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統計数理研究所 オープンハウス連携イベント
データサイエンスが描き出す「モノづくり」の未来シナリオ
~産学連携シンポジウム~
ものづくりとソフトウェア
-- DevOpsとSoftware 2.0
6/17, 2021
丸山宏
花王/東大/PFN
@maruyama on twitter
1.20世紀後半:ものづくりに学んだソフトウェア開発
2. 2000-現在:独自の進化
を遂げたソフトウェア開発
3.これから:ソフトウェア開発に学ぶものづくり
1.20世紀後半:ものづくりに学んだソフトウェア開発
ものづくりの大前提: 設計・生産と利用の分離
価値
時間
設計 生産 利用
開発・製造と
利用の完全な
分離
出荷してからの手戻りはほぼ不可能
設計・生産においても手戻りは高コスト → フロントローディング
出典: 経済産業省 2020年版ものづくり白書p73
https://www.meti.go.jp/report/whitepaper/mono/2020/honbun_pdf/index.html
ものづくりに学んだ20世紀のソフトウェア開発
出典:https://clicccar.com/2020/03/07/958117/
要求定義
概念設計
詳細設計
テスト
ウォーターフォール開発モデル
できるだけ手戻りを発生させない!
ソフトウェア開発における不確実性
● 要求定義は顧客の真の期待を表現しているか
○ 各ステークホルダの合意ができているか
● 開発の各段階の機能は、上位の要求を正しく反映しているか
(バグはないか)
● できあがったシステムは非機能要求を満たすか(性能・品質・
使いやすさ・セキュリティ・メンテナンスのしやすさなど)
● 開発にかかる工数の見積もりは正しいか(デスマーチに依存し
ていないか)
● システムは事前に想定された通りの環境で運用されるか
● 将来起きる可能性のある新たな要求は何か
● :
不確実性に対するソフトウェア工学の叡智:アジャイル開発
プロセスやツールよりも 個人と対話を。
包括的なドキュメントよりも 動くソフトウェアを。
契約交渉よりも顧客との協調を。
計画に従うことよりも 変化への対応を。
アジャイル・マニフェスト (2001) https://agilemanifesto.org/
短い(1週-1月)サイ
クルの「スプリント」
常に動く(完成形
の)ソフトウェア
優先順位付けされ
た顧客要件(バック
ログ)
スプリント毎に顧客との
対話によりバックログを
アップデート
QCD*は妥協しないが、機能は優先度に
応じてできるものだけを実装する
出典:https://backlog.com/ja/blog/what-is-agile-and-waterfall/
*QCD: Quality(品質), Cost, Delivery(納期)
スプリント毎に顧客
の要求を再確認
開発と運用の一体化: DevOps
出典: http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/ait/articles/1307/02/news002.html
4/3, 2015
• 継続的インテグレーション
• ソフトウェア定義インフラ
• デリバリ・パイプライン/自動デプロイメント
• カナリアリリース、A/Bテスト
• 意図的な障害の注入
:
amazonでは、1時間に
1,000回以上リリースさ
れる(2012年当時)
デリバリ/デプロイ
DevOpsへの3つの道
ISBN-13 : 978-4822285487
1. フローの原則
開発 → デプロイ → 顧客体験のパスを高速にする
2. フィードバックの原則
あらゆるステージで、問題の発生と同時にフィードバックを行
う
3. 継続的な学習と実験の原則
成功と失敗の両方から組織として学習する文化を持つ
リードタイムの短縮!
林南八氏の言葉*
● TPSとは稼働率向上を目指したものではない
● 生産における品質の作り込みとは、問題のあるワークを次工程に流さないこと
○ 自働化:「止める」「止まる」
○ JIT: リードタイムを短縮することで、正常・異常がその場でわかる
● 生産においては「1個流し」が基本
トヨタ生産方式の精神がDevOpsに受け継がれている!
* ビデオ「年末年始期間限定公開:トヨタ生産方式の本質とは?」( 2021年1月)より
2.独自の進化を遂げたソフトウェア開発
テスト駆動開発(TDD)
仕様と現状のコードを
見て,失敗するテストを
加える
仕様は気にせず、現状
のテストが通る最小限
のプログラムを書く
リファクタリング(重複
を除く、共通部分を
括りだす、一般化す
る)
ISBN-13 : 978-0321146533
現在のテストスイートに対
しては、常にすべてのテ
ストが通る状態を保つ
コードリポジト
リ
テストスイート
継続的インテグレーション(CI)
リポジトリ
CIツール
テストスイート
正しく動くコードだけが、リポジトリのmainブランチに追加される
広範に影響がある変更については、各自が他の作業を止めて対応する(
cf.
「アンドンを引く」、非難無しのポストモーテムを行う)
カナリア・リリース(ダーク・ローンチ)
出典: https://qiita.com/Ladicle/items/5a68ff85e15e86781453
新しいリリースを、限定されたユーザーに解放することで、影響を最小限にし
ながらフィードバックを得る
A/B テスティング
出典: https://www.assion.co.jp/blog/guide-of-abtesting/
ランダム化比較試験をリアルタイムに行うことで、より性能の高いバージョン
を探す
意図的な障害の注入
出典: CACM Vol. 55, NO. 11, 2012
4/3, 2015 Hiroshi ruyama
17
“Game Day” – 本番システムでのテスト Netflixでの “Chaos Monkey”
“The best way to avoid failure is to fail constantly”
http://techblog.netflix.com/2010/12/5-lessons-weve-lear
ned-using-aws.html
学習する組織 = TEAL型組織
出典:Frédéric Laloux, Reinventing Organizations, 2014.

思想:「生き物」としてのソフトウェア
4/3, 2015 Hiroshi Maruyama
19
ISBN-13: 978-0137081073
● ソフトウェアには完成形はない
● プログラムを見たら、書き換えなさい
● 書き換えられないプログラムとは、死んだプログラム
https://medium.com/@karpathy/software-2-0-a64152b37c35
深層学習は、ソフトウェア
開発の方法を根本から変
えるものだ
作るプログラム、探すプログラム
探すプログラム
仕様Sを満たすプログラムたち
探索
作るプログラム
x
x
テスト駆動開発とは仕様をテストケースで近似する営み
入力 出力
x2
y2
x4
y4
x3
y3
x1
y1
テストスイート≒仕様
テストに通れば「正しい」プログラム!
自動デバッグ(Automatic Program Repair)
https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2019/12/241055-automat
ed-program-repair/fulltext 仕様Sを満たすプログラムたち
探索
x
x
線形回帰をプログラミングと見ると…
入力 出力
y = fθ
(x)
x y
● fθ
は線形な関数族の元
○ fθ
(x) = a*x + b
○ <a, b>がパラメタθ、これを求めることが、
プログラミングに相当
L(T,θ)を最小化するθを効率よく計算する方法(最小二乗法)がある!
● 入出力例の集合を訓練データ Tとする
● 仕様を命題Sの代わりに、誤差Lで与える
○ L(T, θ) -- テストデータに対する誤差
25
汎用計算機構としての深層ニューラルネット
● 勾配法でパラメタを最適化できる
● 桁違いに多いパラメタ
○ 任意の多次元非線形関数を近似*
🡺 疑似的にチューリング完全!
出力(超多次元)
入力(超多次元)
* G. Cybenko. Approximations by superpositions
of sigmoidal functions. Mathematics of Control,
Signals, and Systems, 2(4):303–314, 1989.
活性化関数が非
線形性を表現
探すプログラミングとは何か – パラメタの探索
y = fθ
(x)
x y
fは (パラメトリックな) 関数族
• f がCプログラムの全体
• f が線形: Y = Ax + B
• fは深層ニューラルネット
f() 全体の空間(θの空間)
仕様を満たすθの部分空間
探索
プログラム
x
x
3.ソフトウェア開発に学ぶものづくり
ものづくりへの回帰:ソフトウェアの比重が高まるものづくり
出典: 経済産業省 自動車新時代戦略会議(第
1回)‐配布資料
https://www.meti.go.jp/committee/kenkyukai/seizou/jidousha_shinjidai/001_haifu.html
ソフトウェア更新による、出荷後の価値向上
出典: CNET https://japan.cnet.com/article/35143361/
iOS 14の画面
DevOpsを可能にするものづくり:ソフトウェアによるデカップリング
ソフトウェアの変更により、異なる性能の機体にすることができる
出典: Rezawana Islam, Evolution of aircraft flight control system and fly-by-light flight control system, 2013.
ものづくりにおける「探索による設計」
出典:https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.05777.pdf
ロボットハンドの設計
汎用原子レベルシミュレータによる材料探索
出典:https://www.preferred.jp/ja/news/pr20210427/
1.20世紀後半:ものづくりに学んだソフトウェア開発
2. 2000-現在:独自の進化
を遂げたソフトウェア開発
3.これから:ソフトウェア開発に学ぶものづくり
Thank You

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