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1. Introduction
System administrator tasks
A system administrator is responsible for the following :-
• Installing and configuring
• Establishing security enforcements
• Applying updates and configuration changes
• Troubleshooting reported errors
• Performance monitoring and tuning
• User handling
Activities before putting a server in production such as erection, installation,
configuration, hardening, etc will be done by Project Management team.
Activities to maintain the server after handing over to production such as applying
updates, troubleshooting, performance issues and user issues are taken care by break-
fix or Incident Management team.
Operating system
An operating system is an interface between user and the hardware. A Kernel is the
layer of operating system that takes commands from user, converts it as machine
understandable form to execute and provide the result in user understandable form.
UNIX flavours
Unix is a multiuser, multitasking operating system.
Unix is a filebased operating system
It was developed initially by AT&T.
IBM, HP and SUN modified unix according to their hardware to provide more robust
and reliable system. Unix from different vendors are called as flavours.
HP-UX, Solaris and AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) are the three prominent
flavours of UNIX. Other than these SCO (Santa Cruz Operations) unix and LINUX
(from Red Hat) are also popular flavours.
Basic UNIX
Tree structure
Unix follows the inverted tree structure. The top level being the root directory
having various levels of subdirectories. Files could be added at any level of
subdirectory.

2. /
|_ <etc> => startup files
|_ <dev> => devices
|_ /home => home directories
|_ /usr => system files
| |_ <bin> => basic commands
| |_ <sbin> => admin commands
|_ /tmp => temporary filesystem
|_ /boot => boot data
|_ /paging => virtual memory
|_ /var => Maintains log details
|_ /opt => Optional filesystem
Directories and files
Unix is case sensitive and all commands should be typed in lowercase.
pwd
print working directory or present working directory, displays the current directory.
mkdir test
make directory, makes a subdirectory with the name test under current directory.
cd test
change directory, changes present directory to test.
cd ..
changes the present directory to the parent directory.
cd
changes to home directory.
Absolute and relative path
An absolute path starts with the root directory and a relative path is with reference
to present working directory.
cd /usr/bin
changes working directory from anywhere in the tree.
cd ../sbin
changes working directory related to the current working directory.
Absolute paths can be used with any command

3. mkdir /tmp/class
creates a subdirectory class under existing tmp directory.
rmdir /tmp/class
remove directory, deletes the directory at the end of the given path. The directory to
be removed should be empty. Directory cannot be deleted if it is the current working
directory.
ls
list, lists the files in the current directory.
ls sam*
lists files whose names are starting with sam in the current directory.
ls /home
lists files in the directory home.
Options are available for many commands which will modify the output of the
command providing additional information. They are also called as flags.
ls –a
lists hidden files. Any file starting with a period (.) is a hidden file.
ls –t
sorts the list by time with the latest file at the top.
ls –tr
displays the sorted list with the oldest file at the top.
ls –l
lists in long format. Type, permissions, owner, size, etc., are displayed.
Information provided are :-
Type and permission
No. of links
Owner
Group
File size in bytes
Date
Time (year is displayed for older files)
Filename
File permissions
The first character of the permission column indicates the type of the file.
Heifen (-) indicates a file

4. d indicates a directory
l indicates a link.
Next nine characters gives the permission, grouped as user, group and others,
having 3 charecters in each group.
Characters 2 to 4 gives permission to users (owner of the file)
Characters 5 to 7 gives permission to group
Characters 8 to 10 gives permission to others
Read, write and execute permissions are denoted by presence of r, w and x in the
respective positions for each group. Absence of the letter indicates that permission is not
given. Permission and ownership could be changed
chmod 764 /opt/newpass
changes the permission of the file as –rwxrw-r--
r =4; w=2; x=1 are the weightages for read, write and execute.
774 is the permission for all 3 groups, digits indiacating the permission for user,
group and others respectively.
To give full access of read, write and execute to user 4+2+1=7 is placed as the first
digit.
To give read and write access to the group 4+2=6 is placed in the second digit.
Only read access to others is given as the third digit is 4.
chmod g-w,o+x /etc/newpass
removes write permission to group and gives execute permission to others resulting
in –rwxr--r-x
cat /etc/passwd
displays the contents of the file passwd in the directory etc. If the file has more
number of lines, the screen scrolls and the last part of the file stays in the screen.

5. pg /etc/passwd
displays the contents of the file, one screen and waits for user to press enter to
display the next screen.
more /etc/passwd
displays one screen, and has additional features like scrolling back.
Redirecting output of one command as input to the next command could be done by
using the pipe(|) symbol
ls –l | more
displays the output of the command including the features of the more.
Redirecting output to a file is also possible using the (>) symbol
ls –l > /tmp/list
stores the output in the given file instead of displaying in the screen.
head -10 /etc/passwd
displays first 10 lines of the file.
tail -10 /etc/passwd
displays last 10 lines of the file.
cp /etc/passwd /tmp/password
copies file passwd to tmp directory with new name.
cp /tmp/password /home
copies file password to the new location with the same name.
mv /home/password /opt
moves file password to new location. It is deleted from original location after the
completion of the command.

6. mv /opt/password /opt/newpass
renames a file if specified in the same directory.
ln /opt/newpass /opt/linkpass
gives an additional name for the file. The file remains with the new name even if the
original is deleted. This is a hardlink and could be used only with files within the
same filesystem. Hardlink could not be used with directories.
ln –s /tmp /home/temp
creates a softlink to the directory tmp which could be accessed as a subdirectory of
home directory.
rm /opt/newpass
deletes a file.
grep filter
grep is a filter available for pattern matching.
grep system /etc/passwd
displays lines that contains the work system in the given file.
cat /etc/passwd | grep system
result is same as the above command.
ls –l | grep –i test
The flag is used to ignore case while matching.
vi editor
Command mode : to use alphabets to control the text.
Input mode : to type alphabets and characters as part of the text.
Editor will be in command mode when it is started. Esc key is used as prefix before
commands. Esc i put vi in input mode and Esc gets back to command mode.
vi /opt/newpass
opens the file in vi editor. If the file does not exist already a blank editor opens and
the file will be created by issuing a save command.
:wq
Saves file and quits editor.
:w

7. Saves and continues to be in editor.
:q
Quits editor.
:q!
Quits editor without saving the changes.
Cursor movement
h – left
l – right
k – up
j – down
w – next word
b – previous word
0 – beginning of line
Shift + a - end of line
Ctrl + f – one screen forward
Ctrl + b – one screen backward
Shift + h – first line
Shift + G – last line
Text insertion
i – insert before cursor
a – insert after cursor
o – new line below
O – new line above
Text editing
cw – change word
dw – delete word
dd – delete line
Copying and moving
yy – copy line
dd – cut line
p – paste
a number could be added before the above commands to repeat command for that
many times. 4yy copies 4 lines. 4dw deletes 4 words.
Processes
A program while running is called as a process. Every process will be assigned a
unique number called Process Identifier.

8. ps
displays the list of process running.
ps –ef
displays all processes running in the system with more details.
An & should be added at the end of the command to run as a background process.
This returns to command prompt as the process continues to run at the background,
Whereas the process running at the foreground does not give the command prompt till
it completes.
Ctrl + c is used to terminate a foreground process and get back to command prompt.
For terminating a background process, its process id should be found and killed using
the kill command.
Shells and variables
A shell is a working environment. Depending on the type of usage shell could be
provided to users. End user or data entry operator does not need system management
commands. They will be using basic commands. System administrators will be
using the system management commands.
Bourne shell :- sh
Simple shell for end user. Displays $ as the prompt.
Korn shell :- ksh
Provides additional constructs. Displays $ as the prompt
C shell :- csh
Provides programming features. Displays % as the prompt
The prompt will be # if the user is logged as root
Changing shells :-
Every user is assigned a default shell and will be in that shell on login. This could
be changed by entering sh, ksh or csh in the command line. exit brings back to the
previous shell.
The characteristics of a shell are controlled by environment variables.
SHELL – default shell
TERM – terminal type
LOGNAME – login name

9. HOME – home directory
PS1 – prompt
echo $LOGNAME
displays the content of the variable LOGNAME.
Apart from environment variable users can also have their own variables.
cppath = ‘/tmp/test’
sets variable cppath and assigns the value to it. This could be used with any
command where the assigned value to be used.
echo $cppath
displays the assigned value.
Variables are local to the shell by default and could not be accesses if the shell is
changed. These could be made as global variables if they are exported.
export cppath
makes cppath as a global variable, thus could be accessed in all the shells.
Variables are confined to the current login session only and will not be available for
future login sessions. These can be entered in a special file to be executed each time
a user logs in.
A file in the home directory of every user is executed everytime the user logs in. That
file is the .profile file for bourne and korn shells. If the variable declaration,
initialization and export commands are entered in this file, it will be executed on
every login and is available without being executed manually.
Root user will have the profile file in the etc directory.
For C shell the home directory will have .login file for users
cron jobs
Commands to be run automatically at the specified time could be submitted to cron.
The information will be stored in specific files and will be executed at the mentioned
times.
crontab –l
displays the currently submitted cron jobs.
crontab -e
allows to edit the crontab to add or delete jobs. Uses vi editor commands.

10. Each line in the crontab is a separate job. The line should begin with the date and
time details in 5 columns.
minute hour date month day command
0-59 0-23 0-31 1-12 0-7
* in any column indicates all possible values.
Distinct values or range could also be given.
The jobs submitted are stored in a file with the username as the filename in
/var/spool/cron/crontabs.
/var/adm/cron/cron.allow file contains usernames who are allowed to submit cron
jobs. All other users are denied.
/var/adm/cron/cron.deny file contains usernames who are denied to submit cron jobs.
All other users are allowed.
Pseries and AIX introduction
Classification of microprocessors
Complex instruction set computers (CISC) and Reduced Instruction set
computers (RISC) are two classification of computers based on the number of
instructions that could be executed.
RISC system has fewer instructions and are faster and reliable.
IBM system series
IBM has the following series of systems
x series – intel based systems
z series – Mainframe systems
i series – AS/400 systems
p series – RISC systems
P series evolution
IBM introduced RISC System (RS/6000) in 1986.
Performance Optimized With Enhanced Risc (POWER) system was introduced in
1990. Which was the starting of the pseries.

11. Power 2 was introduced in 1993 and power 3 in 1999.
New naming as eserver pseries was given on 2000 and power 4 was introduced.
Regatta was introduced in 2001 which included LPARs.
Models : p690, p670, p650, p595, p570, 7026 -6H1, 7017-S85, H80, 7028,
7013-59H, 7038
Power 5 : p510,p520,p550,p570, p575, p590, p595
Power 4 : p615,p630,p650,p670,p655,p690
AIX versions
AIX was introduced even before the pseries during the initial RS/6000 days in 1986.
The initial version is 1.3
Version 3.0 was introduced in 1990 which included LVM and SMIT.
Version 3.1 introduced Journalled File System (JFS)
Version 4.2 in april 1997 supported nfs3
Version 4.3 provided support for 64 bit architecture and online backup
Version 5.1 in May,2001 is the minimum level for power4 systems. 64 bit kernel,
jfs2 and LPAR are introduced.
Version 5.2 introduced mpio fiber channel, DLPAR and is the minimum level for
power5 systems.
Version 5.3 is the current AIX version and includes VIO and micro partitioning, and
filesystem shrink.
OS Installation
Installation types
New and Complete Overwrite
- Done on a new machine
- Done when rootvg is corrupted
Migration
- Done for upgrading OS version
- /tmp is overwritten

12. Preservation
- Preserves only user data
- /usr, /tmp, /var, / are overwritten (recreated)
- /etc/preserve.list contains a list to be preserved
Trusted Computing Base
It enforces information security
It monitors every file in the /dev directory
It also monitors 600 other files which are listed in /etc/security/sysck.cfg
It can be enabled only during installation
/usr/bin/tcbck displays usage if it is enabled.
Installation methods [NIM, alt_disk_install]
AIX comes in CDs and can be installed using CD ROM.
NIM(Network Install Management) facilitates installtion using a network source,
avoiding human assistance at the server location. This can be accomplished from
remote location. The installable resources will be created on a NIM master and the
NIM client can be installed with AIX operating system.
Alt_disk_install is a method used during OS migration. The mirror will be broken
and the new version will be installed in one of the disks. The system will be available
during the time with the existing version. After installation on one of the disk, the
system will be booted with that disk and tested. If everything is fine the old version
can be removed. If the new version gives some issues, old version can be used.
ODM and device configuration
Objects and Classes
The basic components of ODM are object classes and objects.
Object - an entity that requires storage and management of data
object class - A group of objects with the same definition
Object Descriptors - Variable name with type
Disk is a class, which defines some the characteristics any disk should possess.
A physical harddisk is
Object Data Manager
System data managed by ODM includes:
Network configuration
Logical volume management configuration
Installed software information
Devices that AIX has drivers for

13. Logical devices or software drivers
Physical hardware device installed
Menus, screens and commands that SMIT uses
Location of ODM
/etc/objrepos - Main location for the ODM
/usr/lib/objrepos -
/usr/share/lib/objrepos
This settings is in - > /etc/environment
ODMDIR = /etc/objrepos
Types of Databases – predefined and customized
Predefined database - > PdDv
Devices that are supported but not currently installed
/usr/lib/objrepos
Customized Database - > CuDv
Devices found and configured
/etc/objrepos
ODM commands
odmadd - Add an object to class
odmchange - to change a specfefic object in aclass
odmdelete - to delete an object
odmcreate - > created an empty object class
odmdrop - delete a odm object class
odmget - list the objects in the obj class
odmshow - list the properities of the odb class
Device status – Available and defined
Available – users can access the device
Defined – Device available in ODM, users cannot access
Handling devices – list, change, remove, make
lsdev - displays device and charecteristics
lscfg - displays configuration
lsattr - displays attributes with values
cdcux57:root:/>lsdev -l ent0
ent0 Available 20-70 IBM 10/100 Mbps Ethernet PCI Adapter (23100020)
cdcux57:root:/>lscfg -vl ent0
ent0 U0.1-P1-I4/E1 IBM 10/100 Mbps Ethernet PCI Adapter
(23100020)

14. Serial Number...............02092195
FRU Number..................091H0397
Part Number.................091H0397
Network Address.............0004AC5ED4A3
Displayable Message.........PCI Ethernet Adapter (23100020)
Device Specific.(YL)........U0.1-P1-I4/E1
cdcux57:root:/>lsattr -El ent0
alt_addr 0x000000000000 ALTERNATE ETHERNET address True
busintr 25 Bus interrupt level False
busio 0x7ff800 Bus I/O address False
fast_reset yes Enable Fast Reset True
intr_priority 3 Interrupt priority False
ip_gap 96 Inter-Packet Gap True
mcast_filter no Enable Multicast Filtering True
media_speed 100_Full_Duplex Media Speed True
poll_link no Enable Link Polling True
poll_link_timer 500 Time interval for Link Polling True
rx_hog 1000 RX buffers processed per RX interrupt True
rx_que_size 256 RECEIVE queue size True
rxbuf_pool_size 384 RECEIVE buffer pool size True
slih_hog 10 Interrupt events processed per interrupt True
tx_que_size 8192 TRANSMIT queue size True
use_alt_addr no Enable ALTERNATE ETHERNET address True
cdcux57:root:/>
Changing a device
The attributes given as True can be changed by using chdev command.
chdev –l ent0 –a media_speed=auto
Removing a device
rmdev –l ent0
The above command will remove the device from usage and take it defined state.
The device is still available on the ODM.
rmdev –dl ent0
The –d flag will remove the device from ODM and thus completely removing
from the system. To physically remove a device, this option should be used.
Configuring devices – cfgmgr, mkdev

15. A device in defined state can be brought back as available because ODM has its
information.
mkdev –l ent0
A device removed from ODM or a new device connected to the system can be
configured by the following.
cfgmgr
This will configure and make the device available.
Some devices
sys0 – entire system
sysplanar0 – system board
ent0 – Ethernet card
mem0 - memory
hdisk0 – hard disk
rmt0 – tape drive
fcs0 – fiber adapter
ide0 – IDE I/O adapter
scsi0 – SCSI adapter
proc0 – Processor
The first device of a type will have 0 as suffix to the name and the consecutive devices of
the same type will get 1,2,3 and so on.
System Resource Controller
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pseries/v5r3/index.jsp?
topic=/com.ibm.aix.baseadmn/doc/baseadmndita/sysrescon.htm
The SRC provides a single set of commands to start, stop, trace, refresh, and query
the status of a subsystem
The System Resource Controller (SRC) is started during system initialization with
a record for the /usr/sbin/srcmstr daemon in the /etc/inittab file.
Daemon
A process running continuously at the background to provide an additional feature or
perform an activity of an operating system.
Subsystem and subserver

16. A subsystem is any program or process or set of programs or processes that is
usually capable of operating independently or with a controlling system. A
subsystem is designed as a unit to provide a designated function
A subsystem as a program or set of related programs designed as a unit to perform
related functions
A subserver, commonly known to UNIX programmers as a daemon, is a process that
belongs to and is controlled by a subsystem
The System Resource Controller hierarchy begins with the operating system
followed by a subsystem group (such as tcpip), which contains a subsystem
(such as the inetd daemon), which in turn can own several subservers (such as
the ftp daemon and the finger command).
SRC – list, start, stop and refresh
dupprt04:/>lssrc -g tcpip
Subsystem Group PID Status
xntpd tcpip 286934 active
snmpd tcpip 282808 active
hostmibd tcpip 295114 active
snmpmibd tcpip 299208 active
aixmibd tcpip 311500 active
muxatmd tcpip 258216 active
inetd tcpip 504020 active
dupprt04:/>lssrc -g nfs
Subsystem Group PID Status
biod nfs 266428 active
nfsd nfs 233644 active
rpc.mountd nfs 135310 active
rpc.statd nfs 315582 active
rpc.lockd nfs 307372 active
nfsrgyd nfs inoperative
gssd nfs inoperative
dupprt04:/>lssrc -g spooler
Subsystem Group PID Status
qdaemon spooler 225462 active
writesrv spooler 291008 active
lpd spooler 168140 active
dupprt04:/>
lssrc –s inetd [lists the information about inetd subsystem

17. lssrc –t ftp [lists the information about ftp subserver
startsrc
stopsrc
refresh
-s for sybsystem
-t for subserver
-g for group
Software Installation
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-dutta_work.html
Filesets – It is a smallest unit of installation
Package and LPP
Package is a set of related filesets.
LPP(licensed program package) is a group of related packages and filesets.
APAR and PTF
Program Temporary Fix is an immediate solution to a reported problem. A report is
associated a Problem Management Report(PMR) number. An Authorized Program Analysis
Report (APAR) associates a fix to a PMR. APARs will be assigned a unique number like IY18782
Maintenance and Technology levels
A Maintenance Level (ML) is the service updates that are necessary to upgrade the base
operating system (BOS) or an optional software product to the current release level.
Starting in 2006, as part of the new AIX 5L Service Strategy, MLs are replaced by
Technology Levels (TLs). They are defined below.
Technology Level
A Technology Level (TL) is the new term for the twice yearly AIX 5L releases, which contain
new hardware and software features and service updates. The first TL will be restricted to
hardware features and enablement, as well as software service. The second TL will include
hardware features and enablement, software service, and new software features.
Installing a TL should be viewed as an "all or nothing" operation, meaning that requisites
will be added so that the whole TL is installed, and not allow a TL to be partially installed.
You should back up your system prior to installing a TL.
Service Pack
A Service Pack (SP) consists of service-only updates (also known as PTF's) that are
released between Technology Levels to be grouped together for easier identification. These
fixes address highly pervasive, critical, or security-related issues. Service Packs are
provided for the N and N-1 releases (for example, V5.3 and V5.2) on the latest Technology
Level for each release (for example, 5300-04 and 5200-08).
Concluding Service Pack
Concluding Service Pack (CSP) is the last Service Pack for a Technology Level. The CSP
contains fixes for highly pervasive, critical, or security-related issues just like a Service
Pack, but it might also contain fixes from the newly released Technology Level that fall into
these categories. Therefore, a CSP contains a very small subset of service that was just
released as a part of a new Technology Level.
CSPs allow for extended service on a Technology Level through the utilization of Interim
Fixes.
Interim Fix

18. The term Interim Fix is used as a replacement for "emergency fix" or "efix". While the term
emergency fix is still applicable in some situations (a fix given in the middle of the night
with minimal testing), the term Interim Fix is more descriptive in that it implies a
temporary state until an update can be applied that has been through more extensive
testing.
Applied Vs Committed
An installed fileset can either be in applied or committed state. A new version of a
fileset will be put in applied state. The existing version will be maintained in the
system and the new version will be used. If the applied version does not perform well
it can be rejected and the previous version maintained at the system will be put back
in use. If the new version is found to be perfect, it will be committed.
Table of contents
Installable files will be of backup file format(.bff)
The directory that contains the bff files should also have table of contents file .toc
If bff files are copied to a directory the .toc can be created by the command
inutoc <directorypath>
instfix, installp and lppchk
installp is the command used to install filesets, ml and tl.
instfix is the command used to install fixes and APARs
installp –c to commit an applied version
installp –r to reject an applied version
installp –u to uninstall committed fileset
lslpp –l to list all the installed filesets and packages
lslpp –h to display the fileset history with dates
instfix -k IY69289 -d /dev/cd0 to install APAR from the cd.
instfix –i to list all the installed APARs
instfix -ik IY69289 to check whether the APAR is installed
instfix –i | grep ML to check all APARs are up to date to current ML.
lppchk –v to check for software consistency. This will report the broken
fileset(improperly installed) .
installp –C will cleanup the broken filesets.
Vital Product Data
lpp(description and status) – displayed in lslpp
product(prerequisites) – base requirement
history(updates) – version wise history
inventory(files) – actual files.
A software consists of three parts

19. /usr contains the part that can be shared with other systems having the same hardware
configuration.
/ contains the part that are individual for the installed system
/usr/share contains part that can be shared with any system
Logical Volume Manager
Concepts – PV,PP,VG,LV,LP and FS
Default LVs
Quoram – VGDA, VGSA, LVCB
Journalled File System
Paging space – list, add and remove
VG operations – mirroring, extending, reducing, syncvg and exporting
LV operations – create, copy, extend and remove
FS operations – create, increase, remove, mount and unmount
Space commands – df and du
Sysdump and nfs
Boot Process
Loading the operating system in memory is called as booting. AIX
systems carries out booting in three phases.
Phase 1: - Configures base devices
Phase 2 :- rootvg is brought online
Phase 3 :- All devices and vgs are setup
The initial step in booting a system is the Power On Self Test (POST). Its purpose is to
verify that the basic hardware is in a functional state. The memory, keyboard, communication,
and audio devices are also initialized
System Read Only Storage (ROS) will locate and load bootstrap code. Software ROS (also
named bootstrap) forms an IPL control block, takes control and builds specific boot information.
A special file system located in memory and named the RAMFS file system is created.
Software ROS then locates, loads, and turns control over to the boot logical volume (BLV).
A complete list of files that are part of the BLV can be obtained from the /usr/lib/boot directory.
The most important components are the following:
– The kernel
– Boot commands called during the boot process, such as bootinfo and
cfgmgr
– A reduced version of the ODM. Many devices need to be configured
before hd4 is made available, so their corresponding methods have to be
stored in the BLV.
– The rc.boot script
The kernel is loaded and takes control. The kernel will complete the boot process by configuring
devices and starting the init process.

20. So far, the system has tested the hardware, found a BLV, created the RAMFS, and started the init
process from the BLV. The rootvg has not yet been activated. From now on, the rc.boot script will
be called three times, and is passed a different parameter each time.
Phase 1
The init process started from RAMFS executes the boot script rc.boot 1
The restbase command is called to copy a partial image of ODM from the BLV into the RAMFS.
Base devices are all devices that are necessary to access rootvg. cfgmgr –f configures the base
devices.
The bootinfo -b command is called to determine the last boot device.
Phase 2
The rc.boot script is passed to the parameter 2 as rc.boot 2
The rootvg volume group is varied on with the ipl_varyon command.
Root file system hd4 is checked using the fsck -f command. This will verify whether the file
system was unmounted cleanly before the last shutdown.
The root file system (/dev/hd4) is mounted on a temporary mount point (/mnt) in RAMFS.
The /usr file system is verified using the fsck -f command and then mounted.
The /var file system is verified using the fsck -f command and then mounted.
The copycore command checks if a dump occurred. If it did, it is copied from default dump
devices, /dev/hd6, to the default copy directory, /var/adm/ras. Afterwards, /var is unmounted.
The primary paging space from rootvg, /dev/hd6, will be activated.
The mergedev process is called and all /dev files from the RAM file system are copied onto disk.
All customized ODM files from the RAM file system are copied to disk. Both ODM versions from
hd4 and hd5 are now synchronized.
The root file system from rootvg (disk) is mounted over the root file system from the RAMFS. The
mount points for the rootvg file systems become available.
The /var and /usr file systems from the rootvg are mounted again on their ordinary mount points.
rootvg is activated.
Phase 3
/etc/init process is started. It reads the /etc/inittab file and calls rc.boot with argument 3.
The /tmp file system is mounted.
rootvg is synchronized by calling the syncvg command.
The cfgmgr command is called to configure all other devices that are not base devices.

21. The console is configured by calling the cfgcon command. After the configuration of the console,
boot messages are sent to the console. Before this, all boot messages will be copied to alog.
The alog command maintains and manages logs.
The synchronization of the ODM in the BLV with the ODM from the / (root) file system is done by
the savebase command.
The syncd daemon and errdemon are started.
The LED display is turned off.
If the file /etc/nologin exists, it will be removed. This file, if exist, will prevent users other than root
from logging into the system. The contents of this file will be displayed as a message for users
other than root.
The execution of rc.boot is has completed. Process init will continue processing the next
command from /etc/inittab.
Networking
IP address – notation used to identify a network resource
inetd daemon
inetd daemon provides internet service mgmt, invokes other related deamons only
when needed.
/etc/inetd.conf file specifies the subservers(ftpd, telnetd, etc) controlled by inetd.
/etc/services file specifies the port at which the subserver provides its service.
commands – ifconfig, entstat, ping, traceroute, netstat, route
Every network adapter will have a corresponding interface.
ifconfig command configures or displays network interface parameters.
ifconfig –a
display information about all interfaces in the system.
ifconfig en0 192.168.5.25 alias
adds an address to interface en0
ifconfig en0 192.168.5.25 delete
removes the specified address from en0
ifconfig en0 detach
removes network card from the interface list.
mktcpip sets values for tcpip
mktcpip -h hostname -a 192.9.200.4 -i en0 -n 192.9.200.1

22. entstat –d ent0 displays the statistics of the device. Details about collisions,
MAC address, etc., will be displayed. The link status and connection speed are also
given.
netstat displays the state of all configured interfaces
(/)> netstat -i
Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll
en0 1500 link#2 0.60.94.e9.8b.9d 39476281 0 55159681 0 0
en0 1500 52.99.9 asdux02i 39476281 0 55159681 0 0
en1 1500 link#3 0.6.29.6c.88.d3 247102188 0 243097048 0 0
en1 1500 153.116.242 asdux02 247102188 0 243097048 0 0
en2 1500 link#4 0.6.29.6c.b0.2d 310281117 0 1701 0 0
en2 1500 153.116.243 asdux02-bu 310281117 0 1701 0 0
css0 65504 link#5 36326212 0 37558194 0 0
css0 65504 52.99.8 asdux02s 36326212 0 37558194 0 0
lo0 16896 link#1 61901228 0 61928648 0 0
lo0 16896 127 loopback 61901228 0 61928648 0 0
lo0 16896 ::1 61901228 0 61928648 0 0
root@[asdux02]:
(/)> netstat -ni
Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll
en0 1500 link#2 0.60.94.e9.8b.9d 39476292 0 55159690 0 0
en0 1500 52.99.9 52.99.9.17 39476292 0 55159690 0 0
en1 1500 link#3 0.6.29.6c.88.d3 247102225 0 243097081 0 0
en1 1500 153.116.242 153.116.242.32 247102225 0 243097081 0 0
en2 1500 link#4 0.6.29.6c.b0.2d 310281190 0 1701 0 0
en2 1500 153.116.243 153.116.243.63 310281190 0 1701 0 0
css0 65504 link#5 36326222 0 37558203 0 0
css0 65504 52.99.8 52.99.8.17 36326222 0 37558203 0 0
lo0 16896 link#1 61901237 0 61928657 0 0
lo0 16896 127 127.0.0.1 61901237 0 61928657 0 0
lo0 16896 ::1 61901237 0 61928657 0 0
root@[asdux02]:
(/)>
netstat –r gives the routing table.
(/)> netstat -nr
Routing tables
Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use If PMTU Exp Groups
Route Tree for Protocol Family 2 (Internet):
default 153.116.242.1 UG 9 27923861 en1 - - -
52.99.4/24 52.99.8.250 UG 0 0 css0 - - -
route command is used to manipulate the routing table.
route add default 192.168.5.25
adds another default gateway

23. route delete default 192.168.5.25
removes the IP address from being a default gateway.
route add 192.100.201.7 192.100.13.7
Packets reaching 192.100.13.7 will be sent to host with address 192.100.201.7 .
route add -net 192.100.201.0 192.100.13.7
Packets reaching 192.100.13.7 will be sent to any host on the destination network.
route –f
clears the routing table.
ping command is used to check end to end communication.
traceroute command is used to check the hops of the packet.
sendmail – sendmail.cf
Sendmail daemon provides means to send and receive mails and reads
/etc/sendmail.cf file.
sendmail sparthasarat@csc.com < /etc/motd
sends the contents of the file as mail body
uuencode /etc/motd newname | mail -s "test mail" sparthasarat@csc.com
sends the file as an attachment with given name.
Nameserver – resolv.conf
Lookup – Finding the IP address of device based on the hostname
Reverse Lookup – finding the hostname based on given IP address.
/etc/hosts file will contain IP address and hostnames and a IP can be fetched for a
given hostname from this file.
The hostname and IP addresses can also be made available on a DNS server
where the lookup is performed when it is not available in the /etc/hosts file. The DNS
server information is stored in /etc/resolv.conf file.
The lookup order can be changed by making appropriate entry in /etc/netsvc.conf
file.
hosts=local,bind
this entry will first search the /etc/hosts file and then the DNS
Backup and Restoration
System backup - mksysb

24. Tape control – tctl
Backup strategies – Full, Differential, Incremental
VG Backup – savevg and restvg
File Backup – backup and restore
Compressions – tar and gzip
Error handling
errdemon is started during boot and will serve to capture and report errors.
Errors will be stored in /var/adm/ras/errlog file.
errpt fetches information and displays in readable format.
(/)> errpt | more
IDENTIFIER TIMESTAMP T C RESOURCE_NAME DESCRIPTION
AA8AB241 0726050107 T O OPERATOR OPERATOR NOTIFICATION
BD797922 0726010007 P H enclosure1 SUBSYSTEM FAILURE
BD797922 0726000007 P H enclosure1 SUBSYSTEM FAILURE
BD797922 0725230007 P H enclosure1 SUBSYSTEM FAILURE
BD797922 0725220007 P H enclosure1 SUBSYSTEM FAILURE
First column is a label. Second column is timestamp in the format MMDDhhmmYY.
Third column tells the severity as P for permant, T for temporary errors and I for
information. Fourth column shows the type of the resource as S for software, H for
hardware. Fifth column gives the resource name and the last column gives the error
description.
errpt –j BD797922
displays only errors with the given label
errpt –a
displays detailed report about all errors.
errpt –aj BD797922
displays detailed report about the given label.
(/)> errpt -aj BEE2FB4A | more
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LABEL: TS_DEATH_TR
IDENTIFIER: BEE2FB4A
Date/Time: Wed Jun 5 20:04:03 DFT
Sequence Number: 69138
Machine Id: 000219844C00
Node Id: tsdux41
Class: U
Type: UNKN
Resource Name: hats.tsdcw01
Resource Class: NONE
Resource Type: NONE
Location: NONE
VPD:
Description
Contact with a neighboring adapter lost

25. Probable Causes
The neighboring adapter mal-functioned
Networking problem renders neighboring adapter unreachable
Failure Causes
The neighboring adapter mal-functioned
Problem with the network
Recommended Actions
Verify status of the faulty adapter
Verify status of network
Detail Data
DETECTING MODULE
rsct,threephs.C, 1.135.1.11,3944
ERROR ID
.8hjsyyH8Zzw.LwI1dYkMo....................
REFERENCE CODE
The IP address of the faulty adapter
52.99.8.42
Node number where the adapter is located
7
errclear clears the errors from errlog
errclear 0
clears all errors.
errclear 5
removes errors before 5 days
errclear –d S 0
removes software errors
errclear –T PERM 0
removes permanent errors
errlogger is used to log operator messages.
errlogger “test error message”
puts and operator notification.
Performance Monitoring
vmstat
iostat
sar
svmon
topas
Tuning - vmo, no and vmtune

26. Print Queue Management
Creating print queue – smitty queue
Checking status – lpstat -a
Printing a file – lp -d
qdaemon
User Administration
Password and group files
Commands – lsuser, mkuser, passwd, rmuser
Environment and limits
Miscellaneous commands
prtconf
uname
bootinfo
bootlist
bindprocessor
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