Plant Essay

Plant Evolution
PLANT EVOLUTION
Plant Evolution
Colette Andrews
Strayer University
SCI 115
Dr. David Davies
November 24, 2012
Plant Evolution has been around for millions of years. In fact, plants were the first species on earth
and the first to live on land ("Plant Evolution", D. Davies, accessed 11/24/12). For 1500 million
year's photosynthetic organisms remained in the sea. This is because, in the absence of a protective
ozone layer, the land was bathed in lethal levels of UV radiation. Once atmospheric oxygen levels
were high enough the ozone layer formed, meaning that it was possible for living things to venture
onto the land (The University of the West Indies. Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences
2003–2012). The seashore...show more content...
Poikilohydric organisms have no mechanisms to prevent desiccation: they desiccate, and remain
dormant, when their environment dries out, but can rehydrate when water becomes available again.
They usually absorb water directly through their body surface. Poikilohydric organisms include some
green algae, cyanobacteria (blue–green algae), lichens, and the bryophytes (The University of the
West Indies. Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2003–2012). Homoiohydric plants can
keep their water content constant, and don't equilibrate with the environment.
This is achieved by: * Controlling water loss (waterproofing, cuticle) * Controllable valves in cuticle
for photosynthesis (stomata) * Replacing lost water, internal conducting tissue (xylem): vascular
plants * 3D structure: minimizes surface area, provides support * Ventilated tissue for enhanced gas
exchange (internal intercellular spaces) * All modern land plants – with the exception of the
bryophytes – have these features.
There was also competition for light, leading to pressure to increase productivity, which could be
achieved by increasing the area available for photosynthesis (evolving leaves) and/or keeping
stomata open for longer. This meant that mechanisms for obtaining and transporting water also
needed improvement. Thus, evolution was a slow, continuous, linked improvement in water
relations and productivity increase Homoiohydric plants can keep their water
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Plant Distribution Essay
Distribution of Plants and Types of Distribution
In former times, after the industrial revolution. The technological discoveries and the constant
evolution of the companies impelled these to optimize the resources of manufacture in the jobs. also
to implement new production methods. The current market that is becoming more competitive
pressures companies to have a flexible system of products that gives the possibility to change and
adapt to the needs of the customer. A lo largo del tiempo, pero ciertamente despuГ©s de la
revoluciГіn industrial, que los descubrimientos tecnolГіgicos y la constante evoluciГіn de las
empresas impulsaron a estas, a de optimizar los recursos de manufactura en los puestos de trabajo e
implementar nuevos mГ©todos de...show more content...
however not all companies give due importance. What really favors it is a guide that allows to
organize the projects of distribution in a series of phases and steps. adapting the principles and
theoretical foundations to the practical work performed by the plant manager, Richard Dick Muther
(Nov. 20, 1913 – Oct. 15, 2014). He was one of the most famous industrial engineers who develops
an analogy where he compares a factory with a person and lists some key elements.
1. It is the skeleton associated with the distribution of the plant.
2. It is the muscular system this is associated with the handling of material.
3. It is the nervous system and is associated with communications and controls.
4. It is the respiratory, circulatory and digestive system where it is associated with general and
auxiliary services.
5. And finally is the flesh and skin where it associates with the roof of the building.
For the work of each work and its workstations the design or distribution of plant is elementary, since
it can generate dependencies in the distribution such as: general services, handling of material,
communications, procedures, all this with the purpose of directing a decisive method in the same
plant.
Types of Distribution.
Serial distribution: This type of distribution has the characteristic that the equipments and the
machinery for the manufacture are grouped in the same zone. these following the sequence of

Essay on Plant hormones
Plant hormones are specialized chemical substances produced by plants. They are the main internal
factors controlling growth and development. Hormones are produced in one part of a plant and
transported to others, where they are effective in very small amounts. Depending on the target tissue,
a given hormone may have different effects.
Plant hormones play an integral role in controlling the growth and development of plants. A plant
hormone is generally described as an organic compound synthesized in one part of the plant and
translocated to another part, where in low concentrations elicits a physiological response.
There are five generally recognized classes of plant hormones; some of the classes are represented
by only one compound,...show more content...
Auxins usually affect other processes in addition to cell elongation of stem cells but this
characteristic is considered critical of all auxins and therefore defines the hormone.
Functions:
1. Stimulates cell elongation
2. Stimulates cell division in the cambium and, in combination with cytokinins in tissue culture
3. Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem
4. Stimulates root initiation on stem cuttings

Plant Products Essay
Plant products are effective in a variety of disease conditions. The use of plant products as
antioxidants and immunomodulators has a traditional history not only in India but also in almost all
ancient civilizations.Herbs are considered God's gift to human beings in the form of natural
medicines.The traditional practices have been in use for centuries to cure various diseases. Even
though the modern developments in therapeutic field brought about a rapid decline in traditional
medicine, but herbal remedies are still having an important role as potential source of therapeutics
in health systems across the world.The recent growth in the knowledge of free radicals and reactive
oxygen species (ROS) is producing a medical revolution...show more content...
Increasing evidence suggests that the generation of these oxygen free radicals plays an important
role in the pathophysiology of at least three disease states: ischemia reperfusion injury,
phagocyte–dependent inflammatory damage, and neurodegenerative disorders as well as aging.
Elevated levels of ROS have been implicated in numerous chronic degenerative diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes, , obesity and
hypertension. The initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer, as well as the side–effects of
radiation and chemotherapy, have been linked to the imbalance between ROS and the antioxidant
defense system. The highly significant correlation between consumption of fats and oils and death
rates from leukemia and malignant neoplasia of the breast, ovaries, and rectum among persons over
55 years may be a reflection of greater lipid peroxidation. ROS have been implicated in the induction
and complications of diabetes mellitus, age–related eye disease, and neurodegenerative diseases such
as Parkinson's disease.
Oxidative stress and antioxidants A role of oxidative stress has been postulated in many conditions,
including anthersclerosis, inflammatory condition, certain cancers, and the process of aging.
Oxidative stress is now thought to make a significant contribution to all inflammatory diseases

Invasive Plants Essay
Dr. John visited Norfolk State University on behalf of the Department of Ecology at the University
of Georgia. He came to share information about invasive plants and the ecological research that he
and others have conducted on it; his talk was entitled "Computational Botany for Invasive Species
Decision Support, Risk Analysis, and Policy."
Dr. Drake began the talk by explaining what invasive plants species are. Invasive plants are those
that occupy a foreign environment and drive the native plants away because they grow so rampantly.
He described how invasive plants can be transported from location to location–they can be relocated
through the air, ocean, vehicles, and even by humans. Eventually, the seeds of the invasive plants
germinate, flourish, and in some cases, they even take over. The seeds can be introduced
intentionally or accidentally. Often times, they are introduced intentionally for agricultural purposes
and food supplies, medicinal purposes, or even aesthetics and gardening. The United States
Department of Agriculture has a method for regulation...show more content...
Lastly, the final work will be expressed through cost sensitivity and representation. In the first step,
there is a construction of the database. Species that have been introduced to the United States are
named and examined in order to determine whether or not they are weeds, and whether they are
considered to be economically costly or not. In order to determine this, researchers look at the
biological traits, from life history and growth form to maximum chromosome numbers and leaf traits
and physiology. A plant species' tendency to become invasive can also be genetic
–the number of
chromosomes is a strong indicator of whether or not the plant will become invasive. Researchers
determine which traits are associated with invasiveness, and which are

Ecology And Plant Ecology
In this article examples are going to be discussed of the application of molecular biology in the
field of plant ecology, what molecular biology is as well as what plant ecology is. Plant ecology is
one of the branches in the scientific field of ecology that mainly focus on plant population and their
surroundings (McMahon, 2016). Plant ecologists also look at other factors that have an impact on
the plants and their environment. According to the MIT Department of Biology, plantmolecular
biology is the study where biological data such as plants genetics, genomes, biochemical and the cell
biologics is inserted into computers to understand the development, growth and physiology of plants
at a molecular level. The examples that is going to be...show more content...
Researchers do not just look at the plant but keeps in mind how the plants interact with each other
and their environment. A Plant ecologist do not just look at plants but also the soil conditions,
animals and other influences that might have an impact on the plants environment. According to
McMahon (2016) plant ecology is not just a plant itself but, is everything from understanding the
plants environment functions as well as the interaction of humans with the natural environment.
The area most focused on in plant ecology is topics like climate change, plant diseases and the
symbiotic relationship between plant species and how plants spread in nature (McMahon, 2016).
Plant ecology involves a lot of field work because the plant needs to be viewed in their natural
habitat to understand why the plant looks like it does. Plant ecology covers a wide range of
research for instance the study of plants growing in a specific ecosystem for example the
rainforest, or a specific area that is of interest, like a population of plants that is growing next to a
polluted river or dam. It can also help researchers to study endangered ecosystems and plant
populations including not vascular plants like mosses. Plants make up a very large part of the
natural environment. Plants do not just provide people and animals with food but also with shelter
for animals, prevents erosion and the most important part is that plants provide us with oxygen
(McMahon,

Plant And Animal Cells Essay
Plant and Animal Cells
I. Introduction
All organisms in life are composed of at least one or more
cells. Cells are the basic units of life. There are three main
features of a cell. First, all organisms consist of one or more
cells. Second, cells are the smallest units of life and third,
cells arise only from preexisting cells. These three facts are
referred to as the cell theory.
All cells can be categorized into two basic cell types.
They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To distinguish where cells
are placed in the two categories, what is inside the cell must
first be looked at. Every cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
all contain basic cell parts. They are: a plasma membrane,
cytoplasm,...show more content...
To complete this we had to make wet–mount slides and
observe them under a light microscope. To prepare a wet–mount
slide you must first obtain your specimen you are going to look
at. You then put the specimen on a clean glass slide in the
middle. Next, you take a medicine dropper and place one drop of
water on the specimen. After that, you hold a clean coverslip
and place the bottom edge of the coverslip in the drop of water.

Next, slowly lower the rest of the coverslip so that there are no
air bubbles, onto the remaining part of the specimen. By putting
specimens into wet–mount slides it saves a lot of time and energy
instead of putting them into set slides. Also, a wet–mount slide
can be cleaned and re–used.
We put onion cells, cheek cells, and Elodeo cells into wet–
mount slides. After we made slides for each one we observe them
under the microscope. For some of the cells, we had to apply a
dye to have make the cell more visible under the microscope.
Methylene blue was applied to the cheek cells and iodine to the
onion cells. To see the cheek cells, we had to reduce the amount
of light coming into the microscope. We had to do this because
when we reduced the amount of light, we could see the cells more
clear. Elodeo cells were observed as a wet–mount slide and also
with salt water. To apply a die to a previously made wet–mount
slide, an edge of the coverslip

Essay about Power Plant
Project Charter Cambridge Bay, NWT Power Generating Station Replacement Submitted by: Student
# MSTM4040 – Assignment #1 Feb 10, 2013 Table of Contents Section 1. Charter Introduction3 1.1
Document change control3 1.2 Executive summary3 1.3 Authorization4 Section 2. Project
Overview5 2.1 Project summary5 2.2 Project goals, business outcomes, and objectives6 2.3 Project
scope6 2.3.1 Boundaries .................................................................................7 2.4 Milestones8 2.5
Deliverables8 2.6 Project cost estimate and sources of funding9 2.6.1 Project cost Estimate
......................................................................9 2.6.2 Sources of Funding
........................................................................9 2.7 Project risks, assumptions, and constraints10
Section 3. Project...show more content...
To develop a reliable source of electricity for Cambridge bay Risks: working in remote location
when building a large construction project, there are unknown cost involved. An important new risk
is the cost of complying with potential greenhouse gas emission regulations. Sea lift delays and the
potential of not having the contracts written on time and developed in detail. Estimated total costs. 3
x 2 mega what generators – $1,500,000; Building – 2,000,000; auxiliary equipment– $1,000,000;
other costs – $500,000 1.3 Authorization _______________________________________________
____________________________ Lorne KusugakDate Executive Sponsor Minister Responsible for
Quilliq Energy Corp's _______________________________________________
____________________________ Simon MerkosakDate Project Sponsor Chair, Board of directors
for Quilliq Energy Corp _______________________________________________
____________________________ Peter MackeyDate Project Manager CEO Quilliq Energy Corp's
______________________________________________ ____________________________ Frank
Downey Date Project Engineer Quilliq Energy Corp's
_______________________________________________ ____________________________ John
SmithDate Mayor,

Essay about Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Plant cells have many different parts that are need to work together and function as a whole. These
parts are the cell membrane which can be compared to a "Condom" due to the fact that is a very thin
protective layer that lets certain substances to pass through. Cell wall is a thicker rougher membrane,
which gives the plant most of its structure and support, the cell wall also bond with other cell walls
to form the structure of the plant. Centrosome may be also referred to as the "Microtubule
organizing center" it's looks like a small body near the nucleus having a dense center and radiating
tubules, here in the centrosome is where the microtubules are made. Chloroplast is a CD shaped
organelle that holds the plants...show more content...
Smoother ER moves newly made proteins and lipids to the Golgi apparatus. Vacuole is a large
membrane–bound space within the plant cell that is filled with fluid, within the fluid often is stored
materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Animal Cell The animal cell like the plant cell has many different organelles but each one is need
to work as a whole. Here are the organelles and their functions, Cell membrane is a thin layer of
protection which can be viewed as a "Condom" which is made for a payer of protein and fats, the
membrane allows some substance to pass though but not others. Centrosome is a rather small
organelle located near the nucleus, it has a rather dense center and radiating tubules. Here is where
microtubules are made. Cytoplasm is a jell like material that surrounds the nucleus which is where
the organelles are located. Golgi body is a flat, layered organelles that looks like a stack of
pancakes, it produces the membrane that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages protein
and carbohydrates to be sent out of the cell.
Lysosome also called vesicles sphere shaped organelles surrounded by a membrane, contain digestive
enzymes. This is where the digestion of nutrients takes place. Mitochondrion is a sphere shaped rod
like organelles with two membrane, the mitochondrion converts the

The Tea Plant Essay
The Tea Plant
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of about 80 species of East Asian evergreen shrubs and
trees that belong to the tea family, or Theaceae. Tea reaches a height of 9 meters but is kept pruned
to a low, mounded shrub in cultivation. The foliage is emerald green, while the flowers are fragrant,
yellow–centered, white and about 4 centimeters wide.
History
Tea plant cultivation began about 4,000 years ago in its native country, China. The Japanese did not
discover the plant until the 8th century A.D., and cultivation was established by the 13th century.
The Europeans were finally introduced to the plant during the 17th century. And, by the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, tea growing had spread to Russian...show more content...
Before World War II, Americans primarily drank green (unfermented) and oolong (semi–fermented)
teas. The colonists dumped green tea into Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. Black
(fermented) tea did not become popular until after the war (Hansen, 1998), and today it is the most
popular type in the U.S.
Cultivation
The tea plant blooms in early fall. It is very hardy and can survive temperatures as low as 0 degrees
F, but cool seasons that differ by 20 degrees F from the warm season will cause the growth rate of
the plant to decrease and a dormant period will set in. Camellias thrive in moist, well–drained,
slightly acidic soils and prefer partial shade. A suitable climate has a minimum annual rainfall of
45–50 inches. During the growing season, the plant is kept pruned to a short bush because only the
young, tender leaves and buds are wanted for commercial processing into marketable tea.
Camellias can be propagated from softwood cuttings rooted under mist or from seeds. Seed
propagation requires no pretreatment, and grafting selected scion wood onto large root stock speeds
early growth and promotes early flowering of young plants.
As with all crop plants, the tea plant is subject to a host of pests and diseases. At least 150
different insect species and 380 fungus diseases attack camellia (Eden, 1976). However, blight
control has become highly developed and 40 different pesticides exist. As with all pesticides, some
do have

Plant Reproduction Essay
Plants have two different ways to reproduce. The first one is vegetative reproduction. With this type
all the plants that have the same parent have the same genetic make–up. This also lets plants pass
adaptations on that they have abtained over the years. Plants with good genetic make–up usually
spread quickly and take over an area. An example of this would be the dandelion. These plants can
sprout from any part of the plant. An example of this is the potato, farmers will pick the potatoes
and cut them into small pieces and then plant them again so they may grow again. Scientists have
also placed a branch from one tree and place it on another one; it is now possible to buy an apple
tree with six different branches and six different types...show more content...
Many plants have both the male and female reproductive parts on the same plant like corn, others
like spinach don't. Plants also have spores because of meiosis; these spores then grow into haploid
gameophytes which produce gametes for fertilization. Plants produce to spores, one is the
microspore, which is the male part, and the other is the megaspore, which is the female part. A
pollen grain is young male gameophyte enclosed in a protective wall. When fertilization takes place
the wall is destroyed and the pollen is transferred to the pistil. Cross–pollination is when a pollen
grain is blown to another plant or carried by an animal. Pollen maturation starts when the pollen
lands on the stigma and a pollen tube grows toward the ovule. For this to work the proteins of the
male and female must be compatible. Only on pollen tube can grow into each ovule but there is
normally more than one of them. The ovule must form inside of the megaspore and then develop
into an embryo sac. The embryo sac contains eight haploid nuclei: three at the end of the micropyle,
one is the egg nucleus, three at the opposite end, and two polar nuclei. When fertilization takes place
it may only take an hour after pollination. Some plants like barley however take about two months.
Double fertilization also takes place, that is when one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other forms
an endosperm. When the seed and fruit

Plant Essay

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