial Intelligence;
Robo:cs
Machine learning, bias in natural language processing and robots as sexual partners,
caregivers, and servants.
Claudia de O. Melo and Thiago C. de Sousa. 2017. Reflections on cyberethics education for millennial software engineers. In Proceedings of the 1st
International Workshop on Software Engineering Curricula for Millennials (SECM '17). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 40-46

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Ethical Decisions in a Wicked World: The Role of Technologists, Entrepreneurs, and Organizations