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STUDY QUESTIONS - NURS 3110 - EXAM 2
1. Where do most organisms that cause UTIs come from? Which organism is the
most common cause? What other organisms cause UTIs?
2. Compare and contrast the clinical presentation (symptoms) of each of the
following in a young child: Corynebacterium diptheriae , Haemophilus
influenzae , Bordetella pertussis .
Coryne Bacterium
-irregular, non spore forming rods
Toxin
-arrests proteins synthesis
-necrotizing and neurotoxin (only defense is antitoxin)
-antitoxin blocks toxin produced by organism to lower INCIDENCE
and
MORTALITY
Clinical diseas e
-spread by respiratory droplets (healthy carriers always present)
-toxins causes destruction of epithelium mixed w. fibrin
-RBC and WBC are pseudome mbranes that cover the pharynx
can cause asphyxiation and suffocate a young child
-enlarged lymph nodes (often green)
-toxin can damage heart and valves
Diagno stic Lab Tests
-specimens: swab nose and throat
-culture: need SPECIAL media, submit isolate for toxigenicity testing

2. Treatme n t
-give diphtheria antitoxin immediately
-Penicilin: arrests toxin production
Prevention
-isolation of patients
-vaccination DTaP or Td 5 vacinnations for appropriate coverage
Haemop hilus influenza
Bordet ella pertussis
3. How do the symptoms of Bordetalla pertussis differ in an infant or young child
compared to an adult?
4. Name two immunizations that have waned in most adults? (How often should
adults get each of these immunizations?)
5. List 3 gram negative organisms that can cause nosocomial infections. What is
the mode of transmission of each?
6. Which is the most common bacterial opportunistic infection and 3 rd
most
common cause of death in people with HIV+/AIDS? (Also, when a person who
is HIV+ contracts this infection, the person is said to have “AIDS.” In other
words, this infection is one of several “AIDS defining characteristics.”
7. What organism causes most cases of traveler’s diarrhea?
8. What are the food sources for Listeria monocytogenes ? What are results of
infections of Listeria monocytogenes in neonatal infants compared to adults?
The organism:
-variable morphology; coccobacilli to long filaments, flagella, no
capsules or spores
-resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH extremes (cabage, deli)
-rapid test: in food industry for cold cuts etc.
-avoid if pregnant, need to cook bologna by boil
-listeria INDUCED phagocytosis
-oblogate  intracellular parasite
Specime n s: blood, CSF, placenta, amniotic fluid
Food sources: clinical diseas e = epidemic listerosis
-mexican cheese cream cheese not pasteurized
-coleslaw
-milk
-ice cream *grows in cold *
-hummus
-cold cuts
Sequela e of infections in neonatal:

3. -early onset intrauterine
-sepsis
-stillbirth or shortly after
-late onset
-meningits (if infant survives)
-between birth and 3 weeks
Sequela e of infections in adults:
-meningitis or sepsis in immunocompromised patients
Treatme n t/prev e n tion
-ampicillin(bactericidal) or erythromycin (bacteriostatic)
-susceptible individuals should avoid products made from raw milk,
packaged shredded cabbage, cold cuts and salads
-pasteurization, cooking of food
9. What patient characteristics place them at risk for infections from Listeria
monocytogenes ? Pseudomonas aeruginosa ? Tuberculosis? MAC? How is each
acquired? What are the virulence factors of each?
10. Which organism causes each of the following: Legionnaires’s Disease,
whooping cough, typhoid fever?
11. What is meant by the “booster reaction” to the PPD screening test?
12. How is active TB confirmed?
13. What are the symptoms of TB?
14. Why do immigrants from the UK and Europe usually have positive PPD tests
and a negative chest X-ray and sputum culture for TB?
15. Why are hopes high for the new TB-GOLD screening test?
16. Why are gram negative cells more difficult to kill with antibiotics and
disinfectants?
17. How long is a person with tuberculosis contagious?
18. Why is the incidence of TB rising in patients in long- term care facilities?
19. Which individuals with confirmed TB are most at risk for multiple drug
resistance and should be started on a multi- drug regimen?
20. What is the most common cause of multiple drug- resistant TB (MDRTB)
infection?
21. Why were there no deaths among Legionnaires stricken with pneumonia and
allergic to penicillin at a convention in Philadelphia in 1976? (Hint: Where does

4. the organism grow?)
22. How is Legionnaires’ disease transmitted? What are the common reservoirs of
the organism?
23. Compare and contrast the onset and symptoms of food poisoning/food
infection caused by Salmonellosis, Shigella, Campylobacter. What foods are
associated with each?
24. What curved gram- negative rod is a common cause of diarrhea and is
associated with undercooked chicken?
25. What is the most important treatment for patients with dysentery?
26. What organism causes gastric and duodenal ulcers?
27. Individuals with gonorrhea are often co-infected with chlamydia. What
symptoms of these infections would bring a male to a campus clinic?
28. What organism can immunosuppressed individuals contract from breathing air
near a construction site?
29. What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever versus Lyme
Disease?
30. Name one factor about Rickettsia and Legionella that makes them fairly
unique among bacteria.
31. What is the most prevalent sexually transmitted nonviral disease?
32. What organ(s) are attacked by Chlamydia trachomatis?
33. What organisms cause each of the following: granuloma, gumma, ghon
complex, chancre.
34. What organism can be contracted from bat droppings?
35. Probionibacterium acnes causes acne vulgaris and also what other infections?
Probionibact erium- irregular, non spore forming rods
The organism:
-common resident of pilosebaceous glands, URT
-thrives on sebus
-if on skin, don’t get yeast infection on skin
-cause biofilm that are chronic
Clinical diseas e
-acne vulgaris
-infects eyes, artificial joints
-can cause upper respiratory infections

5. Treatme n t
-benzoyl peroxide : releases O2 which suppresses growth
-becoming resistant to tetracycline and erytho my o cin e
-clindamycin (topical; very effective) cam cause c.difficile – is NOT
absorbed through skin
-interrupts BC
-tretinoin (retin- A) topical agent that increases turnover and reduces
cohesiveness of
epithelial cells in hair follicles
-isotretinoin (acutan e) PO agent that decreases sebum glands (PG X)
36. Your burn patient has blue- green pus on one of his wounds and the room is
filled with the odor of _____? What organism is he likely infected with?
37. Recurrent infections in a neonatal ICU were attributed to what organism that is
harbored under long/artificial fingernails?
38. What is “herd protection?” Name two diseases where herd protection is
important.
39. How do Foley indwelling catheters (which are related to 80% of nosocomial
UTIs) increase the risk of nosocomial UTI?
40. Compare and contrast enteropathogenic E. Coli, enterotoxigenic E. Coli and
enterohemorrhagic E. Coli 0157:H7 with respect to symptoms and prevention
of disease.
41. What is the significance of the coliform count in water samples?
42. Klebsiella pneumoniae causes pneumonia, UTIs, bacteremia, and wound
infections. Where does it inhabit? How is infection acquired?
43. Where do carriers of salmonella infections harbor the organism?
44. Why has childhood epiglottitis all but disappeared over the last 25 years?
45. What is the most common cause of conjunctivitis (pinkeye)?
46. Describe the updated Lyme disease guide from the Infectious Diseases Society
of America (IDSA).
47. Describe the symptoms of these other tick borne diseases: Babesiosis,
Erlichiosis.
48. Why is infection from Mycoplasma peumoniae called “atypical pneumonia?”
How is it diagnosed?

6. 49. Compare and contrast infections from Chlamydia trachomatis with Chlamydia
pneumoniae.
50. Fingers, fomites, flies in a hot dry climate can increase risk of infection from
what organism know to cause blindness?
51. What is a dimorphic fungus?
52. What is a “troph?”
53. List as many obligate intracellular organisms as you can (including bacteria).
54. What organism causes a red, weepy rash with vesicles in the intertriginous folds of skin
55. and is often nosocomial in obese patients?
56. What is the most important treatment for patients with dysentery?
57. What organism can immunosuppressed individuals contract from breathing air near a construction site?
58. What organism can be contracted from bat droppings? How else can it be contracted?
59. Why is the AIDs community encouraged by the return of Perigrine falcons to urban areas?
60. A patient diagnosed with Trichomonas should also be tested for what other infections?
61. Describe how Trichomonas may be identified in the women’s health clinic setting.
62. What organism causes “fungus flu?”
63. What precautions should people take to avoid contracting Tinea species?
64. Discuss the various ways one can develop toxoplasmosis.
65. What are the symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii in a neonate? Adult with AIDs?
66. How do hormonal influences alter vaginal flora?
67. Public water supplies are chlorinated. What organisms are killed in this process? What organisms are not
killed by chlorine (i.e. bleach)?
68. Where does Candida albicans typically reside in the human host? What situations can cause the
organism produce a “superinfection?”
69. What are the symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in an HIV positive individual?
70. What symptoms are seen in patients infected with Pneumocystis carinii (jirovici)?
71. How is Giardia lamblia contracted? What are the symptoms of infection? What foods should patients
avoid during and for about 4-6 weeks following infection?
Read:

7. Neafsey, P.J. (2009). Case Mysteries in Pathophysiology. Englewood, Co: Morton Pub. Co.
Case 18 (Grandma’s Got a Brand New Bag)
Case 22 (Never Too Old to Learn a Bad Habit)