7. To Err Is Human
BUILDING A SAFER HEALTH SYSTEM
Institute of Medicine, Nov 1999
44,000〜98,000 deaths/year
8th leading cause of death in US
National Costs: $17-29 billion
8. 5 Million Lives Campaign. Getting Started Kit: Rapid Response Teams.
Cambridge MA: Institute for Healthcare Improvement;2008
http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Programs/Campaign
アメリカではInstitute for Healthcare Improvement : IHIによ
り2006年から5年で5,000,000件の医療事故を回避し、医療
の質を改善させる国家プロジェクトが行われた
12. Rapid Response Systemの要素
DeVita MA et al. Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams. Crit Care Med
2006;34:2463-78
13. Rapid Response System
4つの要素
Afferent limb:起動要素
急変を発見
Efferent limb:対応要素
急変への対応
Process Improvement :システム改善要素
データの評価、フィードバック
Administrative limb :指導調整要素(運営)
RRT/METの設置・運営、システムの維持、教育
14. Rapid Response Systemの要素
DeVita MA et al. Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams. Crit Care Med
2006;34:2463-78
データ収集 (QI)
現場へのフィードバック
医療安全部の属する組織としての運営・維持
現場への周知・教育
BLS普及
「気付き」への啓蒙 RRT/METチーム要請・対応
コードブルー対応
「気付き」
18. 各手段(チーム医療)の定義
RRT: Rapid Response Team
医師を必ずしも含まず,起動された患者を評価し基本的な初期
対応を行った上で,必要に応じて患者の院内トリアージや医師
の緊急招請を行うチーム
MET: Medical Emergency Team
医師を1名以上含み,気管挿管などの二次救命処置をベッドサ
イドで開始できる能力を備えた対応チーム
Devita MA et al. Findings of the first consensus conference on medical
emergency teams. Critical Care 2006 34(9):s463-78
Ramp up
Ramp down
19. CCOT: Critical Care Outreach Team
集中ケアの訓練を受けた看護師らが主体となって,ICU退室患
者と何らかの懸念のある入院患者を定期的に訪床して回り,
起動基準に抵触する患者を早期発見することを目指した対応
チーム
Devita MA et al. Findings of the first consensus conference on medical
emergency teams. Critical Care 2006 34(9):s463-78
20. 急変の前段階として
心停止した患者の70%(45/64)は、心停止前の8時間以内に呼
吸器症状の増悪所見を呈している
Schein RM, Hazday N, Pena M, et al. Clinical antecedents to in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest. 1990;98:1388-1392.
患者の66%(99/150)が心停止前の6時間以内に異常症状や徴候
の所見を呈しているが、医師は25%(25/99)しか認識していな
い
Franklin C, Mathew J. Developing strategies to prevent in hospital cardiac arrest: analyzing responses of physicians and
nurses in the hours before the event. Crit Care Med. 1994;22(2):244-247.
意識レベルの低下、意識消失、低酸素、頻呼吸、血圧など観
察項目の異常は、独立して死亡率の増加と相関があった.イ
ベントの中で、最も頻度の高いものは低酸素(51%)、低血圧
(17%)である
Buist M, Bernard S, Nguyen TV, Moore G, Anderson J. Association between clinically abnormal observations and
subsequent in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Resuscitation. 2004;62(2):137-141.
21. 心停止前の6時間以内に現れる警告的なサイン
• 平均動脈圧 〜70/130〜mmHg
• 脈拍数 〜45bpm,125bpm〜
• 呼吸数 〜10回/分,30回/分〜
• 胸痛
• 意識の変化
Franklin C, Mathew J. Developing strategies to prevent in hospital cardiac arrest: analyzing
responses of physicians and nurses in the hours before the event. Crit Care Med.
1994;22(2):244-247
23. RRS導入による変化
ICU外での死亡率を50%減少
Buist MD, Moore GE, Bernard SA, Waxman BP, Anderson JN, Nguyen TV. Effects of a
medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality from unexpected
cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study. BMJ. 2002;324:387-390.
術後のICUへの緊急転送を58%減少させ、死亡率を37%減少
Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S, et al. Prospective controlled trial of effect of
medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care
Med. 2004;32:916-921.
ICU への転送前に、心停止を減少 (4% vs. 30%)
Goldhill DR, Worthington L, Mulcahy A, Tarling M, Sumner A. The patient-at-risk team:
identifying and managing seriously ill ward patients. Anesthesia. 1999;54(9):853-860.
24. 小児病院で、平均月間死亡率が減少
(退院 100 人あたりの死亡:1.01→0.83)
Sharek PJ, Layla M, Parast LM, et al. Effect of a rapid response team on hospital-wide
mortality and code rates outside the ICU in a children’s hospital.
JAMA. 2007;298(19):2267-2274.
心肺停止患者が17%減少
(入院1,000人あたり、6.5vs.5.4)
DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS, Mahidhara R, Stuart S, Foraida M, Simmons RL. Use of
medical emergency team responses to reduce hospital cardiopulmonary arrests.
Qual Saf health care. 2004;13(4):251-254.
RRS導入による変化
38. MERIT study
BACKGROUND:
Patients with cardiac arrests or who die in general wards have often received delayed or inadequate care. We
investigated whether the medical emergency team (MET) system could reduce the incidence of cardiac arrests,
unplanned admissions to intensive care units (ICU), and deaths.
METHODS:
We randomised 23 hospitals in Australia to continue functioning as usual (n=11) or to introduce a MET system (n=12).
The primary outcome was the composite of cardiac arrest, unexpected death, or unplanned ICU admission during the
6-month study period after MET activation. Analysis was by intention to treat.
FINDINGS:
Introduction of the MET increased the overall calling incidence for an emergency team (3.1 vs 8.7 per 1000
admissions, p=0.0001). The MET was called to 30% of patients who fulfilled the calling criteria and who were
subsequently admitted to the ICU. During the study, we recorded similar incidence of the composite primary
outcome in the control and MET hospitals (5.86 vs 5.31 per 1000 admissions, p=0.640), as well as of the individual
secondary outcomes (cardiac arrests, 1.64 vs 1.31, p=0.736; unplanned ICU admissions, 4.68 vs 4.19, p=0.599; and
unexpected deaths, 1.18 vs 1.06, p=0.752). A reduction in the rate of cardiac arrests (p=0.003) and unexpected
deaths (p=0.01) was seen from baseline to the study period for both groups combined.
INTERPRETATION:
The MET system greatly increases emergency team calling, but does not substantially affect the incidence of cardiac
arrest, unplanned ICU admissions, or unexpected death.
Hillman K et al.: Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled
trial. Lancet. 2005 Jun 18-24;365(9477):2091-7.
40. MERIT study
BACKGROUND:
Patients with cardiac arrests or who die in general wards have often received delayed or inadequate care. We
investigated whether the medical emergency team (MET) system could reduce the incidence of cardiac arrests,
unplanned admissions to intensive care units (ICU), and deaths.
METHODS:
We randomised 23 hospitals in Australia to continue functioning as usual (n=11) or to introduce a MET system (n=12).
The primary outcome was the composite of cardiac arrest, unexpected death, or unplanned ICU admission during the
6-month study period after MET activation. Analysis was by intention to treat.
FINDINGS:
Introduction of the MET increased the overall calling incidence for an emergency team (3.1 vs 8.7 per 1000
admissions, p=0.0001). The MET was called to 30% of patients who fulfilled the calling criteria and who were
subsequently admitted to the ICU. During the study, we recorded similar incidence of the composite primary
outcome in the control and MET hospitals (5.86 vs 5.31 per 1000 admissions, p=0.640), as well as of the individual
secondary outcomes (cardiac arrests, 1.64 vs 1.31, p=0.736; unplanned ICU admissions, 4.68 vs 4.19, p=0.599; and
unexpected deaths, 1.18 vs 1.06, p=0.752). A reduction in the rate of cardiac arrests (p=0.003) and unexpected
deaths (p=0.01) was seen from baseline to the study period for both groups combined.
INTERPRETATION:
The MET system greatly increases emergency team calling, but does not substantially affect the incidence of cardiac
arrest, unplanned ICU admissions, or unexpected death.
Hillman K et al.: Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled
trial. Lancet. 2005 Jun 18-24;365(9477):2091-7.
METは予後や突然のICU入室の
改善には影響しませんでした
62. Team STEPPS
Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance
Performance and Patient Safety
1.リーダーシップ
2.状況モニタリング
3.相互支援
4.コミュニケーション
米国防総省, AHRQ(Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality;医療品質研究調査機構)
71. RRSの小児への取り組み
Tibballs, J; Kinney, S; Duke, T; Oakley, E; Hennessy, M (November 2005). "Reduction of paediatric in-patient cardiac arrest and death with a
medical emergency team: preliminary results.". Archives of Disease in Childhood 90 (11): 1148–52.
80. オーストラリアでの研究
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The Medical Emergency Team System and Not-for-
Resuscitation Orders: Results from the MERIT Study☆
, , , , ,
The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, University of New South Wales, Liverpool Health Service, Locked Bag 7103,
Liverpool BC, Sydney, NSW 1871, Australia
Received: May 5, 2008; Accepted: July 28, 2008; Published Online: October 27, 2008
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.021
Article Info
Abstract Full Text References Supplemental Materials
Summary
Objective
To examine NFR orders in relation to adverse events and emergency team calls in hospitals with or without a Medical
Emergency Team (MET) system during the MERIT study.
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Jack Chen Arthas Flabouris Rinaldo Bellomo Kenneth Hillman Simon Finfer The MERIT Study Investigators for the
Simpson Centre and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group
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蘇生不要に対してMERIT studyからのサブ解析
MET病院 vs 非MET病院での比較研究