The document discusses the history of globalization in three periods: 1. Earliest forms/Archaic Globalization from the 1600s characterized by increased trade links and cultural exchange between states and empires along major trade routes like the Silk Road. This led to developments in cartography, travel, and the dissemination of knowledge. 2. Protoglobalization from 1600-1800 saw a shift to trading commodities and conflicts between expanding western European nations. This included the rise of the Atlantic slave trade and colonialism, increasing global disease, and new technologies. 3. Modern Globalization from 1800 to present, fueled by the Industrial Revolution. Key developments included the Bretton Woods

1. 

Risha Jamal
Hifza Junaid

2. Globalization in its literal sense is
the process of transformation of
local phenomenon into global ones.
A process by which the people of
the world are unified into a single
society and function together.

3. The
term
globalization is quite
new, widely
introduced and
commonly used only
in the late
1980s/early 1990s.

4. International Monetary Fund
(IMF) identified four basic
aspects of globalization: trade
and transactions, capital and
investment movements,
migration and movement of
people and the dissemination
of knowledge.

5. • One division of its history is done by Thomas L.
Friedman, who divides globalization‟s history in
three parts.
Globalization 1
1492 - 1800
Globalization 2
1800 - 2000
Globalization 3
2000 - present

6. 
However, a more popular division is done by
A.G.Hopkins, who has divided the history into three
Archaic
Modern
parts, as well.
Globalization
Globalization
Earliest forms
1800s – 1600s
present
Protoglobalizatio
n
1600 - 1800

7. Earliest forms –
1600s

States began to interact and trade with others within
close proximity as a way to acquire coveted goods that
were considered a luxury.

Merchants became connected and aware of others.

The spread of goods, commodities and cultures to other
regions.

8. Prerequisites
 There
were three main prerequisites for
globalization to occur.
Eastern
Origins
• West adapts ideas and
principles from the East.
Distance
• Difficult to wander too far away.
• Interaction in Asia, Middle East,
North Africa, Europe.
Inter• States became
dependenc dependent on each other.
y

9. Archaic Globalization
The result of increased
interaction.
Universalizing
of kingship –
Traveling men
found prized
possessions
from far away
lands.
Trading & desire
Pilgrimages – for better health
Increased
–
Spices, precious
exchange of
cultures, especi stones, medicin
ally.
al drugs were
exchanged.

10. Trade Routes
and Empires

Three major trade routes: Silk road, Syria to
Baghdad route and the route through Egypt.

There were two major empires; the Roman and the
Chinese empires that were specifically influential in
trade.

11. Silk Route

12. As a Result

Mapping came of age by
around, with increasingly
accurate representations of
Asia, Europe and much of
Africa.

Long distance travel resulted in
caravans for protection of
goods and a common rate of
exchange for trading,
eventually leading to banking.

13. As a Result

Printing press by Johannes
Gutenberg made books cheaper
and easily accessible. Secular
books were printed.

More information dissemination
lead to Renaissance and
developments in all fields of life.

Christopher Columbus discovers
the “New World.”
Johannes Gutenberg

14.  Phase
of increasing trade
links and cultural exchange
that characterized the period
immediately preceding the
advent of so-called 'modern
globalization' in the 19th
century.

15. 
This period is marked by trade arrangements (East India
Company), the shift of domination to Western Europe,
the rise of larger-scale conflicts between powerful
nations and rise of new commodities.

16. Changes in
Trade and Wars

Switch from inter-nation trading of rarities to the trading of
commodities.

Shift of expansionism by large nations to Western
Europe, nations began competing in an effort to achieve world
domination.
Anglo-Dutch Wars
• Between
England and
Holland
• 1652 - 1654
French and Indian
Wars
• Between Britain
and France
• Ended in 1763
American
Revolutionary War
• Between
England and
thirteen colonies
of N.America
• 1775 - 1783

17. Atlantic Slave
Trade

One of the main reasons for the rise of commodities was
the rise in the slave trade, specifically the Atlantic slave
trade.

Due to increase in production, labor shortage rose and so
did the use of slaves.

The Atlantic slave traders, ordered by trade volume, were:
the Portuguese, the British, the French, the Spanish, the
Dutch, and the Americans.

Current estimates are that about 12 million were slaves

19. As a Result

Rise in commodity trade lead to a rise in plantation
economy.

Colonies were formed and that resulted in exchange of
culture especially in the Americas.

Global Disease increased.

Exchange of food items.

20. As a Result

New technologies were invented as the need arose.

Guns, and particularly the naval cannon, played a
major role.

Increasing the size and versatility of ocean-going
ships was a key gain.

Calculation of direction and speed of wind and ship.

Better and more efficient printing presses.

21. 1800 present
 Also
known as contemporary globalization.
 Industrial
 Shaped
Revolution gave it a jump start.
by 19th century Imperialism.
 Transport
Revolution.

22. 
After WWII, Bretton Woods Conference took place where
the framework of international monetary policy,
commerce and finance was laid.

This lead to the founding of several international
institutions intended to facilitate economic growth and
lowered trade barriers.

Lead to the formation of GATT and later, WTO.

23. UNO

Created after failure of League of
Nations in 1945.

Platform for all countries in the
world to discuss all aspects of
government.
• Health, politics, economics.
• International Labor Organization.
• Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.

24. Internet and its
effects

Internet facilitated the expansion of the
movement toward a global village.

Creation of cheaper, faster and easier
means of communication, the
provision of a vast pool of information.

E-commerce.

Created a “global audience.”

Social media - Focus now on
individual contact.

25. As a Result
 Exports
nearly doubled from 8.5% from total
Gross World Product in 1970 to 16.2% in
2001.
 Aviation
became affordable to middle classes
in developed countries in the „70s.
 1990
– the growth of low – cost
communication networks accelerated the rate
of communication between countries.

26. As a Result

In late 19th and early 20th century the
connectivity of the world‟s economies
and cultures grew.

Exchange of various commodities and
ideas that were unique to one culture,
became accessible to others.

Rise of the East.

Diseases – the SARS virus spread
between three continents at an
alarming speed.

28. Thank you!!