PTI - Using Information Technology
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Chapter 2 The Internet & the World Wide Web Exploring Cyberspace
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PTI - Using Information Technology
- 1. Pertemuan 2 Chapter 2 The Internet & theWorldWideWeb Exploring Cyberspace Pengantar Teknologi Informasi (PTI – 2 SKS) Using Information Technology Heni S Fakultas Teknik dan Ilmu K Universitas Teknokrat In
- 2. 2.1 Choosing Your Internet Access Device & Physical Connection: The Quest for Broadband Bandwidth - an expression of how much data can be sent through a communications channel in a given amount of time Baseband – Allows only one signal at a time Broadband – Several signals can be sent at once Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- 3. Choosing Your Internet Access Device & Physical Connection: The Quest for Broadband Download - to transmit data from a remote computer to a local computer Upload - to transmit data from a local computer to a remote computer Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- 4. Telephone (Dial-Up) Modem: Low Speed but Inexpensive & Widely Available Modem - a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers There are two types of modems – internal and external Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- 5. High-Speed Phone Lines: More Expensive but Available in Most Cities Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISDN - hardware and software that allows voice, video, and data to be communicated over traditional copper-wire telephone lines DSL - uses regular phone lines like ISDN, a DSL modem, and special technology to transmit data in megabits per second. T1 - a traditional trunk line that carries 24 normal telephone circuits and has a transmission rate of 1.5 Mbps.
- 6. Wireless Systems: Satellite & Other Through-the-Air Connections Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Communications satellite: a space station that transmits radio waves called microwaves from earth-based stations. Other wireless connections: towers transmit radio waves. They can send data up to the speed of 155 Mbps. Used to operate local cellular phones.
- 7. 2.2 Choosing Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) ISP - a company that connects you through your communications line to its servers, or central (host) computer, which connect you to the internet via another company’s network access points Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- 8. 2.3 How Does the Internet Work? Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. You connect to the ISP’s POP using a telephone number that your ISP provides. A point-of-presence (POP) is a collection of modems and other equipment in a local area. 2. ISPs connect to a backbone to access remote web servers. Backbones are high-speed, high capacity transmission lines that use newest communications technology.
- 9. TCP/IP, the Internet Society, and ICANN Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Protocol is a set of conventions that govern the format of data transmitted electronically. They ensure that all data is exchanged in a consistent format. TCP/IP is a protocol that enables all computers to interpret and use data transmitted over the internet. ISOC (Internet Society) provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the internet. ICANN was established to regulate human-friendly internet domain names
- 10. Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2.4 Sending & Receiving Email Incoming email is stored on a mailbox on the server. Outgoing email is sent to a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server.
- 11. Email Software & Carriers Get an email program (browser) as part of other computer software Get email software as part of your ISP package Get free email services Buy email software Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hotmail offers free email services
- 12. Parts of an Email Message and Attachments Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The three parts of an email message are the (1) address of the recipient, (2) subject of the message, and (3) message content. In addition, the files on a computer can be attached to an email message. The person receiving the attachment must have the same software that created the attachment.
- 13. Other Ways of Communicating Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Instant messaging (IM) - allows any user on a given email system to send a message and have it pop up instantly on the screen of anyone else logged onto that system Mailing Lists: Email-based discussion groups Listserv – is an automatic mailing-list server that sends email to subscribers participating in discussion topics
- 14. Netiquette: Appropriate Online Behavior Consult FAQs Avoid flaming Do not SHOUT Be careful with jokes Avoid sloppiness Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Do not send huge file attachments Quote with relevant portion, when replying Do not “overforward” Emoticons
- 15. Spam: Unwanted Junk Email Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Delete without opening the message Never reply to a spam message! Enlist the help of your ISP or use spam filters Fight back
- 16. 2.5 The World Wide Web Q:What makes the Web graphically inviting? A: Multimedia Q:What makes the Web easily navigable? A: Hypertext Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- 17. The Web & How It Works Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. A computer with a domain name is called a website Example: www.barnesandnoble.com Web pages – the documents on a website A web page is a document on the World Wide Web that can include text, pictures, sound, and video. Web browser - software that enables users to view web pages and to jump from one page to another Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are most commonly used browsers
- 18. The Web & How It Works Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. URLs – addresses for web pages The URL is a string of characters that points to a specific piece of information anywhere on the web The URL consists of the web protocol, the name of the web server, the directory on that server, and the file within that directory
- 19. Using Your Browser to Get Around the Web Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The five basic elements of a web browser are: Menu bar Toolbar URL bar Workspace Status bar Web browser - software that enables users to view web pages and to jump from one page to another Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are most commonly used browsers
- 20. Using Your Browser to Get Around the Web Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Starting out from home – the start up page is the home page Personalizing your home page – a home page can be personalized according to the user’s choices Getting around – Back, Forward, Home, and Search features History list - allows you to return to a page you have recently visited Bookmarks or favorites – let you store the URL of web pages you frequently visit so that you do not have to remember or retype the URLs
- 21. Using Your Browser to Get Around the Web Interactivity – hyperlinks, radio buttons, and fill-in text boxes Radio buttons – little circles located in front of various options; selecting an option with the mouse places a dot in the corresponding circle Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Scrolling – Navigating up and down a web page using scroll arrows Frames are independently controllable sections on a web page. They allow looking at the two pages simultaneously.
- 22. Web Portals: Starting Points for Finding Information Web portal – a gateway website that offers a broad array of resources and services, such as: online shopping malls email support current news and weather stock quotes travel information links to other popular subject categories Examples – www.yahoo.com; www.msn.com; www.aol.com Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- 23. Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- 24. Four Types of Search Engines Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Human-organized search sites Computer-created search sites Hybrid search sites Metasearch sites
- 25. Tips for Smart Searching Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Choose search items well with the correct spelling Use phrases with quotation marks Put unique words first in a phrase Use operators Use wildcards Read the Help or Search Tips section Try an alternate general search site or a specific search site
- 26. Multimedia on the Web Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Plug-in – a program that adds a specific feature to a browser, allowing it to play or view certain files Developing multimedia – applets, Java, and Visual Studio.NET Text and images Animation Video Download and view Streaming video Audio Download and listen Streaming audio
- 27. Push Technology & Webcasting Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Push technology - software that automatically downloads information to your computer Webcasting – a result of push technology, where customized text, video, and audio are sent automatically on a regular basis The Internet Telephone & Videophone Internet telephony - using the Net to make phone calls, either one-to-one or for audio conferencing Internet telephone software – Netscape Conference, Microsoft Netmeeting
- 28. Designing Web Pages Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. There are professional web designers who develop websites. Menu-driven programs, such as Microsoft FrontPage or Macromedia Dreamweaver can be used to design websites.
- 29. 2.6 The Online Gold Mine: More Internet Resources Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. More internet resources: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – for copying all the free files you want Telnet – to connect to remote computers More Internet Resources Newsgroups – for online typed discussions on specific topics Real-time chat – typed discussions among online participants Telnet: a protocol that allows you to connect to remote computers on the internet by using a user name and a password and to run programs on those computers. FTP: a protocol that allows
- 30. Your Personal Cyberspace Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Blogs – web logs, accessible to other users Relationships – online matchmaking Education – distance learning Health – patient self-education Entertainment – amusing yourself on the internet Trade and Commerce E-commerce Auctions – linking individual buyers and sellers Online finance – trading, banking, and e-money Online job hunting B2B commerce
Hinweis der Redaktion
- To the instructor: This presentation attempts to cover every term in the text, sometimes via a slide, sometimes via the Notes page. Additional material beyond what is in the text is presented via: Occasional hyperlinks in the slides themselves. ScreenTip text has been added to each hyperlink allowing you to see in advance where that link will take you. In addition, the last 19 slides are questions covering the material just presented. They can be used to increase interaction between the instructor and students at the end of each lecture, to ensure students understand the material just presented, etc. Finally, some of the Notes pages include “Discussion questions” for encouraging student interaction during the lecture.
- Physical connection - the wired or wireless means of connecting to the internet. Broadband is a very high-speed connection.
- Types of transmissions: upload and download Transmission speeds: Bps - bits per second. Kbps - kilobits per second, or 1000 bits per second. Mbps - megabits per second, or 1 million bits per second. Gbps - gigabits per second, or 1 billion bits per second.
- Types of wired internet access devices and their access speeds: 1. Modem: Most standard modems have a speed of 56 Kbps. Using a modem and a phone line to establish a connection to the internet is called making a dial-up connection.
- Types of wired internet access devices and their transmission speeds: 2. ISDN – Transmits 64 to 128 Kbps of data per second. 3. DSL – Receives data at the rate of 1.5-9 Mbps and sends data at only 64 Kbps-1.5 Mbps. Users can talk as well as transmits data at the same time. 4. T1 – Transmits 1.5 Mbps of data; generally used by corporate, government, & academic sites. 5. Cable modem: It is always “on” like DSL It transmits outgoing data at about 1.4 Mbps and incoming data at up to 50 Mbps
- Communications satellite -- a space station that transmits radio waves called microwaves from earth-based stations Download speed of 250-400 Kbps Connections are always on ISP that supports two-way satellite transmission is needed Other wireless connections: Radio waves are transmitted between towers that handle cellular phone calls The data is send at up to 155 Mbps The equipment costs from $200 to $2,500 and the operating cost is $159-$1,400 a month
- Well-known ISPs: AOL (America Online) Earthlink Microsoft Network (MSN) AT&T WorldNet POP (Point of Presence) - your ISP’s local access number for your area. The ISP provides communications software for setting up the computer and modem Log on - make a connection to the remote computer of your ISP.
- POP: The user is given local telephone numbers for the ISP’s POP. The POP acts as a local gateway to the ISP’s network. Backbones: The backbone providers are: AT & T GTE IBM MCI Netcom Sprint UUNET When the user’s modem connects to a modem at the ISP’s location, the two modems go through a process called handshake where the fastest available transmission speed is established. IP address: An IP address consists of four sets of numbers between 0 and 255 separated by decimals. The ISP assigns the computer a new, dynamic IP address. Network access point (NAP) NAP is a routing computer. ISPs that do not run their backbones connect to an internet through a network access point (NAP). PNAP’s facilitate more efficient routing of data back and forth in the internet by providing more backbone access locations.
- TCP/IP determines: The type of built-in error checking to be used The data compression method Whether or not the sending device has indicated that it has finished sending a message How the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message TCP/IP breaks data into packets ISOC: ISOC is a professional, nonprofit society with more than 150 organizational and 11,000 individual members in more than 182 countries ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN) is a global, private-sector, nonprofit corporation
- The maximum use of the internet worldwide is for sending and receiving email. When retrieving messages using email software, the email is sent from the server to the computer using Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3). Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) has extended functions compared to POP3.
- The different ways to get email software are: Get an email program a part of other computer software: Browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator 2. Get email software as part of your ISP package: ISPs, such as AOL, EarthLink, AT&T WorldNet provide email software for their subscribers. 3. Get free email services: The services are available from a variety of sources, ranging from so-called portals, or internet gateways, such as Yahoo!, Excite, or Lycos, to cable TV channel CNN’s website 4. Buy email software Popular email software programs are Eudora, Outlook Express, and Lotus Notes
- In addition to the textual message, email messages may have attachments. Caution: One must never open an attached file from an unknown source. The attachment could be infected with virus or other harmful code that could infect the recipient's computer too.
- An IM conversation occurs in a small window (rectangular area containing a document or activity) on each participant’s display screen. Drawbacks of IM: Lack of common standards Time wasters when you have to get work done Lack of privacy Examples of IMs are AOL Instant Messenger, MSN Messenger, ICQ (“ I Seek You”) and Yahoo! Messenger Mailing Lists: Mailing lists are one-way or two-way.
- Netiquette (network etiquette) - guides to appropriate online behavior. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) - documents that explain expected norms of online behavior for a particular group. Flaming - writing an online message that uses derogatory, obscene, or inappropriate language. Emoticons - keyboard-produced pictorial representations of expressions. Shouting - Use of all capital letters is considered the equivalent of SHOUTING. Avoid sloppiness, but avoid criticizing other’s sloppiness – Avoid spelling and grammatical errors . But do not criticize the same errors in other’s messages. Huge Attachments – Avoid huge attachments unless requested. When replying, quote only the relevant portion – Edit the user’s original text down to the relevant paragraph and then put in the response immediately. Don’t overforward – Do not automatically forward emails to friends without checking if the contents are true and appropriate.
- Spam - unsolicited email or junk mail in the form of advertising or chain letters. Spamhaus tracks the internet’s worst spammers and works with ISPs and law enforcement agencies to identify and remove persistent spammers from the internet. Top Span Tips Guard your in-box Use free web mail accounts Use a disposable email address Use fake addresses Do not post your address Do not answer spam Opt out Read the privacy policy Use a spam filter
- Hypertext - a system in which documents scattered across many internet sites are directly linked – with hyperlinks – so that a word or phrase in one document becomes a connection to a document in a different place. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) – is the set of special instructions (called “tags” or “markups”) that are used to specify document structure, formatting, and links to other multimedia documents.
- The website is the location of a Web domain name in a computer on the internet.
- Example - http://www.nps.gov/yosc/camping.htm http:// - HyperText Transfer Protocol , the communications rules that allow browsers to connect with web servers www.nps.gov/ - The www stands for “World Wide Web”. The .nps stands for “National Park Service” and .gov is the top-level domain name indicating that this is a government website Yose/ - The directory name is the name on the server for the directory or folder Wilderness.htm – This is a particular page or the document to be fetched
- Hyperlinks: Words and phrases that appear as underlined or colored text – that are references to other web pages.
- If the right mouse button is clicked, many commands, such as Back, Forward, etc. are available via a pop-up menu. Back – Takes you to the previous page Forward – Takes you to the next page Home – Returns you to the home page Search – Lists various other search tools
- Web Portals: The most popular portals are America Online, Yahoo!, Microsoft Network, Google, Netscape, Lycos, Go Network, Infoseek, Snap, Excite Network, AltaVista, and WebCrawler.
- Search engines - WWW feature which allows you to find specific documents through keyword searches and menu choices. Computer-created search sites – These are assembled by software “spiders” that crawl all over the web and send back reports to be collected and organized with little human intervention. Hybrid search sites – human organization supplemented by computer created indexes. Metasearch sites – send the query to several other different search tools and compile the results.
- The operators are AND, OR, NOT, and 1 and 2 signs Wildcards – *, ?
- Applets - small programs that can be quickly downloaded and run by most browsers. Applets are written in Java. Java – a complex programming language that enables programmers to create animated and interactive web pages. Visual Studio.NET – a technology developed by Microsoft to compete with Java.
- “Pull technology” - you go to a website and pull down the information you want. Webcasting companies are also called subscription services, because they are sell-on-demand services
- FTP: A method whereby you can connect to a remote computer called an FTP site and transfer files to your own microcomputer’s hard disk, via TCP/IP over the internet. FTP client programs, such as Fetch, Cute, and FTP pro are special programs that help in ftp file download. Telnet - a protocol that runs on TCP/IP and allows you to connect to remote computers on the internet using a user name and a password to run programs on those computers. The telnet feature is particularly useful for perusing large databases at universities, government agencies, or libraries. FACTOID: The specification for Telnet was first developed in June 1980 by Jon Postel.
- Distance learning - the name given to online education programs.