Towards Flexible, Adaptable & Compliant Process-Aware Information Systems with Dynamic Condition Response Graphs

Towards Flexible,Adaptable & Compliant

Process-Aware Information Systems

with Dynamic Condition Response Graphs
!
!
Thomas T. Hildebrandt

Head of Process and System Models Group

IT University of Copenhagen (ITU) Denmark

!
ZISC Institute Seminar

ETH Zurich

!
!
IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

joint work with S. Debois,T. Slaats, R. Mukkamala & D. Basin

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Flexible,Adaptable & Compliant PAIS with DCR Graphs November 27th, 2015
Thomas T. Hildebrandt (hilde@itu.dk)
A
single
slide
on
my
background
2
Year 2000: PhD in Computer Science
(Formal Process Models)

BRICS & Aarhus University, Denmark
2000 - 2003: Head of Study Program in
Internet and Software Technology at

IT University of Copenhagen (ITU)
2004-2011: Director of PhD School

on Foundations of Innovative Research-based Software Technology (FIRST)
2012-: Head of Process & System Models Group at ITU
www.itu.dk/research/models
2007-: Investigator at research projects on trustworthy & flexible

process-aware information systems jointly with public & private partners:
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
2010: Case Studies of Best
Practice Workflow and
Workflow in Practice
Infinit Inovation Network
2007-11: Computer Supported Mobile Adaptive Business Processes
Research Foundation for Technology and Production
2008-2012: Trustworthy Pervasive Healthcare Processes
(TrustCare) Council for Strategic Research
2011-2014: Flexible Cross-organizational Case Management
Industrial PhD
2014-17: Computational Artifacts: Design Oriented Theory of
Computational Artifacts in Cooperative Work Practices

Velux Foundation, www.COMPART.ku.dk
2012-: EU COST Action IC1201 - Behavioural Types for
Reliable Large-Scale Software Systems
2015-16: ProSec: Cyber security and ICT Infrastructure with importance to crucial functions
in Denmark - Mapping Emergency and Security Processes in the Danish Public Transport
Sector and their Dependency on ICT - the Royal Danish Defence Agency

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Road
Map
• Motivation: Flexible,Adaptable & Compliant
Process-aware Information Systems (PAIS)

• Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) Graphs

• Tool Demonstration

• Challenges and Extensions

• Conclusion
3

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

PAIS,
eGov,
BPM,
WFM,
ACM,..
4

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

PAIS,
eGov,
BPM,
WFM,
ACM,..
4
+

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

PAIS,
eGov,
BPM,
WFM,
ACM,..
4
+ +

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Driven
by
code
&
processes
5
operational business processes are executed using the system con-
agnosis phase, the operational processes are analyzed to identify
ﬁnd things that can be improved. The focus of traditional work-
nt (systems) is on the lower half of the life-cycle. As a result there
or the diagnosis phase. Moreover, support in the design phase is
ing an editor while analysis and real design support are missing.
Figure 13: PAIS life-cycle.
e, we showed that PAISs support operational business processes
vances in information technology with recent insights from man-
. We started by reviewing the history of such systems and then
ss design. From the many diagramming techniques available, we
ular technique (Petri nets) to show the basics. We also emphasized
process analysis, e.g., by pointing out that 20 percent of the more
s models in the SAP reference model are ﬂawed [24]. We also
26

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Are
ﬂow
graphs
the
right
approach
?
6

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Are
ﬂow
graphs
the
right
approach
?
6
Only anticipated paths are described

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Are
ﬂow
graphs
the
right
approach
?
6
Typically introduces unnecessary dependencies

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Are
ﬂow
graphs
the
right
approach
?
6
Only describes how not why

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Are
ﬂow
graphs
the
right
approach
?
6
Difﬁcult to adapt
Only describes how not why

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

arbejdsgangsbanken.dk
7
•

Lov
om
Aktiv
beskæftigelsesindsats

(LBK
nr
1428
af
14/12/2009)

•

Lov
om
Aktiv
socialpolitik

(LBK
nr
946
af
01/10/2009)

•

Lov
om
Arbejdsløshedsforsikring

(LBK nr 574 af 27/05/2010)

•

Lov om Integration af udlændinge
(LBK nr 1062 af 20/08/2010)

•

Lov om Sygedagpenge
(LOV nr 563 af 09/06/2006)

•

Retssikkerhedsloven

(LBK
nr
1054
af
07/09/2010)

•

Datagrundlag

(BEK nr 418 af 23/04/2010)
(like ech.ch eCH-Prozessplattform)
Compliant?

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

7
•

Lov
om
Aktiv

(LBK
nr
1428
af
14/12/2009)

•

Lov
om
Aktiv
socialpolitik

(LBK
nr
946
af
01/10/2009)

•

Lov
om

(LBK nr 574 af 27/05/2010)

•

(LBK nr 1062 af 20/08/2010)

•

Lov om Sygedagpenge
(LOV nr 563 af 09/06/2006)

•

Retssikkerhedsloven

(LBK
nr
1054
af
07/09/2010)

•

Datagrundlag

(BEK nr 418 af 23/04/2010)
CHANGE!!
Compliant?

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

7
•

Lov
om
Aktiv

(LBK
nr
1428
af
14/12/2009)

•

Lov
om
Aktiv
socialpolitik

(LBK
nr
946
af
01/10/2009)

•

Lov
om

(LBK nr 574 af 27/05/2010)

•

(LBK nr 1062 af 20/08/2010)

•

Lov om Sygedagpenge
(LOV nr 563 af 09/06/2006)

•

Retssikkerhedsloven

(LBK
nr
1054
af
07/09/2010)

•

Datagrundlag

(BEK nr 418 af 23/04/2010)
CHANGE!! CHANGE??
Compliant?

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Like
driving
in
the
dark..
8
Fixed route(s)

!
If you leave the route,

you are on your own

!
If the map changes,

you have no idea how to

update the routes

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

We
want
a
process
GPS
9
The route is calculated from  
the map and goal

!
If you leave the route,

a new one can be calculated

!
If the map changes, 
the route can be adjusted
in other words, we want constraint-based systems

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Prespeciﬁed
vs
Constraint-‐based
10
12.2 Modeling Constraint-Based Processes 343
b Prespecified Modela Requirements
Desired Behavior
Forbidden Behavior
c Constraint-based Model
Supported Behavior
Unsupported Behavior
Unspecified Behavior
Fig. 12.1 Prespeciﬁed vs. constraint-based process models
12.2.1 Constraint-Based Process Models

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UNIVERSITY
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Not
a
new
idea
• Expert systems

• Logical programming (Prolog)

• Use of temporal logic for execution/monitoring
11
going back (at least) to the ‘70ties

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Not
a
new
idea
• Expert systems


11
But….

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Not
a
new
idea
• Expert systems


11
Difﬁcult to understand constraint language & routes
But….

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Not
a
new
idea
• Expert systems


11
Difﬁcult to understand constraint language & routes
We can see the map, but no longer see the route!
But….

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Thomas T. Hildebrandt (hilde@itu.dk) 12
SurgicalSuite
discharge letter
for referring phys.SurgicalWard
PhysiciaNurse
Check
Patient Record
Admit
Patient
Write
Discharge Letter
Make
Lab Rest
Create
Surgery Report
Provide
Postsurgical Care
Discharge
Patient
Transport
Patient to Ward
Perform
Surgery
Prepare
Patient
Send Patient
to Surgical Suite
Fig. 10.1 Prespeciﬁed process model Smed
Table 10.1 Examples of compliance rules for medical processes
c1 Before a surgery may be performed the patient must be prepared for it and be sent to
the surgical suite.
c2 After examining the patient a decision must be made. However, this must not be done
before the examination.
c3 After the examination, the patient must be informed about the risks of the (planned)
surgery.
c4 Before scheduling the surgery the patient has to be informed about anesthesia.
c5 If a surgery has not been scheduled it must not be performed.
2:Add constraints
1: Identify events

& roles
The
DCR
Graphs
Approach

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

CondiTons
&
Responses
13
SurgicalSuite
discharge letter
PhysiciaNurse
Check
Patient Record
Admit
Patient
Write
Discharge Letter
Make
Lab Rest
Create
Surgery Report
Provide
Postsurgical Care
Discharge
Patient
Transport
Patient to Ward
Perform
Surgery
Prepare
Patient
Send Patient
to Surgical Suite
the surgical suite.
surgery.
c2
c3
c4
Conditions
describe what
must have
happened in the
past before an
event may happen

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

CondiTons
&
Responses
14
SurgicalSuite
discharge letter
PhysiciaNurse
Check
Patient Record
Admit
Patient
Write
Discharge Letter
Make
Lab Rest
Create
Surgery Report
Provide
Postsurgical Care
Discharge
Patient
Transport
Patient to Ward
Perform
Surgery
Prepare
Patient
Send Patient
to Surgical Suite
the surgical suite.
surgery.
c2
c3
c4
Responses
describe what
must happen in
the future before
the process can
complete

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Dynamic
Exclusions
15
c2
c3
c4
Exclusions
describe that
an event
excludes
another event
from the
process, i.e. it
is no longer
relevant
c5:The decision is either to do a surgery or no surgery
c6: Scheduling a surgery is irrelevant if it is decided not to do a surgery
c7: Should only write a discharge letter if it is decided not to do surgery

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c2
c3
c4
Inclusions allow
an event to
make other
events relevant
again, i.e.
redoing the
decision
Dynamic
Inclusions

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UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

c2
c3
c4
Inclusions allow
an event to
make other
events relevant
again, i.e.
redoing the
decision
Dynamic
Inclusions
This is a Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graph!
[PLACES2010,Phd11, SEFM2011,DEBS12,EDOC2013,JLAP82,2013,BPM2013-15,PhD15,FM15]

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UNIVERSITY
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c2
c3
c4
Inclusions allow
an event to
make other
events relevant
again, i.e.
redoing the
decision
Dynamic
Inclusions
This is a Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graph!
[PLACES2010,Phd11, SEFM2011,DEBS12,EDOC2013,JLAP82,2013,BPM2013-15,PhD15,FM15]
Flexible, adaptable & captures “why” (the system can compute “how”)

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

DCR
Graph
Design
&
SimulaTon
18

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

DCR
Graph
Design
&
SimulaTon

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OF
COPENHAGEN

DCR
Graphs
for
execuTon
23
Workﬂow engine

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OF
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Seamless
&
safe
distribuTon
24
Workﬂow engine Workﬂow engine
Papers: [SEFM2011,FHIES2011,BPM15]

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UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Monitoring
&
Compliance
25
Run-time monitor

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OF
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Policy
enforcement
26
Policy enforcement point

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UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

What
is
special
for
DCR
graphs?
27

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

What
is
special
for
DCR
graphs?
• Formal and close to natural language: 
Conditions, Responses, Inclusions and Exclusions
27

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

What
is
special
for
DCR
graphs?
• Expressive and decidable: 
Can express all regular safety and liveness properties
27

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

What
is
special
for
DCR
graphs?
• Operational and understandable: 
Run-time state as “check-list” on events
27

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

What
is
special
for
DCR
graphs?
• Operational and understandable: 
Run-time state as “check-list” on events
• Efﬁcient monitoring/enactment & adaptable: 
Local, linear-time decision of enabled events & effect
27

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Work
so
far
• Tools (DCRGraphs.net, tiger.itu.dk)

• Veriﬁcation,Time & Dynamic Subprocesses

• Distribution & Independence

• Search Path & projections [BPM14], traceability

• Applications to case studies [FHIES2011,ACM14,BPM15] 
(Healthcare, case & emergency management)

• Run-time adaptation & reﬁnement [EDOC2013][ACM14][FM15]

• Programming Language/Calculi
28
[SEFM2011,BPM15]
[JLAP82,2013,

BPM14,FM15]

[DEBS2012,REBLS15]

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Challenges
&
ongoing
work
!
• Veriﬁcation & state-space explosion

• Help users understand & validate

• Extensions: data, time & dynamic sub processes

• Applications:  
case & emergency management, security, …
29

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Dealing
with
state
space
explosion
• Inferring concurrency and distribute

• Reﬁnement and static analysis of constraint graph
30
[SEFM2011,BPM15]
[FM15]
vs

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OF
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User
validaTon
of
constraints
31
Searching for paths like Google Maps:

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UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

User
validaTon
of
constraints
32

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UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Timed
DCR
Graphs
33
Eventually is often not good enough….
and delays may be required

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UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Timed
DCR
Graphs
33
Eventually is often not good enough….
Timed DCR Graphs introduce

delays on conditions, and deadlines on responses

!
and delays may be required

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OF
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Delays
&
Deadlines
34
“After eating you must wait 12 hours before surgery”

!
!
!
!
“After surgery, a checkup must be done within 7 days”

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OF
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Enforceability
&
EscalaTon
35
Some events are uncontrollable
in particular human activities
But time is unstoppable….
Need compensation/Escalation
tiger.itu.dk/post2016
Try research-prototype at

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UNIVERSITY
OF
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Sub
processes
• Dynamically created sub processes

!
!
!
• Supported in theory and tools - but makes the
model Turing complete

• Turing completeness not a problem for enactment,
run-time monitoring & static analysis
36
[FM15]

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Conclusions
37

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Conclusions
• Flow-graphs:A GPS with ﬁxed routes & no map
37

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UNIVERSITY
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Conclusions
• DCR graphs deﬁne the map of a “process GPS”
37

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UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Conclusions
• Tool support & applied with success in industry
37

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OF
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Conclusions
• Still challenges! But promising initial work on
understandability, reﬁnement and static analysis
37

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
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Conclusions
• Current work: Security monitoring & enforcement,
process mining, collaborative design, simulation and
training e.g. for crisis management
37

IT
UNIVERSITY
OF
COPENHAGEN

Conclusions
• Current work: Security monitoring & enforcement,
process mining, collaborative design, simulation and
training e.g. for crisis management
37
Thanks - please join us in the research

Towards Flexible, Adaptable & Compliant Process-Aware Information Systems with Dynamic Condition Response Graphs

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