Monday 1st October 2012, 17.30 (BST) - Jay Kleinberg (Brunel University), Cigars and Politics: An Intersectional and Transnational Approach to Cuban Women’s Immigration and Work in the United States, 1880-2000 (Gender and History in the Americas seminar)

1. Cigars and Politics: An
Intersectional and Transnational
Approach to Cuban Women’s
Immigration and Work in the US,
1880-2000
Professor Jay Kleinberg, Brunel University
Gender and History in the Americas Seminar Series
1st October 2012

2. Paper overview
• What were Cuban women like?
• The paper investigates Cuban movement to the US between 1880
and 2000
• The paper draws on evidence taken from Integrated Public Use
Microdata Series at the University of Minnesota. This project,
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
dedicated to collecting and distributing United States census
data, provides machine-readable data extracts covering the
United States from 1850 to the present.
• Contrasting the overall US population, the Cuban born
population and the overall Hispanic born population, the
paper investigates variables including race, gender, household
composition, age and employment
2

3. Section one: Overall “waves”
Years Total number of Annual average Years Total number of Annual average
Cubans migrating migrated Cubans migrating migrated
1871-1875 4,607 921 1931-1935 1,979 396
1876-1880 3,614 723 1936-1940 2,143 429
1881-1885 5,501 1,110 1941-1945 4,644 929
1886-1890 16,027 3,205` 1946-1950 10,807 2,161
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
1891-1895 9,994 1,999 1951-1955 22,759 4,552
1896-1900 15,559 3,112 1956-1958 40,267 13,422
1901-1905 19,059 3,812 1959 124,000 (est) 26,527
1906-1910 21,100 4,220 1960 60,224
1911-1915 17,109 3,422 1961 49,961
1916-1920 10,728 2,146 1962 78,611
1921-1925 5,892 1,178 1963 42,929
3
1927-1930 9,716 1,943 1964 15,616

4. Overall “waves” contd.
Years Total number of Annual average Years Total number of Annual average
Cubans migrating migrated Cubans migrating migrated
1965 16,447 1976 4,515
1966 46,688 1977 4,548
1967 52,147 1978 4,108
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
1968 55,945 1979 2,644
1969 52,625 1980 803,226 122,061
1970 49,545 1981 4,966
1971 50,001 1982 2,805
1972 23,977 1983 3,446
1973 12,579 1986 700,000
1974 13,670 1990 859,739
1975 8,488 2000 1,097,594 4

5. Section two: Gender, age and
household composition
Figure 1: Percentage of women over time
60
50
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
40
Percentage
30 Total US population
Hispanic birth place
20 Cuban birth place
10
0
1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Census year
5

6. Age by census year
Figure 2: Age of total population
45
40
35
30
Percentage 25
0-15
20
16-24
15
10 25-39
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
5
0 40-64
1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Census year 65+
Figure 3: Age of total Cuban population Figure 4: Age of total Hispanic population
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
Percentage
0-15
Percentage
30 0-15
25
25 16-24 16-24
20 20
25-39 15 25-39
15
10 40-64 10 40-64
5 65+
5 65+
6
0 0
1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Census year
Census year

7. Age of women by census year
Figure 5: Age of total population of women
45
40
35
Percentage 30 0-15
25
16-24
20
15 25-39
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
10 40-64
5 65+
0
1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Census year
Figure 6: Age of total Cuban population of women
Figure 7: Age of total Hispanic population of women
50
45
40 40
Percentage
0-15 35
30
30
Percentage
0-15
16-24 25
20 16-24
25-39 20
10 15 25-39
0
40-64
10 40-64
7
65+ 5
0 65+
Census year 1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Census year

8. Household composition
Figure 8: Total household composition
100
90
80
70
Percentage
60
Nuclear family
50
40 Extended family
30
Boarders
20
10 Domestic servants
0
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year
Figure 9: Total Cuban household Figure 10: Total Hispanic household
composition composition
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
Percentage
Percentage
60 60
Nuclear family Nuclear family
50 50
40 Extended family 40 Extended family
30 Boarders 30 Boarders
20
10 Domestic servants
20
10 Domestic servants
8
0 0
1940
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1880
1900
1910
1920
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year Census year

9. Women’s relationship to
household head
Figure 11: Women relationship to
household head
100
80
Percentage
60 Nuclear family
40 Extended family
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
20 Boarders
0 Domestic servants
1960
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year
Figure 12: Cuban women relationship
Figure 13: Hispanic women relationship to
to household head
household head
100
100
80
80
Percentage
Percentage
60 Nuclear family 60 Nuclear family
40 Extended family 40 Extended family
20
Boarders
20 Boarders 9
Domestic servants Domestic servants
0
0
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1880 1910 1940 1960 1980 2000
Census year Census year

10. All women’s relationship to
household head by age
Figure 14: Women (16-24) by relationship Figure 15: Women (25-39) by relationship to
to household head household head
120
100
100
Percentage
80
Percentage
60 Nuclear family 80
40 Nuclear family
Extended family 60
20 Extended family
40
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
0 Boarders
20 Boarders
1940
1880
1900
1910
1920
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Domestic servants
0 Domestic servants
Census year
1950
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year
Figure 16: Women (40-64) by relationship to Figure 17: Women (65+) by relationship to
household head household head
120
100
100
80
Percentage
80
Percentage
60 Nuclear family 60 Nuclear family
40 Extended family 40 Extended family
20 Boarders 20
Boarders
0
Domestic servants 0 10
Domestic servants
1960
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year Census year

11. Cuban women’s relationship to
household head by age
Cuban women (16-24) by Cuban women (25-39) by
relationship to household head relationship to household head
120
100
100
Percentage
80
Percentage
80
60 Nuclear family
Nuclear family 60
40 40 Extended family
Extended family
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
20 20
Boarders
Boarders 0
0
1990
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
2000
Domestic servants
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Domestic servants
Census year
Census year
Cuban women (40-64) by Cuban women (65+) by
relationship to household head relationship to household head
100 120
80 100
Percentage
Percentage
80
60 Nuclear family Nuclear family
60
40 Extended family Extended family
40
20 Boarders 20 Boarders 11
0 Domestic servants 0 Domestic servants
1980
2000
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1990
2000
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Census year Census year

12. Hispanic women’s relationship
to household head
Figure 18: Hispanic women (16-24) by Figure 19: Hispanic women (25-39) by
relationship to household head relationship to household head
100 120
90
80 100
70 80
Percentage
Percentage
60
Nuclear family Nuclear family
50 60
40
All tables & figures are provisional.
Extended family
Please do not copy or reproduce.
Extended family
30 40
Boarders Boarders
20 20
10 Domestic servants Domestic servants
0 0
1900
1880
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1940
1950
1880
1900
1910
1920
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year Census year
Figure 20: Hispanic women (40-64) by Figure 21: Hispanic women (65+) by
relationship to household head relationship to household head
100 100
80 80
Percentage
Percentage
60 Nuclear family 60 Nuclear family
40 Extended family 40 Extended family
20 Boarders 20 Boarders
12
0 Domestic servants 0 Domestic servants
1920
2000
1880
1900
1910
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1940
1990
1880
1900
1910
1920
1950
1960
1970
1980
2000
Census year Census year

13. Section three: Race as a
perceived category
Figure 22: Race of populations Figure 23: Race of women populations
120 120
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
100 100
80 US born white 80 US born white
Percentage
Percentage
US born black US born black
60 60
Cuban born white Cuban born white
40 40
Cuban born black Cuban born black
20 Hispanic born white 20 Hispanic born white
0 Hispanic born black Hispanic born black
0
1970
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1980
1990
2000
1990
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
2000
Census year Census year
13

14. Section four: Employment
All tables & figures are provisional.
14
Please do not copy or reproduce.

15. Employed by age
Figure 24: US born women, employed
(16+) by age
50
40
Percentage
30 16-24
20 25-39
40-64
10
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
65+
0
1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Census year
Figure 25: Cuban born women, employed Figure 26: Hispanic born women,
(16+) by age employed (16+) by age
70 45
60 40
35
50
Percentage
Percentage
30
40 16-24 25 16-24
30 20
25-39 15 25-39
20
10
40-64 10
5
40-64 15
0 65+ 0 65+
Census year Census year

16. Women in employment by age
and race
Figure 27: Employed (over 16) Figure 28: Women employed (16+ by race)
100 80
90 70
80
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
60
70 US born men US born white
Percentage
Percentage
60 50
US born women US born black
50 40
40 Cuban born men 30 Cuban born white
30 Cuban born women Cuban born black
20
20
10 Hispanic born white 10 Hispanic born white
0 Hispanic born black 0 Hispanic born black
1970
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1980
1990
2000
1940
1880
1900
1910
1920
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year Census year
16

17. Women employment by
relationship to household head
Figure 29: US born women employed,
relationship to household head
120
Percentage 100
80
60 Nuclear family
40 Extended family
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
20 Boarders
0 Domestic servants
Census year
Figure 30: Cuban born women employed, Figure 31: Hispanic born women employed,
relationship to household head relationship to household head
100 100
80 80
Percentage
Percentage
60 Nuclear family 60 Nuclear family
40 Extended family 40 Extended family
20 Boarders 20 Boarders 17
0 Domestic servants 0 Domestic servants
1970
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1980
1990
2000
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year Census year

18. Unemployment
Figure 32: Unemployed status for all (16+) Figure 33: Unemployed status for all
120 women (16+)
100 120
100
Percentage
80
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
Percentage
House keeper 80
60 House keeper
Student 60
40 Student
40
20 Retired
20 Retired
0 Unemployed 0 Unemployed
1880
1900
1910
1920
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Census year Census year
18

19. Unemployment status by
birthplace
Figure 34: Unemployed status for all US born
women (16+)
120
100
80
Percentage
House keeper
60
Student
40
All tables & figures are provisional.
Please do not copy or reproduce.
Retired
20
Unemployed
0
1880 1900 1910 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Census year
Figure 35: Unemployed status for all Cuban born Figure 36: Unemployed status for all Hispanic
women (16+) born women (16+)
120 120
100 100
80
Percentage
Percentage
80
House keeper House keeper
60 60
Student Student
40 40
Retired Retired 19
20 20
Unemployed Unemployed
0 0
1880 1900 1970 1980 1990 2000 1880 1900 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Census year Census year

20. Conclusion
All tables & figures are provisional.
20
Please do not copy or reproduce.