Information regarding colonization and the American Revolution.

2. English Interest in Colonization
• Initial motive was same as others (profit)
• Copy Spanish model at first; then slowly
change in response to different
environment
• Unlike others, England sent large
numbers of men & women who intended
to stay
• Establish farming colonies
• Two factors explain why so many
migrate

3. Social Change in England
• First reason: dramatic population
increase
– Depressed wages, drives many off
land, & accelerates urbanization
– Elite use colonies to preserve social
order by relieving “surplus
population”
– Many assume migration offers
chance for economic advance

4. The English Reformation
• Second Factor: Religion
– Henry VIII breaks w/ Roman Catholic
Church & founds Church of England
(1533)
– England is then influenced by
Protestant Reformation from continent
– Luther & Calvin reject elaborate rituals
& church hierarchy; stress reading
Bible & salvation by faith alone

5. The Founding of Virginia
• Virginia Co. (1606), a joint-stock
company
• Advantage: pool resources of many
investors & limit risk
• Disadvantage: colonies need massive
capital & create little immediate profit
• Found Jamestown (1607), but
immediate trouble—drought, disease,
& death

6. The Founding of Virginia (cont.)
• Men sent are not prepared to farm—
expected quick profit (Spanish
model)
• 1607–1624: 8,000 migrate; 1,300
survive
• Powhatan’s help is vital to colony’s
survival
• Powhatan wanted English knives &
guns to consolidate his confederacy;
in exchange, traded food

7. The Founding of Virginia (cont.)
• English/Indian relations quickly
deteriorate
• Although similarities existed, each
group focused on differences (role of
men in agriculture, importance of
hunting)
• Both have political hierarchies, but
English are more autocratic whereas
Algonquians rely on consensus (chiefs
less powerful)

8. The Founding of Virginia (cont.)
• Key differences are in concepts of
property
– Algonquians assume property is
held by group
– English stress individual ownership
& reject Indian claims
• Reflects general English refusal to
respect Native American traditions

9. The Founding of Virginia (cont.)
• Tobacco brings key changes
– Saves colony w/ a profitable export
product & changes Virginia to
agrarian settlement
– But tobacco needs lots of land &
labor
• As incentives to migrate, Co.
develops Headright system (1617)
& House of Burgesses (1619)

10. The Founding of Virginia (cont.)
• Encroachment increases tension w/
Native Americans — attack English
(1622)
• English defeat & slowly subordinate
Powhatan Confederacy
• Virginia survives, but Co. collapses (1624)
• Becomes a royal colony; unlike other
European colonies, more local self-
government in English colonies

11. Life in the Chesapeake
• Maryland founded (1634)—first colony
w/ religious freedom (haven for
Catholics)
• Parallels Virginia in economy &
society—focus on tobacco &
widespread settlement
• For labor, two colonies rely on
indentured servants from England
• Indenture contract & “freedom dues”

12. Life in the Chesapeake (cont.)
• Difficult life (disease, harsh discipline), but
some legal protections & possibility of
economic advancement until late 1600s
• Mostly men move; gender imbalance 1600s
• Families are unstable because few females
& high mortality rate for adults & children
• Slow rate of natural increase; most settlers
are immigrants—creates political
instability

13. The Founding of New England
• Contrast w/ Virginia: different
environment & key role of religion
for Puritans
• Congregationalists & Separatists
• Pilgrims (the later) found Plymouth
(1620)
• Mayflower Compact—land is
outside Virginia Co. jurisdiction &
ensures Pilgrim control; local self-
government

14. The Founding of New England (cont.)
• Like Virginia, difficult initial settlement &
depends on local Native Americans
• Pokanokets ally w/ Pilgrims for help
against Narragansetts
• Pilgrims are a small group;
Congregationalist Massachusetts Bay Co.
(1629) is much larger
• Found Massachusetts (1630) & bring Co.
charter; again, local self-government

15. The Founding of New England (cont.)
• Bay Co. transforms into a government
• Creates a legislature
• Like Virginia, to vote for legislature,
must be male & own property
• In Massachusetts, must be church
member
• New England distributes land
differently

16. The Founding of New England (cont.)
• Allot land to groups of men to form a town
• Towns hierarchical, but all men get land
• New England settlement more compact
than Chesapeake & 3 types of towns
develop:
– Isolated agrarian towns; coastal towns
(Boston); & commercialized agrarian
towns
• Increase in settlers leads to Connecticut,
New Haven, & New Hampshire (1636–38)

17. The Founding of New England (cont.)
• As in Virginia, expansion increases
tension w/ Native Americans (Pequots) &
Puritans did not respect Indian land
claims
• Tension leads to war (1637)—English
slaughtered most Pequots who were
unable to form alliances w/ other Native
Americans
• Till 1670s, not much warfare, but Native
Americans in New England resist English
influence

18. The Founding of New England (cont.)
• Only a few Puritans try to convert Native
Americans
• Eliot insists converts adopt English
culture—results in few converts
• Jesuits (New France) are more successful
because they accommodate Native
American traditions & do not take as much
land
• Why they convert: disoriented by
disruptions to native life (disease, loss of
land)

19. The Founding of New England (cont.)
• Unlike Indians & Chesapeake
English, Puritans tend to remain on
initial farms
• Form stable towns & families
• No gender imbalance because many
families, including women, migrate
• Greater natural increase; less disease
than Chesapeake; & parents exert
more control

20. Slavery in America

21. Origins of slavery:
• Slavery was not an institution
directly imported from Europe.
Developed in America.
• Spanish and Portugese began using
slavery in their colonies as early as
the 15th C.

22. Origins of slavery:Cont’d
Eventually European powers in America
realized that they had not been able to
enslave natives in a highly successful fashion.
1. Many died from imported diseases
2. Many natives were hunters and gatherers,
not suited to agricultural lifestyle.
3. People are hard to enslave on their own
land-- they are able to escape too easy.
This is perhaps the most important reason
Europeans turned elsewhere for their
slaves.

23. Origins of slavery:Cont’d
A slave trade developed where Africans
were kidnapped and brought to
America.
1. Generally kidnapped/taken
prisoner by other Africans and traded at
the coast with African rulers acting as
middlemen.
2. North and South both involved.
3. Horrible “middle passage.”

24. Development of slavery as an
institution in what became the U.S.:
• Contrary to what many believe, slavery
did not exist as a precise legal
institution from the earliest
settlements. The first Africans arrived
in the (future) U.S. with a status not
entirely different from white
indentured servants.

25. Slave Institution Development:
Cont’d
• First Africans (20) known to arrive in
1619 in Jamestown. They became
scattered around the area. All
apparently became free at the end of
a period of service (avg. 7 yrs.). Some
became masters and landowners
themselves.

26. Slave Institution Development:
Cont’d
• Over next 20 yrs. status of Africans
changed to the point where they were no
longer indentured servants, but slaves for
life, with their children inheriting the
obligation.
Legal Changes...

27. Cont’d- Slavery in law
• 1640, first clear evidence that Africans
were different before the law.
“Manuel”, escaped African servant and
two white servants (of Virginia) were
captured after an escape attempt.
Whites had only a year plus community
service added to their terms of service,
while Manuel was ordered to serve the
balance of his life. The same year,
another escaped African, John Punch, of
another state, received the same
sentence after capture.

28. Cont’d- Slavery in law
1645, first clear laws on the books
that state that Africans are slaves
for life, and their children as well.
Slavery of children had been a
custom, but became law about this
time.

29. Cont’d- Slavery in law
• 1670, laws in Virginia sought to make
life bondage the normal condition for
all blacks in the state.
• 1675 onward, early “black codes”
appear- restricting the freedoms of free
and enslaved black in areas of weapons
possession (not allowed), possession of
servants (free blacks not allowed to
have whites as indentured servants),
and trial procedures (blacks not
allowed to testify against whites, for
example).

30. Cont’d- Slavery in law
• 1691, Virginia forbade owners to free
blacks unless transporting them out
of the state.
• By turn of the century slavery
relatively entrenched legally, socially,
and economically.

31. Why did Slavery replace
indentured servitude?
• Farmers did not want competition from
freed servants- more farmers would mean
lower crop prices.
• Insufficient number of people willing to
come to America as indentured servants.
• Slaves a better long term investment:
1. More expensive initially, but slaves
stayed longer than servants, and
produced offspring.

32. Slavery and Racism:
Which came first?
Historians and other social scientists
disagree on the issue of whether
racism created slavery, or slavery
created racism.

33. Racism creates slavery:
• Evidence can be found in Europe prior
to the existence of slavery that indicates
racism.
a. Tales of animal like nature (described
as apes) and dangerous sexuality of
blacks common place among
European travelers to Africa.

34. Racism creates slavery:
b. Term “black” used to describe virtually
all people of Africa, no matter that few
were that dark, and many were much
lighter. Term black associated with dirt,
evil, deadly purposes, wickedness, etc.
Whiteness associated with what is good.
c. Negative attitudes towards African
races found in popular literature of the
day.

35. Slavery creates racism:
1. Blacks condition not immediately different
from whites. Because blacks were never seen
by whites in America outside of chains, their
potential never seen, thus they, over time,
were seen as inferior.
a. Natives were sometimes described as
“noble savages” because whites saw them
operate in their own environments with
skill. Blacks never described in terms of
nobility.
2. As the economic importance of slavery grew,
racism developed to justify what was a
morally suspicious activity to many even at
that time.

36. Slavery and racism reinforced
one another:
This seems the most appropriate
interpretation of the available
evidence.

37. The Slave Trade
All sections of the U.S. became
involved in the slave business. New
England had many slave traders, and
produced much of the rum used in
the triangle trade.
1. Involvement of all sections of the
U.S. made the continuance of
slavery a vested economic interest
for all, thus hard to get rid of.

38. The Slave Trade: Cont’d
• Triangle Trade (Really a Slave Trade Web):
1. Molasses from West Indies to America for
cash and slaves.
2. Rum (from molasses) to Europe (for cash)
and Africa (for slaves).
3. Slaves directly to America or to West
Indies, from which they could be
purchased.
See map on p. 73 in your text for a more accurate
picture of the complicated slave trade ‘web’.

42. Why Slavery as an Institution was more
important to the South:
• Cash Crops in the South:
1. In the South cash crops, those grown in
large quantities for sale, were
commonly grown. The cash was used
to buy the necessities of life.
Subsistence and small crop farming was
more common in the north.
2. Examples: cotton, tobacco, indigo, rice.
• Slaves were very useful in cash crop
agriculture. They were too expensive for
most small farmers to use profitably.

43. Growth of Slavery
Slavery grew rapidly over the years.
1. 1619: <100
2. 1740s: 300,000
3. 1776: 500,000+
4. 1800: 894,000
5. 1850: 3,204,000
6. 1860: 3,954,000

46. Causes
• Growing conflict between colonists &
British Government—creates debate within
colonies
• British victory in French & Indian (Seven
Years) War key—changes balance of power
in North American & affects everyone
there
• New British taxes to pay for war & colonial
resistance to new taxes exposed basic
differences in political ideas between the
two sides

47. The French and Indian War
(1756-1763)

48. The French and Indian War
• Tensions between the British and French in
America had been getting worse for some time,
as each side wanted to gain more land.
• In the 1740s, both England and France traded
for furs with the Native Americans in the Ohio
Country.
• By the 1750s, English colonists, especially the
investors in the Ohio Company, also hoped to
convert the wilderness into good farmland.
• Each side tried to keep the other out of the Ohio
Country. In the early 1750s, French soldiers
captured several English trading posts and
built Fort Duquense (now called Pittsburgh) to
defend their territory from English incursions.

49. 1754 - The First Clash
The
Ohio
Valley

50. The French and Indian War
• What is now considered the “French and Indian
War” (though at the time the war was
undeclared), began in 1753, when a young (22
years old) Virginian, Major George Washington,
and a number of men headed out into the Ohio
region to deliver a message to a French Captain
demanding that French troops leave the territory.
The demand was rejected by the French.
• In 1754, George Washington and a small force of
Virginia militiamen marched to the Ohio Country
to drive the French out. Washington hoped to
capture the forks of the Ohio R. for the state of
VA, but the French had beat him there. When a
small contingent of French troops were
discovered in the area, Washington and his
Indian allies attacked them.

51. The French and Indian War
• This was an unwise decision as Washington
was substantially outnumbered by the French.
He retreated and when chased by the French,
quickly built Fort Necessity. It was a poorly
chosen site and he ultimately had to surrender.
He had hoped to convince native people that
England was the stronger force, so that they
would ally with the British rather than the
French.
• A combined force of French soldiers and their
native allies overwhelmed Fort Necessity on
July 3, 1754, marking the start of the “French
and Indian War” in North America. The French
permitted Washington and his men to return to
Virginia safely, but made them promise they
would not build another fort west of the
Appalachian Mountains for at least a year.

52. The French and Indian War
• After a year and a half of undeclared
war, the French and the English
formally declared war in May 1756.
• For the first three years of the war,
the outnumbered French dominated
the battlefield, soundly defeating the
English in battles at Fort Oswego and
Ticonderoga.
• Perhaps the most notorious battle of
the war was the French victory at Fort
William Henry, which ended in a
massacre of British soldiers by
Indians allied with the French.

53. British-American Colonial Tensions
British-American
Colonials British
Methods • Indian-style • March in formation
of guerilla tactics. w/ bayonet charge.
Fighting:
• Local militias; •Professional army;
Military wanted their
their own
Org.: captains. officers take
charge.
Military • No mil. • Professional army
deference or w/ drills & tough
Discipline: protocols. discipline.
• Resistance to • Colonists should
Finances: raising taxes. pay for their own
defense.

54. 1757 - William Pitt Becomes
Foreign Minister
He better understood colonial concerns.
Especially about the feeling among colonials
that they were bearing a disproportionate cost.
He offered them a compromise:
- colonial loyalty & mililitary cooperation Britain
would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs.
RESULTS Colonial morale increased by
1758.

55. 1758-1761
1758-1761
The Tide
Turns for
England

56. The French and Indian War
• By September 1760, the British
controlled all of the North
American frontier; the war
between the two countries was
effectively over. The 1763 Treaty of
Paris, which ended the European
“Seven Years War”, set the terms
by which France would capitulate:
France was forced to surrender all
of her American possessions to the
British.

57. 1763 Treaty of Paris
France lost her Canadian possessions,
most of her empire in India, and claims
to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain got all French lands west of the
Mississippi River, New Orleans.
England got all French lands in Canada,
exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and
commercial dominance in India.

58. Effects of the War
on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in
the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a
major reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!

59. Effects of the War on the
American Colonials
1. It united them against a common
enemy for the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for
all the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the
British that would only intensify.

60. The French and Indian War
• Although the war with the
French ended in 1763, the
British continued to fight with
the Indians over the issue of
land claims. quot;Pontiac's Warquot;
flared shortly after the Treaty
of Paris was signed.

61. The Aftermath: Tensions
Along the Frontier
1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.

62. 1763: A Turning Point
• For Native Americans, French defeat
& Spanish decline remove key allies
• Less able to resist British expansion;
Cherokees defeated in south (1760–
61)
• In Ohio, Pontiac forms alliance (1763)
to fight Anglo-Americans, idea of
Neolin
• But British defeat Pontiac’s forces

63. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Pontiac’s

64. BACKLASH!
British Proclamation
Line of 1763.

65. North America in 1763

66. 1763: A Turning Point
• Proclamation of 1763—British
restrict movement of colonists into
interior
• Government wants less conflict w/
Native Americans, but colonists
want expansion
• Government burdened w/ massive
war debt
• George III takes throne (1760)—
immature stubborn, erratic, wants to
assert power of monarchy

67. •Pass a series of tax laws and have the Colonists
help pay back the debt.
debt
•Pass a law restricting Colonists from moving
westward into and settling the Northwest
Territory.
•Keep British troops in North America to stop
Indian attacks and protect the Colonies.
•Stop the smuggling of Colonials by enforcing the
Navigation Acts with a series of unrestricted
search warrants.

68. •King of England.
•Instrumental in ending the
French and Indian War in 1763.
•Strong supporter of taxing the
colonies to pay for the debt.
•He opposed any compromise
with the colonial government in
“Once vigorous measures
America.
appear to be the only •After loosing of the colonies,
means left of bringing the
Americans to a due
he withdrew his efforts at
submission to the mother personal government and went
country, insane.
the colonies will submit.”

69. 1763: A Turning Point
• Because people in England faced high
taxes, Grenville (new prime minister)
decides to tax colonies to pay debt
• Government asserts it can tax colonies
on concept of “virtual representation”
• Colonists advocate “actual
representation”
• Both assert government by consent,
but differ in how to create
representation

70. Virtual Representation Actual Representation
• The 13 Colonies were • Americans resented “virtual”
represented under the representation.
principle of “virtual” • Colonists governed
representation. themselves since the early
settlers.
• It did not matter if the
• They had direct
Colonists did not elect representation by electing
members from each colonial assembly members
colony to represent them to represent their interests.
in the British Parliament. • Colonists were not opposed
• Not all citizens in Britain to paying taxes because the
Colonies taxed their citizens.
were represented either.
• If the British Parliament was
• The British Parliament to tax them, they should be
pledged to represent able to elect a representative
every person in Britain from their colony to represent
and the empire their interests in Parliament.

71. 1763: A Turning Point
• Colonists also accept ideas of “Real
Whigs”
• Distrust those w/ power, assume they
will encroach on liberty & property
• Advocate less active central
government; distrust monarchs, &
only elected representatives can
protect people
• Efforts to increase control & raise
revenue interpreted through Real
Whig ideas

72. 1763: A Turning Point
• At first colonists assume new acts
were unwise; over time many believe
it is a conspiracy to oppress them
• Sugar Act (1764)—1st tax designed to
raise revenue in colonies, not just
regulate trade
• Currency Act (1764) outlaws colonial
paper money; both laws hit in midst of
depression
• Early protest is hesitant &
uncoordinated

73. North
America
After the
Treaty of
Paris, 1783

74. George Grenville’s
Grenville’s
Program, 1763-1765
1763-1765
1. Sugar Act - 1764
2. Currency Act - 1764
3. Quartering Act - 1765
4. Stamp Act - 1765

75. Theories of Representation
Real Whigs
Q What was the extent of Parliament’s
authority over the colonies??
Absolute? OR Limited?
Q How could the colonies give or
withhold consent for parliamentary
legislation when they did not have
representation in that body??

77. •Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc.
•A direct tax which went to the British government.
•Colonists hated the Stamp Tax = “taxation without representation”
•Stamp Act protests led by the Sons of Liberty…..

78. The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)
• 1st English tax that affects every
colonist
• Big break in colonial tradition of only
being taxed by elected assemblies
• Rights of British Colonies by Otis
reflects colonial dilemma: how to
oppose act without rejecting authority
of Parliament
• Most colonists want self-government,
not independence (late 1760s & early
1770s)

79. Stamp Act Crisis
Loyal Nine – 1765
Merchants and Craftsmen: Wanted
non-violent protest against Stamp Act.
Sons of Liberty – 1765
Began in NYC. Lower level
merchants and craftsmen,
laborers, sailors. Samuel
Adams
Stamp Act Congress – 1765 Stamp
Act Resolves: First pledge loyalty to King
and parliament, but insists on principle of
taxation w/ consent. Leads to boycotts to
force repeal.

80. The Stamp Act Crisis
(1765)
• Colonial protest is indecisive until
Henry & Virginia Stamp Act
Resolves widen debate
• VA House passes 1st four resolves
(stress rights of colonists & tax
only w/ consent)
• Inspires other urban protests—
eventually stamp collectors agree
not to perform job

81. The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)
• Some protests turn violent
• Worries elite colonists & artisans who
want protest but fear activism of
unskilled, poor, slaves, & women
• Create Sons of Liberty (an inter-
colonial organization) to keep protest
orderly, but not always successful
• Artisans like Revere are the backbone
of resistance

82. Paul Revere •Sons of Liberty was a
secret society formed in
protest of British rule.
•They had a large role in
the repeal of the Stamp
Act and the Boston Tea
Samuel Adams
Party.
•9 original members
which included the
leaders Samuel Adams
and Paul Revere
“If our trade be taxed, why not
our lands, or produce, in short,
everything we possess? They
tax us without having legal
representation.”
Samuel Adams

83. Boycotts: Colonists refused to trade
or buy British goods until Stamp Act
was repealed.
Protests: Led by the Sons of Liberty
up and down the colonies from 1765
to 1766.
Committees of Correspondence:
Colonies kept in contact with one
another and described British actions
through letters exchanged by carriers
on horseback.

84. Britishlaws
•Between 1765 to
1766, the Sons of
Liberty led over 40
protests up and down
the colonial coastline.
•Most of the protests
are located in the
Middle Colonies up
through the New
England Colonies.
•Successful in forcing
the British Parliament
to repeal the Stamp
Stamp Act Protests: 1765 to 1766 Act.

85. Costs of Colonial Resistance

86. Costs of Colonial Resistance
Exports &
Imports:
1768-1783

87. The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)
• 1765–66: colonial assemblies & Stamp
Act Congress petition; Sons of Liberty
protest, & merchants organize
embargo
• Rockingham, new prime minister,
repeals act (1766) because he decides
it was divisive
• Declaratory Act—Parliament asserts
authority over colonies
• ‘Sons’ celebrate, then dissolve

88. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770
1767-1770
1767 - William Pitt, P. M. & Charles
Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.
•Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts &
quartering of troops - paying col. govt. salaries.
•He diverted revenue collection from internal to
external trade.
• Tax these imports - paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.
•Increase custom officials at American ports -
established a Board of Customs in Boston.

89. Resistance to Townshend Acts
• Renewed effort (1767) to raise money
from colonies w/ duties on items
from England
• Use some money to pay royal
officials— makes them independent
of assemblies
• Increase enforcement of Navigation
Acts
• Immediate resistance; Dickinson’s
Farmer’s Letters: England can regulate
trade but not tax colonies

90. Resistance to Townshend Acts
• Assemblies are motivated to act
when royal governors block
discussion by dissolving assemblies,
starting w/ Massachusetts
• Create rituals of resistance to reach
illiterates
• Sons of Liberty resume & try to
involve average colonists in
resistance
• They neither purchase nor import
British goods

91. Resistance to Townshend Acts
• Women active, especially w/ home
manufacturing & Daughters of
Liberty
• Still divisions, especially w/
merchants who are hurt
economically by nonconsumption
• Artisans are again central; protests
cut imports, but often violent—
scare colonial elite
• Duties repealed, except tea, &
salaries postponed (1770)

92. Confrontations in Boston
• Originate w/ clashes between
custom officials & British troops w/
Bostonians
• March 5, 1770: crowd of laborers
harass soldiers who respond w/
shots
• Boston ‘Massacre’
• 5 colonists die, & resistance leaders
use incident to generate support for
protest, but elite Sons of Liberty
dislike mob actions

93. •1768—1770, British
soldiers arrived in
Boston, MA to
maintain order and
enforce the taxes the
colonists were asked to
pay after the French
and Indian.
•The people of Boston
resented the British
soldiers and considered
them a foreign
presence.

94. •High tensions between
British and Bostonians
over enforcing British
policies.
•March 1770, the British
shed Colonial blood for
first time blood.
•The relationship
between the Colonies and
England would never
improve
•Usedas propaganda to
convince people of the
colonial cause.

95. The
Boston
Massacre
March 5,
1770
Engraving by
Paul Revere

96. •The 5 Colonists
Boston Mass.
killed at the
Boston Massacre
would become
martyrs for the
Colonial cause
•They would be
buried in the
same cemeteries
as Paul Revere
and Samuel
Adams.
•British soldiers
were tried in
court and 2 were
found guilty of
manslaughter.

97. Confrontations in Boston
• After England starts to pay royal salaries
(late 1772), Samuel Adams organizes 1st
Committee of Correspondence in Boston
• Established in all 13, committees increase
popular support, especially in interior
• Boston committee drafts statement
asserting rights to life, liberty, &
property; approved by most
Massachusetts towns
– Contrast w/ earlier statements—loyalty
to England less important than secure
rights

98. •Tea Act, East India Company---The
Company
Tea Act gave the East India
Company a monopoly on the trade
in tea, made it illegal for the colonies
to buy non-British tea and forced the
colonies to pay the tea tax of 3
cents/pound.

99. Tea & Turmoil
• Tea is a key symbol of earlier
resistance
• Tea Act (1773) saves East India
Company from bankruptcy w/ a
monopoly in colonies
• Upsets patriots, who see act as
either a new tax or 1st step in a
monopoly on all trade
• Protests in several cities; in Boston
neither patriots nor governor
compromise

100. Tea & Turmoil
• Tea Party (Dec. 16): artisans are key, but a
cross-section of community participates
• Parliament responds w/ Coercive Acts (4)
1) Port Act closes Boston until tea
reimbursed
2) Massachusetts Government Act
weakens elected bodies & strengthens
appointed ones
3) Justice Act protects royal officials
charged w/ crime by moving trial
4) Quartering Act allows seizure of
private buildings for housing troops

101. Tea & Turmoil
• Patriots agree to an intercolonial
meeting to decide response, but do
not call for revolution
• 1763–1774: key because many
colonists become politically active
& begin to see clear differences w/
England
• American identity emerges from
interaction
between British action & colonial
response

102. Factors Great Britain United States
Population Approximately 12 million Approximately 3 million and
1/3 loyal to England.
Manufacturing Highly developed Practically none
Money Richest country in the No $$$ to support the war
world
Large, well trained army Volunteers, poorly
Army equipped
plus Hessians
Leaders Few officers capable of Dedicated (though not
leading experienced) officers
Geography Strange land---difficult to Familiar land, easy access
re-supply troops to supplies
Navy Naval world power No navy
Will to Fight Trained soldiers---but no Defending homeland---
heart in the fight strong will to fight

104. •After the Boston
Tea Party the British
send more troops to
enforce the
Intolerable Acts.
•Colonial militias
prepare for war.

105. SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD
•British searching for
stolen weapons–
“search and seizure”
•Stopped at Lexington
and encountered 56
Minutemen
•Minutemen stood up
for what they believed
was their land

106. British attempt to “search and seize”
stolen weapons.
First shots of the Revolution in Action

107. •Minutemen engage
British troops at Concord
Bridge.
•British find some
weapons at Concord.
•British return to Boston,
5,000 Minutemen attack
British troops.
Americans
•90 dead wounded or captured
British
•250 dead, wounded, or captured

108. •Came together
again after the
battles of
Lexington and
Concord, May 10,
1775.
•Organized first American army called the Continental Army and
appointed George Washington as our Commanding General.
•Willing to stay part of the empire but King must “redress our
grievances”
•Congress prepares for war…….

109. •Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia, PA to
discuss their options in response to the
Intolerable Acts.
•The decision was to negotiate with King
George III and send him a declaration of their
willingness to remain British.
•BUT, they have grievances (problems) which
they want the King and Parliament to address.
•AND, they instructed the local militias in each
town to begin preparing for war with the
MINUTEMEN!

110. George Washington John Hancock
Who would be our first commanding general?
•2nd Continental Congress based their decision on the following
considerations:
•Political
•Economic George Washington was chosen
•Military based on his qualifications and
these considerations.
•Social

111. •First US Army made up of
volunteers, militias and
Minutemen.
•George Washington chosen
as the first Commanding
General.
•Not an army of
professionals but mostly
farmers.
•Lacked the discipline of a professional army at first.
•Lacked resources, men weren’t paid and some quit after the first
few battles.
•2nd Continental Congress lacked resources to supply army.

112. •June 17, 1775
•The British suffered
over 40% casualties.
•2,250 men
•1,054 injured
•226 killed
•Americans: Moral
victory
•800 men
•140 killed
•271 wounded
•King George sends
10,000 Hessian soldiers
to help put down the
rebellion.

114. Battle of Bunker Hill raised the moral of the American Army though
the British won the battle and suffered severe casualties. The
Americans held there own against the greatest army in the world.
The British never broke out of Boston or gained access to the
countryside which the American army held.

116. •Referred to as the “ten
crucial days”…Dec. 25th to
Jan. 3rd
•First major victory for the
Continental Army and
Washington
•Raised the morale of the
American troops as well as
the country
•Led to soldiers re-enlisting and future enlistments
•Captured over 1,000 Hessian soldiers, weapons, food and etc.
•American Army re-crossed the Delaware to Valley Forge in Pennsylvania

120. General Horatio Gates surrounds the
British with the help of Benedict Arnold
British defeat stopped them from cutting
off New England from the rest of the
country and ending the war.
British lacked knowledge of geography
and failed at communications.
Oct. 1777, British General, John
Burgoyne was surrounded by US General
Horatio Gates and forced to surrender
6,000 British troops.
Led to a military alliance with France
providing soldiers, naval fleet and $$$$$.
(Franco-American alliance, 1778)