1. TERRORISMTERRORISM

2. What is terrorism?What is terrorism?
 the use of terror and violence tothe use of terror and violence to
intimidate (Webster’s Dictionary)intimidate (Webster’s Dictionary)
 is defined as the use of fear to pressureis defined as the use of fear to pressure
a person or a community to acta person or a community to act
contrary to reason (Current Issuescontrary to reason (Current Issues
Third Edition)Third Edition)

3. PHILIPPINE ISLAMICPHILIPPINE ISLAMIC
MILITANT GROUPSMILITANT GROUPS
 Abu SayyafAbu Sayyaf
 Moro National Liberation FrontMoro National Liberation Front
 Moro Islamic Liberation FrontMoro Islamic Liberation Front

4. MORO NATIONAL LIBERATIONMORO NATIONAL LIBERATION
FRONTFRONT
More immediate causes of insurgencyMore immediate causes of insurgency
rose out of the increasing lawlessness inrose out of the increasing lawlessness in
the southern Philippines during the latethe southern Philippines during the late
1960’s when violence associated with1960’s when violence associated with
political disputes, personal feuds andpolitical disputes, personal feuds and
armed gangs proliferated.armed gangs proliferated.

5. Already in competition over land,Already in competition over land,
economic resources and political power,economic resources and political power,
the Moros became increasingly alarmedthe Moros became increasingly alarmed
by the immigration of Christians fromby the immigration of Christians from
the north who were making Moros athe north who were making Moros a
minority in what they felt was their ownminority in what they felt was their own
land.land.

6. MORO NATIONAL LIBERATIONMORO NATIONAL LIBERATION
FRONTFRONT
 September 21, 1972 - Martial Law wasSeptember 21, 1972 - Martial Law was
declared in the Philippinesdeclared in the Philippines
- the government- the government
attempted to disarm the Muslimsattempted to disarm the Muslims
which provoked an open rebellionwhich provoked an open rebellion

7. Nur MisuaryNur Misuary
-- guided the MNLF as the chairmanguided the MNLF as the chairman
- believed that the Moro- believed that the Moro
constituted a separate people whichconstituted a separate people which
was thewas the BangsaMoroBangsaMoro
- claimed that the Muslims can only- claimed that the Muslims can only
free themselves from corrupt leadersfree themselves from corrupt leaders
and implement institutions in anand implement institutions in an
independent stateindependent state

8. Moro NationalMoro National
Liberation FrontLiberation Front receivedreceived
support from Muslimsupport from Muslim
backers in Libya andbackers in Libya and
Malaysia.Malaysia.

9. EMERGENCE OF THE ABUEMERGENCE OF THE ABU
SAYYAFSAYYAF
 1991 - a radical group which disagreed1991 - a radical group which disagreed
with the peace process between thewith the peace process between the
Muslims and the State left MNLF andMuslims and the State left MNLF and
formed the Abu Sayyaf (ASG)formed the Abu Sayyaf (ASG)
 Abu Sayyaf means “bearer of theAbu Sayyaf means “bearer of the
sword” in Arabicsword” in Arabic

10. Main Goal:Main Goal:
 To establish an Iranian style ofTo establish an Iranian style of
Islamic state based on the IslamicIslamic state based on the Islamic
law in Mindanaolaw in Mindanao

11. Who are the Abu Sayyaf Group?Who are the Abu Sayyaf Group?
 Is based mainly in southernIs based mainly in southern
Philippines (Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Philippines (Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-
tawi) but has ties to a number oftawi) but has ties to a number of
Islamic fundamentalist organizationsIslamic fundamentalist organizations
around the world including Osama Binaround the world including Osama Bin
Laden’s Al Qaida and Ramzi YousefLaden’s Al Qaida and Ramzi Yousef

12. Abduragak Abubakar JanjalaniAbduragak Abubakar Janjalani
-- founder and leader of the Abu Sayyaffounder and leader of the Abu Sayyaf
- was a veteran of the war in- was a veteran of the war in
AfghanistanAfghanistan
- was killed in December 1998 in a- was killed in December 1998 in a
firefight with police in the village offirefight with police in the village of
Lamitan, Basilan IslandLamitan, Basilan Island
- Khadafy Janjalani took over as the- Khadafy Janjalani took over as the
new leader of the groupnew leader of the group

13. Abu Sayyaf finances its operationAbu Sayyaf finances its operation
through the following:through the following:

robberyrobbery
 piracypiracy
 kidnappings for ransomkidnappings for ransom
 funding from the internationalfunding from the international
terrorist network of Osama Bin Ladenterrorist network of Osama Bin Laden

14. Abu Sayyaf activities include:Abu Sayyaf activities include:
 bombingsbombings
 assassinations and extortions fromassassinations and extortions from
companies and wealthycompanies and wealthy
businessmenbusinessmen

15. CHRONOLOGY OF ABUCHRONOLOGY OF ABU
SAYYAF’S TERRORISMSAYYAF’S TERRORISM
ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES
19911991: Libyan-trained Islamic preacher,: Libyan-trained Islamic preacher,
Abdurajak Janjalani formed ASGAbdurajak Janjalani formed ASG
attracting young Muslimsattracting young Muslims
First recorded atrocity was theFirst recorded atrocity was the
attack of the military checkpoint inattack of the military checkpoint in
Sumagdan on the outskirts of Isabela,Sumagdan on the outskirts of Isabela,
BasilanBasilan

16. 19921992: Bomb attacks in Zamboanga and: Bomb attacks in Zamboanga and
Davao City; Abducted a businesswomen inDavao City; Abducted a businesswomen in
Davao and was released after payment ofDavao and was released after payment of
ransomransom
19931993: Kidnapped Luis Ton-Ton Biel (5 yrs.: Kidnapped Luis Ton-Ton Biel (5 yrs.
old) with his grandfather who was an ownerold) with his grandfather who was an owner
of a bus company in Basilanof a bus company in Basilan

17. 1994:1994: Kidnapped Charles Walton, anKidnapped Charles Walton, an
American language scholar who was doingAmerican language scholar who was doing
research in Basilan but was released withoutresearch in Basilan but was released without
ransom through the intercession of the Libyanransom through the intercession of the Libyan
ambassador to the Philippinesambassador to the Philippines
December 1994:December 1994: ASG claimed responsibilityASG claimed responsibility
for an explosion aboard a Philippine Air Linefor an explosion aboard a Philippine Air Line
(one Japanese was killed and 10 were injured)(one Japanese was killed and 10 were injured)

18. January 12, 1995:January 12, 1995: Linked to the plot toLinked to the plot to
assassinate Pope John Paul II who wasassassinate Pope John Paul II who was
visiting Manilavisiting Manila
April 14, 1995:April 14, 1995: Attacked the town of Ipil,Attacked the town of Ipil,
robbed banks, shut the people and set therobbed banks, shut the people and set the
town on fire before leaving with severaltown on fire before leaving with several
hostages (54 were dead and hundreds werehostages (54 were dead and hundreds were
wounded)wounded)

19. September 9, 1997:September 9, 1997: Kidnapped a GermanKidnapped a German
business executive in Zamboanga City and wasbusiness executive in Zamboanga City and was
released on December 26, 1997released on December 26, 1997
March 26, 1998:March 26, 1998: Abu Sayyaf rebels threatenedAbu Sayyaf rebels threatened
to kill abducted Filipinosto kill abducted Filipinos
December 18, 1998:December 18, 1998: Abdujarak Janjalani wasAbdujarak Janjalani was
killed in a firefight with security forces inkilled in a firefight with security forces in
BasilanBasilan

20. January 3, 1999:January 3, 1999: A grenade was lobbed intoA grenade was lobbed into
a crowd watching firefighters putting out aa crowd watching firefighters putting out a
blaze in a neighborhood supermarket (10blaze in a neighborhood supermarket (10
were killed and 74 were injured)were killed and 74 were injured)
March 20, 2000:March 20, 2000: 55 hostages which55 hostages which
Includes 22 school children, 5 teachers andIncludes 22 school children, 5 teachers and
a priest were seized from two schoolsa priest were seized from two schools

21. April 23, 2000:April 23, 2000: Raided the Malaysian divingRaided the Malaysian diving
resort and fled across the sea border to Joloresort and fled across the sea border to Jolo
with 21 tourists and resort workerswith 21 tourists and resort workers
July 26, 2000:July 26, 2000: 18 injured in Jolo Island from18 injured in Jolo Island from
grenade attackgrenade attack
August 28, 2000:August 28, 2000: American Jeffrey SchillingAmerican Jeffrey Schilling
was held hostage during a visit to Janjalaniwas held hostage during a visit to Janjalani
campcamp

22. September 10, 2000:September 10, 2000: Kidnapped 3 peopleKidnapped 3 people
from Pandanan Island diving resort and werefrom Pandanan Island diving resort and were
brought to Sulu Islandbrought to Sulu Island
April 12, 2001:April 12, 2001: Hostage Jeffrey Schilling wasHostage Jeffrey Schilling was
rescuedrescued
May 27, 2001:May 27, 2001: Raided Dos Palmas Resort ofRaided Dos Palmas Resort of
Palawan and seized 20 people including 3Palawan and seized 20 people including 3
Americans (a Christian missionary couple,Americans (a Christian missionary couple,
Martin and Gracia Burnham and GuillermoMartin and Gracia Burnham and Guillermo
Sobero)Sobero)

23. June 1, 2001:June 1, 2001: Clashes between theClashes between the
government troops and the kidnappers ingovernment troops and the kidnappers in
Tuburan, BasilanTuburan, Basilan
June 2, 2001:June 2, 2001: ASG “Suicide Squad” tookASG “Suicide Squad” took
over a hospital and the church in Lamitan,over a hospital and the church in Lamitan,
Basilan and captured over 200 people asBasilan and captured over 200 people as
hostage but 4 of them were able to escapehostage but 4 of them were able to escape

24. June 7, 2001:June 7, 2001: Abu Sabaya, spokeman of ASGAbu Sabaya, spokeman of ASG
gave Manila a 72-hour deadline to bring formergave Manila a 72-hour deadline to bring former
Malaysian senator Sairin Horno andMalaysian senator Sairin Horno and
businessman Yusuf as negotiators andbusinessman Yusuf as negotiators and
suspension of military operations against them;suspension of military operations against them;
ASG threatened to behead the AmericanASG threatened to behead the American
hostages for failure to comply but former Pres.hostages for failure to comply but former Pres.
Arroyo rejected the demandArroyo rejected the demand

25. Jume 11, 2001:Jume 11, 2001: Former Pres. Arroyo gaveFormer Pres. Arroyo gave
in to the rebel’s demand for two Malaysianin to the rebel’s demand for two Malaysian
negotiators when Abu Sabaya issued a finalnegotiators when Abu Sabaya issued a final
2-hour deadline to behead the American2-hour deadline to behead the American
hostages. However, the governmenthostages. However, the government
continued offensive as the group seized 15continued offensive as the group seized 15
more Filipinos in Basilan as amore Filipinos in Basilan as a
“diversionary” strategy“diversionary” strategy

26. June 12, 2001:June 12, 2001: ASG claimed the beheading ofASG claimed the beheading of
American hostage, Guillermo Sobero, as anAmerican hostage, Guillermo Sobero, as an
Independednce Day gift to Pres. Arroyo.Independednce Day gift to Pres. Arroyo.
Government troops found 3 bodies including 2Government troops found 3 bodies including 2
headless corpses identified as Filipinosheadless corpses identified as Filipinos
June 16, 2001:June 16, 2001: The rebels freed Kimberly JaoThe rebels freed Kimberly Jao
Uy and Francis Ong to the Islamic preacher atUy and Francis Ong to the Islamic preacher at
Isabela, Basilan in exchange of 5 million pesosIsabela, Basilan in exchange of 5 million pesos

27. January 19, 2002:January 19, 2002: The military rescued 2The military rescued 2
coconut farmers kidnapped by a factioncoconut farmers kidnapped by a faction
of ASG but 2 navy men were woundedof ASG but 2 navy men were wounded
in a firefight with a bigger groupin a firefight with a bigger group
January 24, 2002:January 24, 2002: Firefight brokeFirefight broke
between Philippine troops and ASG.between Philippine troops and ASG.
Eight of the ASG were killed and twoEight of the ASG were killed and two
soldiers were woundedsoldiers were wounded

28. BALIKATAN 02.1BALIKATAN 02.1
 is the code name for the joint US-RP militaryis the code name for the joint US-RP military
training exercises in southern Mindanao andtraining exercises in southern Mindanao and
Balanced Piston in northern Luzon under theBalanced Piston in northern Luzon under the
Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA)Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA)
 is intended to make the exercises trainingis intended to make the exercises training
scenarios more realistic and relevant to thescenarios more realistic and relevant to the
actual perceived threats to both countries thatactual perceived threats to both countries that
is, the worldwide threat of terrorism underis, the worldwide threat of terrorism under
the VFAthe VFA

29. MORO ISLAMIC LIBERATIONMORO ISLAMIC LIBERATION
FRONTFRONT
 is most active in Sulu archipelago,is most active in Sulu archipelago,
Palawan, Basilan and other neighboringPalawan, Basilan and other neighboring
islandsislands
 was established in 1981 when Salamatwas established in 1981 when Salamat
Hashim and his followers split from theHashim and his followers split from the
MNLF due to the MNLF's reluctance toMNLF due to the MNLF's reluctance to
launch an insurgency against thelaunch an insurgency against the
Philippine government and its supportersPhilippine government and its supporters

30. HISTORYHISTORY
In January 1987, the MNLF acceptedIn January 1987, the MNLF accepted
the Philippine government's offer of semi-the Philippine government's offer of semi-
autonomy of the regions in dispute,autonomy of the regions in dispute,
subsequently leading to the establishmentsubsequently leading to the establishment
of theof the
Autonomous Region of Muslim MindanaoAutonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM). The MILF, however, refused to(ARMM). The MILF, however, refused to
accept this offer and continued theiraccept this offer and continued their
insurgency operations.insurgency operations.

31. A general cessation of hostilities betweenA general cessation of hostilities between
the government in Manila and the MILF wasthe government in Manila and the MILF was
signed in July 1997 but this agreement wassigned in July 1997 but this agreement was
abolished in 2000 by the Philippine Army underabolished in 2000 by the Philippine Army under
the administration of Philippine Presidentthe administration of Philippine President JosephJoseph
EstradaEstrada. In response, the MILF declared a. In response, the MILF declared a jihadjihad
against the government, its citizens andagainst the government, its citizens and
supporters. Under Presidentsupporters. Under President Gloria ArroyoGloria Arroyo, the, the
government entered into a cease-fire agreementgovernment entered into a cease-fire agreement
with the MILF and resumed peace talks.with the MILF and resumed peace talks.

32. Despite peace negotiations and theDespite peace negotiations and the
cease fire agreement, the MILF attackedcease fire agreement, the MILF attacked
Government troops in MaguindanaoGovernment troops in Maguindanao
resulting in at least twenty-three deaths inresulting in at least twenty-three deaths in
January 2005. The combined armies of theJanuary 2005. The combined armies of the
MILF and Abu Sayyaf were involved in daysMILF and Abu Sayyaf were involved in days
of fighting which necessitated governmentof fighting which necessitated government
troops using heavy artillery to engage rebeltroops using heavy artillery to engage rebel
forces.forces.

33. The bombing incident inThe bombing incident in DavaoDavao airport inairport in
2003 which the Philippine government blamed2003 which the Philippine government blamed
on MILF members, raised speculation that theon MILF members, raised speculation that the
peace negotiations might be ineffectual inpeace negotiations might be ineffectual in
bringing peace to Mindanao if the MILF isbringing peace to Mindanao if the MILF is
unable to control its operatives. The MILFunable to control its operatives. The MILF
denies ties with terrorist groupdenies ties with terrorist group JemaahJemaah
IslamiyahIslamiyah, although Jemaah Islamiyah is, although Jemaah Islamiyah is
considered to have provided them with trainingconsidered to have provided them with training
facilities in areas they control.facilities in areas they control.

34. The MILF also continues to denyThe MILF also continues to deny
connections with Al-Qaeda, though it hasconnections with Al-Qaeda, though it has
admitted to sending around 600 volunteersadmitted to sending around 600 volunteers
to Al Qaeda training camps into Al Qaeda training camps in
Afghanistan and thatAfghanistan and that Osama Bin LadenOsama Bin Laden
sent money to the Philippines, though thesent money to the Philippines, though the
group denies directly receiving anygroup denies directly receiving any
payment.payment.

35. Peace Agreement:Peace Agreement:
Tripoli AgreementTripoli Agreement
- a peace talk which led to an- a peace talk which led to an
agreement between the Philippineagreement between the Philippine
government and the MNLF providinggovernment and the MNLF providing
for Moro autonomy in the southernfor Moro autonomy in the southern
Philippines and for a cease-firePhilippines and for a cease-fire

36. HOBBES POLITICAL ANDHOBBES POLITICAL AND
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHYSOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
- is an English philosopher who preferred- is an English philosopher who preferred
the evils of absolute power than to thethe evils of absolute power than to the
evils of life in a society, which did notevils of life in a society, which did not
contain an authoritycontain an authority
- believes that “a sovereign without- believes that “a sovereign without
absolute power to enforce laws is noabsolute power to enforce laws is no
sovereign at all”sovereign at all”

37. He was asked with aHe was asked with a
question: “Why should aquestion: “Why should a
society without an absolutesociety without an absolute
authority necessary beauthority necessary be
chaotic?”chaotic?”

38. He answered that it depends upon aHe answered that it depends upon a
psychological theory about the naturepsychological theory about the nature
of man. His view is that man by natureof man. His view is that man by nature
is selfish and egoistic. He is motivatedis selfish and egoistic. He is motivated
by selfish desires, which requireby selfish desires, which require
satisfaction, if man is also, by nature,satisfaction, if man is also, by nature,
belligerent. He has the inclination tobelligerent. He has the inclination to
be warlike, hostile and combative.be warlike, hostile and combative.

39. According to him, psychologicalAccording to him, psychological
constitution of man is dominated byconstitution of man is dominated by
three major desires:three major desires:
 CompetitionCompetition
 Diffidence or distrust of one’s ownDiffidence or distrust of one’s own
ability or worthability or worth
 Glory or the desire of fame, honor andGlory or the desire of fame, honor and
superioritysuperiority

40. On the form of government, he preferred aOn the form of government, he preferred a
monarchial type because of the followingmonarchial type because of the following
reasons:reasons:
 With the monarch as the sovereign ruler,With the monarch as the sovereign ruler,
decisions and enforcing laws rest only on onedecisions and enforcing laws rest only on one
personperson
 A single ruler has more secrecy of counsel than aA single ruler has more secrecy of counsel than a
sovereign group composed of individuals whosovereign group composed of individuals who
have different political and social orientationhave different political and social orientation
 The monarch’s decisions are “only as inconstantThe monarch’s decisions are “only as inconstant
as human nature, but a group has that plus theas human nature, but a group has that plus the
inconstancy of number”inconstancy of number”

41. MILL’S POLITICAL ANDMILL’S POLITICAL AND
PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY
John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill
- is an English philosopher and- is an English philosopher and
economist author of the classic essay,economist author of the classic essay,
“On Liberty”, which emphasized civil“On Liberty”, which emphasized civil
libertyliberty

42. Political thinkers believe that somePolitical thinkers believe that some
dangers to freedom are moredangers to freedom are more
insidious which come from withinsidious which come from with
democracy itselfdemocracy itself
example: POWERexample: POWER

43. With the development of democraticWith the development of democratic
societies, political theorists refused to acceptsocieties, political theorists refused to accept
the position that the ruler’s interest wasthe position that the ruler’s interest was
opposed to that of the people. The ruler, inopposed to that of the people. The ruler, in
their view, was a representative of the peopletheir view, was a representative of the people
and his authority was revocable at theirand his authority was revocable at their
pleasure. Since the rulers are delegates of thepleasure. Since the rulers are delegates of the
ruled, it is not important to limit their power.ruled, it is not important to limit their power.
To do so,To do so, is limiting the power of theis limiting the power of the
people themselves.people themselves.

44. Mill’s stressed that the people whoMill’s stressed that the people who
exercise power are not the same as thoseexercise power are not the same as those
on whom it is exercised. They not onlyon whom it is exercised. They not only
develop their own interests but they alsodevelop their own interests but they also
are frequently influenced by variousare frequently influenced by various
pressure groups to work their welfare,pressure groups to work their welfare,
which is contrary to the welfare of thewhich is contrary to the welfare of the
people.people.

45. Mills argues that publicMills argues that public
opinion is notoriouslyopinion is notoriously
susceptible to error becausesusceptible to error because
it may reflect prejudices andit may reflect prejudices and
be dominated bybe dominated by
superstitions and traditions.superstitions and traditions.

46. 3 reasons why it would be wrong3 reasons why it would be wrong
to suppress any opinion:to suppress any opinion:
 It is wrong to suppress an opinion which theIt is wrong to suppress an opinion which the
majority does not approve of because themajority does not approve of because the
suppressed opinion may be true.suppressed opinion may be true.
 To deny others the right to express opinion isTo deny others the right to express opinion is
to assume one’s infallibility.to assume one’s infallibility.
 Hearing the opposite opinion even if it isHearing the opposite opinion even if it is
neither wholly true nor wholly false is goodneither wholly true nor wholly false is good
for it may contain elements of the truth.for it may contain elements of the truth.