self knowledge

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Journey Into The Self
By Heba Essawy MD.CEDS.,
Prof of Psychiatry Medical School
Ain Shams University

2. There Are Three Things very Hard:
Steel, Diamond and
to Know one s Self

3. IF I KNOW MYSELF , I LL BE ABLE TO
ANSWERS THESE QUUESTIONS
 How I feel about my parents and childhood.
 How I am difficult to be in relationship
with, and how I am easy.
 What are my Characteristic when dealing to stress.
 How I handle criticism.
 What kind of work I am best suited to.
 What qualities in others I am characteristically
attracted to.

4. The Five Parts of
The Self in
childhood
Beginning at the bottom
in developmental order –
birth to seven years old
The “Controlling Me”
The “Nurturing Me”
The “Thinking Me”
The “Modified Me”
The “Spontaneous Me”

5. Building Blocks
of Self: VITALS
Values
V Interests
I
Temperament
T
Around-the-
Clock Activities
A
Life Mission and
Meaningful Goals
L
Strengths
S

6. V = Values "Values"—such as "helping others," "being creative,"
"health," "financial security," —are guides to decision-making and
motivators for goals.
I = Interests
"Interests" include your passions, hobbies, and anything that
draws your attention over a sustained period of time. To figure out
your interests, ask yourself these questions: What do you pay
attention to? What are you curious about? What concerns you?

7. "Temperament" describes your inborn preferences.
 Do you restore your energy from being alone (introvert) or
from being with people (extrovert)?
 Are you a planner or go-with-the-flow type of person?
 Do you make decisions more on the basis of feelings or
thoughts and facts?
 Do you prefer details or Big Ideas?
T = Temperament
Knowing the answers help you gravitate toward situations in which
you could flourish and avoid situations in which you could wilt.
Going against the grain of my own personality turned out to be a
daunting task that wasn't really worth it.

8. “Around-the-clock" category refers to when you like to do things-
your biorhythms.
 Are you a morning person or a night person?
 At what time of day does your energy peak?
If you schedule activities when you are at your best,
you are respecting your innate biology.
A = Around-the-Clock Activities
Your daily life is more pleasant when you are in sync with your
biology. In every area, it's easier to enjoy life when you don't waste
energy pretending to be someone you aren't.

9. Ask yourself the same question:
L = Life Mission and Meaningful Goals
"What have been the most meaningful
events of your life?"
You may discover clues to your hidden identity,
to your career, and to life satisfaction.

10. "Strengths" include abilities, skills, and talents, loyalty,
respect for others, love of learning, emotional intelligence,
fairness…..
Knowing your strengths is one of the foundations of self-
confidence;
knowing your weaknesses can help you be honest with
yourself (or others) about what you are NOT so good at.
You might decide either to work on those weaknesses or try to
make them a smaller part of your personal or career life.
S = Strengths

11. Roadmap
1.The Self: Definition, Biology.
2.Typology of Self
3.Why it is hard to know ourselves
4.Effects of lack of self knowledge
5.My Self, Building Blocks
6.My Self, components
7.My Self, Personalities
8.Who am I?

12. Refers to knowledge of one’s own
Sensations,
Thoughts,
Beliefs,
and other mental states
1-The Self

13. Biology of Self
Neuro-Anatomy
Neurotransmiters

14.  Thinking about ourselves, involve the cerebral cortex,
the outermost, intricately wrinkled part of the brain.
 Areas responsible for self-knowledge are:
Medial prefrontal cortex
Medial posterior parietal cortex.
 Areas responsible for self – reflect are :
The posterior cingulate cortex
The anterior cingulate cortex
Medial prefrontal cortex .
 Areas responsible for Self- reference is
The insular cortexis .
Biology of Self: Neuro-Anatomy

15. Neuro -Anatomy of Self : Prefrontal Cortex

16. Neuro Anatomy of Self : Cingulate cortex

17. Neuro Anatomy of Self: The Insula
The insular lobe is a part
of the cerebral cortex
located in both
hemispheres.
In order to visualize it ,
parts of the frontal, parietal
and the temporal lobe must
be removed.
The portions that cover
the insula are therefore
called the opercula

18. Biology of Self: Neurotransmitters

19. 2-Self- Concept
1-Self-
Knowledge
3-Self-
Esteem
4-Social Self
The
Self
Parts
Of
The
Self

21. Self-knowledge of ourselves is an automatic self-perceptions
about how
 We think
 We feel
 we Behave
And awareness of how those patterns are interpreted by others
1-Self-knowledge: Definition

22. Behavior
Emotion
Thinking
Interpretation
by others
Self-knowledge

23. • 1-Journaling Emotions
- You need not write it every
day about everything. But
whenever you feel the extremity
of your emotions, jot down your
thoughts. Continue this for a
year or at least six months.
Reread the entire book at the
end of a year and you will find
the real person who is hiding
inside you
Discovering More About Yourself

24. 2-Write down the
achievements you have
achieved in your life.
- An achievement winning
trophies or anything it can
either be the good things you
have done in your life and
also about the wonderful
moments you have achieved
in life.
Discovering More About Yourself

25. 3-List out your talents.
- People usually get upset
when they read this request
because they think they don't
have any. Engage yourself in
various activities and find out
which one of your talent
stands out.
Discovering More About Yourself

26. •
Judge yourself.
- Everyone loves judging
others but have you ever
thought of judging yourself.
- You are the master of your
universe and your the only
one who decide how life
should move on because its
your own life.
Furthering Your Inner Knowledge

27. • Talk to yourself
- While this may sound as if
it is a bizarre idea, it is the
best method to know
yourself.
- Talk to yourself about any
matter which is causing you
tension.
- Find out the solutions for it
by discussing the pros and
cons with yourself
Furthering Your Inner Knowledge

28. Remain teachable
- That is true humility and is
the only pathway to learning
anew and moving on with
wisdom.
Furthering Your Inner Knowledge

29. • Become a priority in your
life
- It is easy to put others first, for in
doing so you can feel good at
knowing you've helped. But this
becomes a hindrance when it
comes at the expense of your own
needs and wishes in life.
- In such an event, it is time to
prioritize your needs and to put
yourself first when doing so allows
you to be the strong, courageous
and truly supportive person you're
seeking to be for yourself and for
others.
Furthering Your Inner Knowledge

30. • Pamper yourself
- Spent some quality time
with yourself by doing things
you love.
- There is also plenty of time
for enjoying life, having fun
and letting go of yourself.
- Indulge in those moments
and make the most of them.
Furthering Your Inner Knowledge

31. • Help others in their
journey toward better
self knowledge
- When you feel more able to
express what self knowledge
means to you and how to go
about achieving you, help
other people on their journeys
to better self knowledge.
Furthering Your Inner Knowledge

32. Journey Into The Self
By Heba Essawy MD.CEDS.,
Prof of Psychiatry Medical School
Ain Shams University

33. There Are Three Things very Hard:
Steel, Diamond and
to Know one s Self

34. 2-Self- Concept
1-Self-
Knowledge
3-Self-
Esteem
4-Social Self
The
Self
Parts
Of
The
Self

36. Most people think of themselves in a variety of ways.
For example, some people think they are independent, ambitious,
and hard-working, whereas others think they are sensitive, creative,
and moody. Still others think they possess all of these qualities.
How do people arrive at these conclusions?
Sources of Self-Knowledge

37. A. Physical World
B. Social Comparison
C. Reflected Appraisals
D. Introspection
E. Self-Perception
What sources of self knowledge do we use ?

38. 1. If you want to know how tall you are, you can measure your height;
In this case, you are using the physical world to gain knowledge of
yourself.
But the physical world is limited in two important respects.
First, many attributes are not related in physical reality. Suppose
you want to know how kind, clever or sincere you are. You can’t
simply get out a yardstick and measure your kindness.
A physical basis for gaining knowledge in these domains (and
many others) is lacking
Source of Self-knowledge:
A. Physical World

39. 2. Even when attributes can be assessed within physical
world, the knowledge we gain from the physical world isn’t
necessarily the knowledge we are after.
(Knowing your height doesn’t really tell you whether or not
you are tall).
So , we have to compare ourselves to other  Social
comparison
Source of Self-knowledge:
A. Physical World

40. The comparative nature of self-views means that people must consult
the social world to gain self-knowledge.
Social comparison theory: people learn about themselves by comparing
themselves with others
People strive to know the truth about themselves, and compare
themselves with those who are similar to them (on dimensions relevant
to the attribute being assessed ) in order to meet this goal
(Festinger, 1954).
Source of Self-knowledge:
B. Social Comparison

41.  People do compare themselves with others who are similar to them, but this is not always
true.
 People also compare themselves with
Those who are better off than they (upward comparison)
Those who are worse off than they (downward comparison)
 People engage in upward comparison in an attempt to inspire and improve themselves (e.g.,
if they can do it, I can do it)
 People engage in downward comparison in an attempt to flatter and console themselves
(e.g., I may be poor, but at least I have a roof over my head unlike some people).
Source of Self-knowledge:
B. Social Comparison

42. Concerned with how people’s feelings toward themselves develop these feelings are socially
determined.
We imagine how we are regarded by another person, and this perception determines how we
feel about ourselves.
The term looking-glass self was used to call attention to the fact that other people serve as a
mirror; that is, we see ourselves reflected in other people’s eyes.
Cooley (1902)
Source of Self-knowledge:
C. Reflected Appraisals
1- Looking Glass Self Theory
2- The Reflected Appraisal Model.
3- The Self Verification Model
1. Looking-glass self Theory:

43. The three-step process:
1. First, we imagine how we appear in the eyes of another person.
2. Second, we imagine how that person is evaluating us
3. Third, we feel good or bad in accordance with this imagined
judgment.
It is our imagined judgment, not what the person actually thinks of us,
that makes us feel proud or ashamed of ourselves.
1. Looking-glass self Theory:

45. 1- Actual appraisals
what other people think of
us (ex :another person thinks
you are attractive )
2. The Reflected Appraisal Model
2- perceived appraisals.
(you are aware of this)
3- self-appraisals
(you think you are attractive. )

46. The Reflected Appraisal Model. In this model, what
other people think of us (actual appraisals) influences
our self-appraisals indirectly, via perceived appraisals.
Perceived
Appraisals
Self Appraisals
Actual
Appraisals

47. People actively create self-verifying impressions in others
Occur when our self-views are influenced by what other people
think of us; self-verification occurs when our self-views influence what
other people think of us
People do not passively accept other people’s opinions of them
3. Reflected Appraisals and self-
verification theory

48. Your View of My Intelligence
Reflected Appraisals
Self-Verification
My View of My Intelligence
Reflected Appraisal Self- Verification Figure

49. Introspection is a road to self-knowledge.
People attempt to learn about themselves by directly consulting their
thoughts, feelings, motives, and desires.
For example, I want to know whether I’m a sentimental person. I can
look inward and ask myself how I generally feel at weddings, college
graduations, and other occasions that are relevant to sentimentality. If I
feel soft and warm on these occasions, I conclude that I am a
sentimental person
Source of Self-knowledge :
D. Introspection

50.  Thinking too much about why we feel ,the way we do about some person, object, or issue can
sometimes confuse us and undermine accurate self-knowledge
 Why isn’t introspection always beneficial?
The most likely reason is that many of our preferences are guided by unconscious desires
rather than conscious ones
 Does this mean we should never think carefully before making a decision? Not necessarily.
Three ways to make a decision:
1. Decide immediately without thinking at all,
2. Give careful thought before deciding,
3. Take in all of the information but delay making a decision while thinking about
something else. ( “I’ll sleep on it.”)
Here, we allow ourselves to unconsciously deliberate about a decision without thinking about it
directly.
Source of Self-knowledge:
D. Introspection
1. Introspection and Decision-Making

51.  For many people, introspection most commonly occurs when they
write in a journal or diary.
 Write about significant topics initially experience more emotional
distress, they recover quickly and ultimately fare better than those who
write about superficial topics.
 Introspection is beneficial when it allows individuals to understand
and come to terms with a troubling personal experience
2. Introspection as a Therapeutic Process
Source of Self-knowledge:
D. Introspection

52. Thoughts and feelings are not the only source
of self-knowledge.
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception
According to Self Perception Theory
People also learn about themselves by examining their own
behavior

53. 6/6/2022
People learn about themselves by examining their own behavior (Bem, 1972).
Ex : If you ask me whether I like pop music. If I am a fan of this music, I would
immediately answer “Yes.”
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception Theory
The theory assumes that people acquire self-knowledge by:
1. passively observing their own behavior
2. drawing logical conclusions about why they behaved as they did
much as an outsider would
But if my feelings are not well-defined. To answer this question I might recall that I
frequently listen to pop music while driving in my car. So I answer “Yes, I like pop
music.”

54. 6/6/2022
 It is The explanations people give for their actions
 Causal attributions are answers to why questions (Weiner, 1985).
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception
1.Causal Attributions and Self-Perception
Ex : Imagine we see a person staggering as they walk across the
street. We ask, “Why?” Is it because the person is injured,
mentally unstable, physically challenged, drunk, or high on
drugs?
Explanation we settle on is a causal attribution
,we attribute the person’s behavior to a cause.

55. 6/6/2022
Disposition
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception: Causal attribution
Behavior can be due :
Disposition Situation
Is an enduring, inherent quality of a person, as the person’s character, personality
or ability.
Ex : if we decide that X came late to class because she is lazy and disorganized, we
have made a dispositional attribution for her behavior.

56. 6/6/2022
Is any factor that isn’t dispositional in nature.
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception: Causal attribution
Situation
If we say X came late to class because
she overslept (situational attributions)
Her roommate had taken her car (attributions
about other people)
Traffic was bad (the environment )

57. 6/6/2022
If the situation fully explains our own behavior, we refrain from
drawing an inference about ourselves;
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception: Causal attribution
If the situation cannot explain our behavior, we draw a
dispositional inference about what we are like

58. 6/6/2022
People with weak attitudes use their behavior to infer their attitudes.
Pro- environment
Group
Anti –environment
Group
Questionnaire about
Environment
Strong Attiude
Not Checked By behavior
Poor Attiude
Checked By behavior
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception: Self-Perception of Attitudes

59. 6/6/2022
Anxiety
Fear
Uneasiness
Source of Self-Knowledge:
E. Self-Perception of Emotion
Self-perception also explain emotional experiences.
According to Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation or label
Drill s Sound

60. 6/6/2022
a) consult the physical world
b) compare themselves with others (social comparison)
c) incorporate the opinions of others toward them (reflected appraisals)
d) look inward (introspection)
e) examine their behavior in the context in which it occurs and draw an
appropriate inference (self-perception ).
Source of Self- Knowledge
Summary
We have a number of ways people learn about themselves.
They can

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