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如何避免

不必要之根管治療
Death spiral of tooth
Pascal Magne 2010
No Post No Crown -
Biomimetic Restorative Dentistry(DVD)
•4-6 years success rate

without apical RL: 93%(PAI 1 and 2)
現實⾯面…

Long-term outcome of Endo?
•10 years? 20 years? 

更久之後的endo成功率?
現實⾯面…更久之後…?

Long-term outcome of Endo?
10年 20年 30年
30年,我們平均會喪失幾顆⽛牙?
http://www.nih.gov/
-4.6
如果全⼝口endo,我們會只剩…12顆⽛牙⿒齒左右
更⻑⾧長時間的追蹤下,

Endo的成功率明顯下降!
Endo治療應只在必要時執⾏行
What should we do before Endo?
•Deep caries
•Cracked tooth
•Sealing fail
這三種情況的臨床指引,全部都不是⾺馬上根管治療喔!
Diagnosis
Concept
•Deep caries management
•Cracked tooth management
•Sealing is the deal
Outline
Deep 

caries management
Ole Fejerskov and Edwina Kidd, 2008, Dental Caries, 2nd Ch3
軟的 硬的⼿手感?!
軟的 硬的⼿手感?!
234 1
怎麼挖,是⾨門學問!
挖乾淨
分次挖
留點不要挖
Deep caries
Resin or
GIC base
Inlay
conventional
excavation
Complete
caries removal
He WH, 2013
6 months f/u
stepwise excavation
technique
affected dentin
remineralized
dentin
GI application
Bjørndal L, 2002
ultraconservative
excavation
Deep caries
Well sealing
2.5y 5y
Gruythuysen R., 2010
conventional excavation時
⽛牙醫師常要扮演超⼈人!
其實,滿累的…
@@
III
conventional
excavation
primary dentin
secondary dentin
enamel
tertiary dentin
conventional
excavation
stepwise excavation
technique
ultraconservative
excavation
⼈人⼈人都可以是超⼈人
2002 4th 2011 6th2006 5th
觀念的變遷
2002 4th 2011 6th2006 5th
partial caries excavation
and

indirect pulp capping
觀念的變遷
Caries control technique
Deep caries治療⽅方式⽐比較
• ⽐比較不同deep caries dentin處理⽅方式的結果

1、complete caries removal(⼀一次挖乾淨)

2、stepwise excavation (分次挖乾淨)

3、partial caries removal (部分挖)

4、no dentinal caries removal (不挖)
⼀一次 vs 分次
347 154
407 126
325 166
101 79
單位1/1000
全挖 vs 部分挖
219 50
47 13
62 21
單位1/1000
全挖 vs 不挖
50 10
370 30
單位1/1000
Dentinal caries…

似乎挖越少,越安全!
重點是優良的sealing

防⽌止caries⼜又呈活性
實際操作時…

袐訣是什麼?
秘訣是:Enamel margin
傳統型enamel margin
無奈型enamel margin
Dentinal caries…

似乎挖越少,越安全!
但是…留很多dentinal caries,
會使⽛牙⿒齒整體結構弱化!!!

造成leakage, cusp變形等等
Schwendicke F, 2014
但是…
• 若深度蛀⽛牙危及⽛牙髓,現今教科書的建議步驟:

階段1、

1, 先評估是否可直接OD復形(若⼀一定要crwon,則另外考量)

2, 若可,靠近pulp部分蛀⽛牙不要全拿掉

3, 建⽴立完整乾淨的窩洞邊緣

4, GIC或RMGI先補起來(要不要⽤用氫氧化鈣都可)



階段2、

1, 等12週左右

2, 切削表層GIC,讓正式填補物有⾜足夠厚度及強度

3, GIC不建議全部拿掉!



階段1、2 的間隔為評估期(2-6個⽉月),

依治療反應再訂定最終治療計畫
整理
要等多久才能重新進⼊入?
補充
Cracked Tooth
裂⿒齒症的
治療對策
AAE, 2008, Cracking the cracked tooth code
治療⺫⽬目標
• 防⽌止裂痕leakage
• 結構加強及保護
• 鄰接⾯面:可以視情況去除裂痕,

但不超過CEJ
• 窩洞底部:除⾮非有蛀⽛牙或裂到pulp裡了,

不然不必挖
請儘量別挖這裡!!!
AAE, 2008, Cracking the cracked tooth code
防⽌止裂痕leakage:裂痕的移除原則
Banerji S, 2010
結構加強及保護:裂⽛牙的緊急處理⽅方式
Banerji S, 2010
• without cusp coverage (ClassII OD)
• with cusp coverage (onlay, overlay)
利⽤用CRF補強的⽅方式
結構加強及保護:裂⽛牙的緊急處理⽅方式
?
?
裂痕正式處理⽅方式
?
?
酸呀~
?
?
?
Crown coverage
• Endo轉診的cases中,cracked teeth佔9.7% (796/8175)
• 127⼈人為reversible pulpitis(皆以crown治療)

其中21⼈人在58天後轉為irreversible pulpitis

其中6⼈人在149天後轉為necrotic pulp

reversible pulpitis的cases,有20%在半年內需要Endo tx.
⾞車磨Full crown有何疑慮?
• ⾞車⽛牙產⽣生的熱會傷害pulp,full-coverage
crown製作後的⽛牙⿒齒,有3-22%的機會需Endo

Karlsson S, 1986

Valderhaug J, 1997

Saunders WP, 1998
• ⾞車⽛牙時需light force、充⾜足噴⽔水、新的burs
Hilton TJ., 2013
Indirect Onlay coverage
• resin onlay黏著後進⾏行觀察

第⼀一週:88.37%不會疼痛,4.65%對冷及咬合敏感

第四週:93.02%不會疼痛,2.32%對冷及咬合敏感

共6.89%需要根管治療
• resin onlay 6年成功率:93.02%
Direct composite splinting-

Cusp coverage or not?
• 受測共40顆,cracked tooth直接以樹脂進⾏行填補
• 分為兩組:cusp coverage vs. without cusp coverage
cusp coverage
without cusp coverage
成功率100%
成功率94%
• immediate direct composite resin overlay的中期(7年)成功率⾼高,
具有不錯的臨床治療價值(將來也可再換成ceramic)
• onlay/overlay兼顧保護功能及保守性治療
• 若有reversible pulpitis,建議不要直接跳到做full crown,以減少
需根管治療的機會(20% Endo…討厭的事是他不會⾺馬上發⽣生!!!)
• 治療指引中,cracked teeth無預防性根管治療的必要
整理
Diagnosis
• 能不能留住⽛牙⿒齒? 怎麼留?
• 能不能留住⽛牙髓? 怎麼留?
診斷,因為我們想知道:
1、X光⽚片
2.6mmEnamel margin
0-2.5mm
Caries margin
2nd, 3rd dentin…
順序: 1 2 3 4
Rubber dam
2、活性測試
測死最準測不到時最準 測活最準最⽅方便
3、咬合測試
Cracked or leakage?
Biting pain… before removing the restoration
cracked tooth
biting pain(+/-) biting pain(+) biting pain(-)
test with direct composite coverage

without bonding
step 1 

cracked tooth
biting pain(++) biting pain(-)
test with direct composite coverage

without bonding
step 2

leakage or gap
biting pain(+/-??) biting pain(+)
step 3

If biting pain

in both situations…!?
+ percussion test
• 樹脂加⾼高1-1.5mm幫助診斷
• 直接樹脂加⾼高黏著3個⽉月創造咬合空間
• 製作最終復形物
• 131 / 151成功
• 20例失敗

做endo:11

resin咬裂:5

受不了咬合加⾼高:4

Immediate resin overlay能提供

⼀一個相當可信賴的診斷及治療效果預測
?
4、光照檢查
整圈都要檢查⼀一次
重點:marginal ridge
簡易光源DIY
5、染⾊色:caries & crack
幫助清出乾淨的magin,以得到完美sealing
三年的成功率,乳⽛牙96%,恆⽛牙93%
?
幫助定位margin上

crack line的深度
The seal is the deal!
?
Sealing的迷思…
• Bonding = Sealing?

兩者是不同喔!
• Ranking of sealing ability?

那種材料的sealing能⼒力好?

要先知道要sealing的東⻄西是什麼!
immediate dentin “sealing” (IDS)?
“resin coating”
“protection”
Sealing為什麼重要呢?
• 減少術後敏感
• 填補物的⻑⾧長期成功
Cohen's pathways of the pulp 10Ed, Ch12
Trowbridge HO, 1982
⿒齒質結構與sealing
息息相關!
Dentin要視為不均質的有機活組織

性質因不同位置⽽而有不同
我們如何⽤用⼀一個簡單名詞去表述:

深層及淺層dentin、通透性、離pulp遠近的概念呢?
RDT
有2mm就沒在怕的啦~
Remaining Dentinal Thickness(RDT)
•定義:

窩洞最深處和pulp的距離,

RDT越⼩小,距pulp越近
•不同厚度RDT能

阻隔不同程度外界對⽛牙髓的刺激

0.5mm---------75%

1mm-----------90%

2mm-----------~100%
Etching過的dentin就像…
淺層dentin
像草原…
像沼澤…
深層dentin
深層dentin + total etching…
Pashley DH., 1987
RDT與bonding強度
淺層dentin,RDT⼤大
深層dentin,RDT⼩小
bonding像是在抓草…
深層dentin 淺層dentin
分別是GIC及Resin bonding system

皆是⽐比較RDT<2 mm; 2≤RDT<3 mm; 3≤RDT<4 mm; RDT≥4 mm時的bonding強度

皆顯⽰示:RDT越⼤大(淺層dentin),bonding越強
RDT與bonding強度
Deep dentin選何種bonding?
但不論⽤用何種bonding,
效果是不太好的…
Tay FR, 2004
Tay FR, 2004
Tay FR, 2004
Water Tree
Sealing ability: GIC vs. Resin
Sarah N, 2014
Sealing ability: GIC vs. Resin
Sarah N, 2014
Sealing ability: GIC vs. Resin
Sarah N, 2014
Sealing ability of MTA
Sarkar, 2005
1, MTA進⾏行⽔水合作⽤用(hydration)
產⽣生calcium silicate hydrate, calcium
hydroxide等等
2, 在⽔水合產物表⾯面產⽣生Apatite-like precipitates
—>sealing MTA和Dentin之間的gap
MTA需多厚才能sealing?
MTA需多厚才能sealing?
⽤用三種⽅方式去填MTA

結果平均dye滲透了1.3mm
—>厚度2mm以上的MTA及dentin之間較
能保証sealing
MTA-dentin之間

有完美的sealing…

但dentin本⾝身有通透性

需要2mm的距離得到好的sealing

✴ Cavity safe margin的原理
2mm? 剛好像有提過…
有2mm就沒在怕的啦~
Remaining Dentinal Thickness(RDT)
•定義:

窩洞最深處和pulp的距離,

RDT越⼩小,距pulp越近
•不同厚度RDT能

阻隔不同程度外界對⽛牙髓的刺激

0.5mm---------75%

1mm-----------90%

2mm-----------~100%
整理
• RDT的觀念,可在術前X光⽚片的資訊參考應⽤用
• Deep dentin sealing:

MTA> RMGI/GIC > self-etching bonding > total etching
• Enamel margin sealing

resin bonding system
• Dentin margin sealing

RMGI
• Dentin bonding穩定度

4th, 6th, GIC較佳
• MTA-Dentin之間能有很好的sealing,但仍要有2mm以上距離
Case實戰時間
• reversibel pulpitis
• deep caries
• cracked tooth
Case實戰1
Crack + Deep caries + PPP
Crack line
2.6mmEnamel margin
Caries margin
0-2.5mm
怎麼做?
• 留enamel margin

為了sealing
• partial caries removal

為了不傷⽛牙髓
• 移除部份crack line

減少leakage
• Direct resin overlay

為了受⼒力結構穩定
!?
移除舊填補物
染⾊色 ⾞車掉 再染⾊色 再⾞車掉,再染⾊色,再⾞車掉…
別做的過度,⼩小⼼心CEJ!!!
部分移除crack line
不要⾞車這裡喔~
End-cutting Bur + Metal band
只移除邊緣蛀⽛牙
2mm
窩洞外形調整
Enamel margin
Dentin sealing
Resin overlay

1mm
2mm
• 術後2⼩小時,咬合回復正常
• 術後兩天,已無pulpitis的症狀
• 6 months follow up: OK!
Before After, follow 6 months
Case實戰II
Insufficient structure
• pulp test normal
• deep caries
• cracked tooth
空殼⽛牙
周邊要挖乾淨,底部⼿手下留情
結構再差也可以先補起來
剛補完
follow 五個⽉月
Onlay Preparation
Onlay Preparation
剛補完
follow 五個⽉月
Onlay Try-in
1年 follow
Case實戰III
Apical RL?
• deep caries, involve pulp
• dentin margin
• pulp test:normal
• Periapical RL ?
Before After, follow 3 weeks
Periapical RL…healed!?
2.6mm
Dentin margin
2mm
Before Just finished
Just finished 6 months follow
Before After, follow 3 weeks
Periapical RL…healed!?
After, follow 3 weeks follow 6 months
類似情況,換個材料如何?
2014/7/28 2014/10/13 2014/12/222014/6/19
Case實戰IV
2mm dentin sealing rule
• deep caries, close to pulp
• dentin margin
• pulp test:normal
• crown abutment
Case實戰V
What if the P’t is your mom?
• deep caries, close to pulp
• dentin margin
• pulp test:normal
我不是⿎鼓勵要保守到如此誇張…

只是想傳達⼀一個“可能性”
• 深度蛀⽛牙不必完全挖乾淨,但要建⽴立良好marginal sealing
• 分階段治療,期間變化有助更準確的最後評估
• Sealing才是補⽛牙的重點,bonding不是
• Enamel margin是sealing的關鍵
• 裂⿒齒症絕⼤大多數不必根管治療,但需overlay加強
• 在適當的場合,選適當的材料,以求最好的sealing
結論(偽)
pathway of the pulp
OD與Endo的對話…
附錄:
Complete excavation
Stepwise excavation
Partial caries removal


Indirect pulp capping
Direct pulp capping

Partial Pulpotomy
Pulpotomy
Thanks for your attention!

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