2. The use of enzymes in textile processing has been known
for more than 2,000 years. In the past century, it has
increased substantially, especially in the processing of
natural fibres. A major reason for this is that the use of
enzymes is regarded as environmentally friendly and the
reactions catalysed are very specific, with a focussed
performance as a consequence. In contrast, chemical
processes are less specific and often result in side effects,
mostly undesired.
3. Enzymes are high molecular weight complex
proteins, composed of chains of amino acids linked
together by peptide bonds, which are produced by
all living cells. These proteins act as biocatalysts,
accelerating specific chemical reactions without
undergoing any alteration themselves. This
distinguishes them from other proteins. Although
enzymes are formed in living cells, they are not
living materials.
4. According to the compounds they act
upon. Some of the most common
include:
Proteases which breakdown the
proteins.
Cellulases which breakdown the
cellulose.
Lipases which split fats into glycerol
and fatty acids.
Amylases which breakdown starch into
simple sugars.
5. Enzymes' activities are usually measured in terms
of the activity unit (U), which is defined as the
amount which will catalyse the transformation of 1
micromole of the substrate per minute under
standard conditions. Typically, this represents 10-6-
10-11 kg for pure enzymes and 10-4-10-7 kg for
industrial enzyme preparations. Enzymes mediate
all synthetic and degradative reactions carried out
by living organisms
9. Very efficient catalysts,
High degree of selectivity.
Environmentally friendly: non
toxic, Non –flammable
Sustainability.
Fully biodegradable
Operation at mild condition
Catalyze broad spectrum of
reactions.
Less byproducts
Can be reused(imoblized)
Low energy consumption
Can be produced in unlimited
quantities.
10.
11. Enzyme substrate application Technical benefit
amylase amylose Desizing of woven
cotton
Thermostable
enzyme.
Increased removal
of starch. For
efficient size
removal use super
D size ultra from
sarex
Lipase Triglyceride based
size
desizing To improve the
removal of fat/oil
of animal and
vegetable origin
even at
temperature at
which the fatty
material is in a
solid from fabrics.
12. Xylnase lignin Scouring and
bleaching
Used for processing jute. It degrades the lignin
and improves bleach ability. Pectins, waxes,
color, residual seed coatings can be removed.
These substances, inhibit the natural absorbency
of the fiber and prevent dyeing, printing or other
finishing of cotton yarns and fabrics. Earlier,
scouring was done by caustic soda to removes
desirable natural lubricants and other material,
which causes serious effluent disposal problem.
catalase Hydrogen
peroxide
bleaching Reactive dyes are specially sensitive to
peroxides and currently requires extends rinsing
and/or use of chemical scavengers. In such
cases. Catalase breaks down residual hydrogen
peroxide and work as neutralization of bleaching
agent. Saroxy K or Saroxy K mod are the
enzyme based peroxide scavengers developed
by sarex.
13. pectinase pectin Retting of flax Rapid and controlled process is possible with use of
enzyme preparation and no bacterial or fungal
contamination occur like that in dew and water
retting. Also pre-treatment of flax with So2 brings
about sufficient breakdown of woody straw to speed-
up enzyme action and prevent bacterial and fungal
contamination
Scouring of
cotton
Destabilization of outer cell layer and removal of non
cellulosic.
Pectinase
and
celluloses
carbonization Pectinase are successfully used to separate fibers
and eliminate pectin in jute, ramie, and flax. They
have also been used together with cellulose in the
elimination of impurities in raw cotton and in the
carbonization of wool to add the vegetable
impurities.
14. Protease Protein molecule
and peptide bonds
Sericin protein
Cellulose protein
Scouring
wool
Degummi
ng of silk
Stone
washing
of denim
Removes scales and improves anti-
shrinkage property. This is aimed at
increased comfort (reduce prickle, greater
softness)as well as improved surface
appearance and pilling performance.
In textile industry proteases used to degrade
and remove the stiff and dull gum layer of
sericin from the raw silk fiber to achieve
improved luster and softness .proteases are
also used to wash down printing screens
after use in order to remove the
proteinacious gums, which a
re used for thickening of printing pastes.
Problem of back staining by celluloses
hence protease is used to prevent indigo
binding via protein and reduces back
staining .
15. 1.Amylases:amylase are used to remove starch-based
size for improved and uniform wet processing. Alpha
–amylase catalyzes the endo-hydrolysis of 1,4 a-D-
glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing
three or more 1,4- a-linked glucose units. The enzyme
acts on the starches,glycogen,and oligosaccharides in
a random manner, liberating reducing groups.
16. Alpha-amylases are characterized by attacking the
starch polymer in an endo fashion, randomly
cleaving internal a-1,4 bonds to yield shorter,
water-soluble dextrins.It boost overall detergent
performance at lower wash temperatures and with
milder detergent chemical systems.
Other starch- degrading enzymes of are(b-
amylase) and pullulanase. (b- amylase differ from
a amylase in that they hydrolyze 1,4- a-D-
glycosidic linkage, removing successive maltose
units from the non reducing of the polysaccharide
chain.
17. This exo-type activity is not as as efficient for stain
removal. pullulanase)is a starch-debranching the
amylopectin. A mixed amylase and pullulanse
enzyme system can accomplish a more complete
degradation of starch
2.Cellulases
They are usually crude mixtures, of a multiple
enzyme system which hydrolyses cellulose.Fungi
such as Trichoderma reesei and Humicola insolens
mainly produce commercial cellulases.It is a
polymer of glucose monomers joined byB-
1,4glycosidic bonds.Cellulosic fibers and fabrics in
order to achieve a desired hand on surface effect.
18. The crude mixture secreted by trichoderma reesei
fungi consists of the three major types of
celluloses:
1,4-B-D-Glucan 4-Glucano-Hydrolases:
Endoglucanases;
1,4-B-D-Glucan cellobio-hydrolases:
cellobiohydrolases
B-D-glucohydrolases: cello biases.
19. Endoglucanases attack cellulose randomly ,
hydrolyzing internal glycocytic bonds , while
cellobio-hydrolases remove terminal cellobiose
residues from both cellulose chain hydrolyses small
oligosaccharides and cellobiose to
glucose.endoglucanases cause internal cuts on the
cellulose surfaces , generating new chain ends and
thereby increasing the amount of accessible substrate
for the endwise acting cellobiohydrolases.
Cello biases degrade small oligosaccharides and
cellobiose , which is important to overcome end
product inhibition effects on the other cellulose
components.
20. ENZYMES KEY APPLICATIONS AND MECHANISM
DRY CLEANING
DENIM WASHING OR BIO STONING
BIOPOLISHING
BIO-BLEACHING
DEGUMMING
21. BIOSCOURING
Bioscouring is the process by which alkaline
stable pectinase is used to remove selectively
pectin and waxes from the seed coat fragments
called motes.This can be benificial when scouring
for the natural look
Because of the mote and color retention in the
cotton fabrics scoured with this process, pastel or
light shade need to be bleached prior to deying,
butmedium to dark shade can be dyed directly
after bio scouring
Pectinase along with cellulase gives better
scouring perfermance than pectinase alone.
22. Pectinase can destroy the cutinize structure by
digesting the inner layer of pectins in the cuticle of
cotton. On the other hand cellulose can destroy the
cuticle structure by digesting the primary wall
cellulose immediately under the cuticle of cotton .
The cellulose break the linkage from the cellulose
side and the pectin is from the cuticle side.
The result of the synergy is obviously a more
effective scouring in terms of both speed and
evenness of treatment.
23. DRY CLEANING
Dry cleaning compositions comprising lipase,
proteases and amylase, are applied to soiled fabric in
presence of an organic sample, e.g. butoxy propoxy
propanol, to clean the fabric. A prepared mode
features the enzyme containing dry cleaning
composition, which is dried with fabric garments in a
conventional domestic tumble dryer to clean them.
24. DENIM
WASHING
Protease enzymes are now emerging as a new player
in denim washing because there is big problem of
'back-staining' in cellulase enzymes. The protease is
added after cellulase, with pH maintained at 6-10 and
temperature at 30-60ºC. The best back-staining clean-
up is obtained at pH 8-10, with soda ash being used to
increase the pH. Any temperature between 30-60ºC
shows the same clean-up
25. In the traditional stonewashing process, the abrasive action of
pumice stones on the garment surface ,which removes some of
the dye.However ,too much abrasion can damage the
fabric,particularly hems and waistbands.That is why denim
finishers today used acid,hybrid or neutral cellulases to
accelerate the abrasion by loosening the indigo dye on the
denim since a small scale of enzyme can replace several
kilograms of stones the use of fewer stones results in less
demage to garments, less wear on envirnment. Bio stone
washing has opened up new possibilities in denim finiding by
increasing the variety of finishes available.For example,it is
now possible to fade denim to a greater degree without
running the risk of damaging the garment.Productivity can
also be increased becauseluandry machines contain fewer
stones or no stones and more garments.
26.
27. BIOPOLISHING
Biopolishing is a finishing process that improves
fabric quality by giving it a soft feel and reducing
the fuzziness and pilling property of cellulosic
fibre. The objective is to eliminate microfibrils of
cotton through the action of cellulase enzyme.
Cellulase contains three enzymes that catalyse a
controlled hydrolysis to consolidate the superficial
micro fibril leaving the surface of fibre free and
conferring a more even look: exo-β (1,4)
glucanase, endo-β (1,4) glucanase and β-glucanase.
28. endo-β (1,4) glucanase contributes maximum in
degrading cellulose fibre, by breaking the polymer
chain and forming two new ends. These are then
attacked by exoglucanase. Their combined action
results in the formation of cellobiose, which is
split into two glucose molecules by β-glucosidase.
Thus the combined action of endo- and
exoglucanase partially hydrolyses the cellulose
chains. The fibres are consequently weakened and
can be separated from fabric by mechanical stress.
29. BIO-BLEACHING
• Enzymes can also be used in bleaching. Glucose oxidases
(GODs) are flavoproteins with a flavin-adenine-
dinucleotide (FAD) active site. The enzyme is highly
specific for B-D-glucose and catalyses the following
reaction for hydrogen peroxide generation at pH-4.5-7 and
temperatures of around 40°C:
β-D-glucose + GOD-FAD → GOD-FAD + H2O2
• If peroxide for textile bleaching has to be generated by
glucose oxidases(GOD),slightly acidic to the neutral
conditions and far lower temperatures are required to
avoid deactivation of the enzymes. The bleaching effect of
the peroxide under these conditions is however,
insignificant .
31. INDUSTRIALENZYMES
Desizing: Rapindenz,Supersize.
BioPolishing:SEBriteBP+,SEBriteBP,
Denibrade,SEBrite Prime.
Bio washing: Coldfade 3535,Denibrade N 30,
Fadex500,Denicell,NeurastoneNC,Enzistone,
Denibrade 10 C.
Silk Degumming: Degummase P.
Jute Softening and upgrading:Goldenaz
Wool scouring & Gunwash: SEBrite WSC
32. DETERGENTS
Enzymes have been used in many kinds of cleaners for over 30 decades, since
they were first presented by Novozymes. Traditional use of minerals in
cleansing cleaners involved those that lower protein causing spots, such as
those found in lawn spots, red drinks and ground. Lipases are another useful
class of minerals that can be used to reduce fat spots and clean oil barriers or
other fat-based cleaning programs
Currently, a popular area of research is the research of minerals that can
withstand, or even have higher activities, in hot and cold weather. The look for
for thermotolerant and cryotolerant minerals has spanned the planet. These
minerals are especially suitable for enhancing cleansing procedures in hot water
periods and/or at low conditions for cleansing colours and darks. They are also
useful for business procedures where high conditions are necessary, or for
bioremediation under severe conditions (eg. in the arctic). Recombinant
minerals (engineered proteins) are being desired using different DNA
technological innovation such as site-directed mutagenesis and DNA auto
shuffling.
33. LIQUIDALIVE® Enzyme Digestant
• Liquid Alive® Enzyme Digestant is a stain remover,
enzyme digestant and deodorizer recommended for spot
cleaning and deodorizing carpets, upholstery, textiles,
vinyl, leather and synthetics. This product neutralizes
offensive odours and actually digests protein and organic
stains and soils.
Can be used as pre-spot treatment before shampooing or
laundering
Dissolves grease, dirt and oil based stains
REMOVES: Grease, Wine, Iodine, Cosmetics, Mildew,
Dirt, Protein, Ink, Blood (use gloves)
USE ON: Carpet, Leather, Upholstery, Vinyl, Synthetics,
Textiles
•
34. Cellulase enzymes have gained industrial acceptance for
finishing processes of cotton goods due to their capability of
softening the fabrics and improving their appearance.In
general, enzymes are nontoxic ,environmental
friendly,biocatalysts.As the consequence of rapidly advancing
biotechnological reasearch and development efforts ,it is now
possible to customize and tailor these compounds to suit
specific end uses.
35. Cellulase are protein molecules of high molecular weight
,which catalyse the cleavage of the 13-glucosidic bonds of
the cellulase substrate in accessible areas and at internal
and external surfaces.Three types of cellulase compounds
36. CONCLUSION
Enzymes are emerging in a big way in the field of textile wet
processing The textile industry has used enzymes to remove starch
sizing for over fifty years.Over the last 10 years,the textile industry has
become familiar with the use of cellulases for stone wash in modern
textile technology finishing process, employing environmentally
friendly, fully boidradable enzymes can replace a number of
mechanical and chemical operations which have hithertho been
applied to improve the comfort and quality of textiles materialsing
blue jeans,and cotton ,linen,lyocel and other cellulosic fibers. As with
all chemicals and products, enzymes too have their own merits and
limitations. They show specific action without undesirable effects on
other components and normally operate under mild temperature and
pressure conditions, but at the same time are sensitive to temperature,
pH, humidity and contaminants. The main hindrance in using enzymes
is their high cost.
37. RECOMMENDATIONS
If their cost can be managed -- although total
process cost may be less when enzymes are used --
enzymes can be put to use in a much bigger way
for textile processing applications.
