Computer architecture overview and history of computers

1. Introduction to Computer Architecture
Van Hoang Nguyen
Mail: startnewday85@gmail.com
Department of Computer Science

2. Agenda
• What is a computer?
• Classes of computers
• What is computer architecture?
• History of computers
Introduction to Computer Architecture 1
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

3. What is a computer ?
Introduction to Computer Architecture 2
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

4. What is a computer ?
Introduction to Computer Architecture 3
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

5. What is a computer ?
Introduction to Computer Architecture 4
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

6. What is a computer ?
Introduction to Computer Architecture 5
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

7. What is a computer ?
Is a device which processes information
Introduction to Computer Architecture 6
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

8. Classes of computers
• Have many ways to clasify
• Essential of Material
– Machanics
– Electronics
– Biology
• How is used
– Desktop computer
– Server computer
– Embedded computer
Introduction to Computer Architecture 7
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

9. What „s computer architecture?
How to make a computer?
Step 1 Sep 02 Step 03 Step 04
Determine Specify Design Implementation
requirements requirements
Instruction Set Architecture(ISA) Organization Hardware
Introduction to Computer Architecture 8
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

10. What‟s computer architecture?
• Programer‟view: ISA – Amdahl,1964
• Design of Computer system from it‟s
instruction set and structure down to function
units – Harold S. Stone, 1987
• System concept integrating hardware,
softwarem algorithm and languages – Hwang
and Briggs, 1984
• Instruction Set Design, Organization, and
Hardware – Hennessy and Patterson, 1990
Introduction to Computer Architecture 9
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

11. What‟s computer architecture?
Computer system‟s Abstraction Levels
• Coordination of many levels
Application
of abstraction
OS
• Under a rapidly changing Compiler
set of forces ISA
Instr. Set Proc I/O System
• Design, Measurement, and Data Path and Control
Evaluation Digital Design
Circuit Design
Layout
Introduction to Computer Architecture 10
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

12. History of computers
• Abacus considered first mechanical
computing device
• Used beads and rods to count numbers.
Abacus
Introduction to Computer Architecture 11
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

13. History of computers
• 1612, John Napier used floating point
arithmetic and invented the logarithm
• 1622, William Oughtred created the slide
rule based on Napier‟s logarithms.
William Oughtred
(1575–1660)
Introduction to Computer Architecture 12
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

14. History of computers
• 1642, Blaise Pascal created a machine
which could add and substract,
automatically carrying numbers.
Blaise Pascal
(1623–1662)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal
Introduction to Computer Architecture 13
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

15. History of computers
• 1673, Gottfried Leibnitz built a calculator
which could mutiply as well.
Gottfried Leibniz
(1646–1716)
http://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Lebniz.html
Introduction to Computer Architecture 14
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

16. History of computers
• He invented an automatic loom using
punched cards to control patterns in the
fabrics.
• Starting the industrial age
Joseph-Marie Jacquard
(1752–1834)
http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1773.htm
http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/manufactures/textile/jacquard.htm
Introduction to Computer Architecture 15
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

17. History of computers
• 1822, He designed the Difference Engine
which can compute navigational tables.
• 1833, He designed the Analytical Engine
• 1991, it is built by the Science Museum in
London
Charles Babbage
(1752–1834)
http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/DifferenceEngineBabbage.htm
http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/01/43442/babbages-difference-engine-heads-for-california.htm
Introduction to Computer Architecture 16
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

18. History of computers
• He developed a mechanical tabulator
based on puched cards to rapidly tabulate
statistics from millions of pieces of data
• Founded Hollerith Tabulating Company
Which became IBM in 1924
Herman Hollerith
(1860–1929)
http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102630712
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith
http://s960.photobucket.com/albums/ae87/writeaprogram/Nov2010/?action=view&current=herman-hollerith-tabulating-machine.gif&newest=1
Introduction to Computer Architecture 17
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

19. History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
Introduction to Computer Architecture 18
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

20. History of computers
• 1935 – 38, He developed Z1 and Z2
mechanical computers using binary
arithmetic.
Konrad Zuse
(1910-1995)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse
http://mytechnologyworld9.blogspot.com/2009/01/most-powerful-supercomputers-brains-and.html
Introduction to Computer Architecture 19
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

21. History of computers
• 1936 – 39, They built Atanasoff-Berry
Computer(ABC) for solving linear systems
in physics. Introduced ALU and rewriting
memory
John Vincent Atanasoff
(1903-1995)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff
Clifford Berry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Berry
(1918-1963)
Introduction to Computer Architecture 20
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

22. History of computers
• 1943, Alan Turing built Colossus which is
used to break German codes(is encrypted
by ENIGMA machine).
Alan Turing
(1912-1954)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
http://www.umass.edu/wsp/methodology/outline/turing.html
Introduction to Computer Architecture 21
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

23. History of computers
• 1944, Harvard Mark 1 is built, which is
used to compute artillery and navigation
tables
Howard Hathaway Aiken
(1900-1973)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken
http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1944
Introduction to Computer Architecture 22
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

24. History of computers
• ENIAC – The first Electronic Computer
• 1943, work started on ENIAC at
University of Pennsylvania under John
Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert with
Herman Goldstein
Introduction to Computer Architecture 23
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

25. History of computers
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• Used 18000 vacuum tubes
• U shaped, 25m long, 2.5m
high, 1.5m wide
• Programmed by plugging
cables and setting switches
• From 1 hour to 1 day to
programm
Introduction to Computer Architecture 24
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

26. History of computers
• 1944, He joined to ENIAC team
• Credited with the idea of storing
programs as numbers
• 1945, He proposed a stored program
computer called EDVAC
John von Neumann
(1900-1973)
Introduction to Computer Architecture 25
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

27. History of computers
John von Neumann‟s Architecture
• Stored program
• Instructions in a linear memory array
• Instructions in memory can be modified just like data
• Sequential instruction processing
• Program counter identifies the current instruction
• Instruction is fetched from memory and excuted
• Program counter is advanced(according to instruction)
• repeat
Introduction to Computer Architecture 26
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

28. History of computers
• 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain invent the transistor
• 1949, Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge
developed EDSAC, the first large scale,
fully operational stored program computer
• 1951, Remington-Rand sold UNIVAC 1 to
US government for $1 000 000
Introduction to Computer Architecture 27
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

29. History of computers
• 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain invent the transistor
• 1949, Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge developed
EDSAC, the first large scale, fully operational stored
program computer
• 1951, Remington-Rand sold UNIVAC 1 to US
government for $1 000 000
• 1950‟s, IBM produces series of computers(IBM
701,702)
• 1957, Fortran - the first programming language is
instroduced
Introduction to Computer Architecture 28
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

30. History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
Introduction to Computer Architecture 29
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

31. History of computers
• 1958, Integrated Circuit invented
• 1960, DEC PDP-1, Precursor to the Minicomputer
• 1965, IBM/360 Mainframe is introduced using
integrated circuits
• 1965, DEC introduced PDP-8, first minicomputer
http://www.galeon.com/colposfesz/hiacomp/tercerag.htm
http://www.cedmagic.com/history/dec-pdp-8.html
Introduction to Computer Architecture 30
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

32. History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transitor
Introduction to Computer Architecture 31
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

33. History of computers
• Integrated Circuit(IC): Small Scale Integration(SSI),
Medium Scale Integration(MSI), Large Scale
Integration(LSI).
• 1971, Intel 4004 the first microprocessor
• 1973, Xerox invents Ethernet
• 1975, First PC, MITS Altair 8800, Bill Gates and Paul
Allen wrote a BASIC compiler for the Altair.
http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1971.html
http://oldcomputers.net/altair.html
Introduction to Computer Architecture 32
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

34. History of computers
• 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak develop Apple I
in their parent‟s garage.
• 1976, Cray-1: The first supercomputer announced
• 1977, TRS-80 released by Tandy Corporation
Introduction to Computer Architecture 33
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

35. History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transitor
• 3th Generation(1966-1980): SSI, MSI, LSI
Introduction to Computer Architecture 34
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

36. History of Computers
• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and
Super Large Scale Integration(SLSI)
• IBM PC 1981, Intel 8088 and DOS OS
• 1981, First “Portable Computer”
Introduction to Computer Architecture 35
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

37. History of Computers
• 1982, Commodore 64 released
• Sold in Retail Stores
• 10 000 commerical software titles
• Best-selling single personal computer
model of all time
Introduction to Computer Architecture 36
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

38. History of Computers
• 1983, First PDA released
– Had 8K of RAM
– Cost $199,95 (US)
• 1984, Apple Macintosh
introduced
Introduction to Computer Architecture 37
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

39. History of Computers
• 1991 – First 64bit Microprocessor
produced by MIPS Technologies –
R4000
• 2000 – IBM Releases first “Dual-Core”
CPU –Power4
• 2003 – 64 bits brought mainstream with
AMD64
• 2004 – Intel follows with EMT64
• 2005 – Intel releases Pentium D Dual-
Core 64 bit processor
Introduction to Computer Architecture 38
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

40. History of computers
• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics
• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube
• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transitor
• 3th Generation(1966-1980): SSI, MSI, LSI
• 4th Generation(1981-): VLSI, SLSI
Introduction to Computer Architecture 39
VAN HOANG NGUYEN

41. References
• Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing, Kai
Hwang & Fayer A. Briggs, McGraw-Hill Colege, 1984,
ISBN 13: 9780070315563
• High Performance Computer Architecture, Harold S.
Stone, Printice Hall, 1993, ISBN 13: 9780201526882
Introduction to Computer Architecture 40
VAN HOANG NGUYEN