3. Freestyle soccer

5. Consists of Adenosine and three phosphates Adenosine Triphosphate or (ATP) HIGH ENERGY BOND By breaking the bond energy is released. ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE

6. How is this energy bond broken down? ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE ATPase This then leaves Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate. ENERGY

7. As some energy is given off as heat, this reaction is an Summary Exothermic reaction Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate Phosphate Energy ATP ADP P Energy + + + +

8. … there is a limited supply of ATP within the muscle cell. Enough for 2-3 seconds of maximal effort. Unfortunately…

9. RATE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION ATP STORE CONCENTRATION OF ATP TIME 3 SECS 10 SECS 60 SECS 2 HRS

10. Therefore to keep supplying the body with energy, ATP has to be resynthesised.

12. Adenosine Diphosphate And free phosphate Phosphocreatine / Creatine Phosphate (PC) ATP-PC System or Alactic System ADENOSINE CREATINE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE Creatine Kinase PHOSPHATE + PHOSPHATE ENERGY

13. This energy system relies upon another energy rich compound also found in the muscle cell called Phosphocreatine OR Creatine Phosphate (PC) 1) Phosphocreatine is broken down in the muscle cell by the enzyme creatine kinase. 2) Creatine kinase has been stimulated by the increase in ADP and ‘free’ phosphates resulting from the breakdown of ATP. ATP-PC System or Alactic System

14. 3) The energy release from the breakdown of phosphocreatine is not used for muscle contraction, but instead is used to rebuild ATP. 4) This then means that ATP can be broken down to release energy.

15. Summary ADENOSINE P P P ATPase CREATINE P Creatine Kinase ADENOSINE ENERGY ENERGY ADENOSINE P P P

16. ATP-PC System or Alactic System is exhausted rapidly and can only last for between 3 and 10 seconds. ATP-PC SYSTEM CONCENTRATION OF ATP TIME 3 SECS 10 SECS 60 SECS 2 HRS ATP STORE

17. The system is therefore suited to activities that are high in intensity and short in duration .

18. The system is therefore suited to activities that are high in intensity and short in duration .

21. POGO STICK

22. BELT FLIPS

23. Advantages of the ATP-PC System to the Athlete ATP can be resynthesised very rapidly. PC stores are recovered very quickly, within 2-3 minutes of stopping exerise. The above means that high intensity can be used once again. It is an anaerobic process, therefore it doesn’t have to wait 3 minutes for sufficient oxygen to be present. No fatiguing by-products which could delay recovery. Some athletes may seek to extend the time they can use this system for through creatine supplements.

24. Disadvantages of the ATP-PC System to the Athlete There is only a limited supply of phosphocreatine stored in the muscles. Only sufficient PC available to resynthesise ATP for approx 10 seconds. Fatigue occurs when PC levels fall significantly. Resynthesis of PC can only take place when there is sufficient oxygen available.

25. How can this system be improved? Will increase stores of ATP and PC Will increase the activity of the ATPase and Creatine Kinase Sprint interval training Plyometrics Weight Training (80-85% of 1RM)

26. In addition some athletes will take creatine supplements to ensure there is a readily available supply of phosphocreatine in the muscle.

28. However… Abdominal cramps Bloating Dehydration Have been reported as side effects by athletes.

29. Do you allow players to use creatine? We have banned it. We don’t discuss our training methods. Some of our players have used it. It’s usage is laid down by our medics. No comment It is not club policy for players to use it. No comment Yes We do not use any nutritional supplements. It could be used.

31. What conclusions may be drawn about the levels of ATP-PC during intermittent exercise?

32. i) ATP-PC stores are exhausted rapidly in high intensity/short duration activities. 8-9 secs in average individual ii) Possible to achieve regeneration by up to 50% after 30 seconds rest iii) Can regenerate in game by walking or standing but supplies only go back up to approx 90% then down then back up to approx 80% then down etc.

33. If exercise continues after the 8-10 second threshold of the ATP-PC system, the muscles must rely on another source of energy to resynthesise ATP.

34. LACTIC ANAEROBIC PATHWAY. Once the PC stores have been depleted within the muscle, ATP must be resynthesised using another substance... Glycogen

35. Carbohydrate is eaten, CHO is made up of starch Starch is broken down into glucose in the gut Glucose is passed into the bloodstream and goes to the liver and muscles, where it is stored as… Glycogen

36. Glycogen Pyruvic Acid / Pyruvate Phosphofructokinase This break down of glycogen to release energy is called glycolysis. As it is performed in the absence of oxygen it is called anaerobic glycolysis. During this process of glycolysis, energy is released to resynthesise ATP. Enough energy is released to resysnthesise 2 x ATP

37. As this process takes place without oxygen, the pyruvic acid is converted into… Lactate (Lactic Acid) … by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

38. Phospho-fructokinase (PFK) Lactic anaerobic system Summary Glycogen Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid) Anaerobic Glycolysis Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Lactate (Lactic Acid) ENERGY P ADENOSINE P P ADENOSINE P P P

39. THIS SYSTEM IS USED FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN HIGH INTENSITY EVENTS LASTING BETWEEN 10 SECS AND UP TO 3 MINUTES

40. LACTIC ANAEROBIC SYSTEM RATE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION CONCENTRATION OF ATP TIME 3 SECS 10 SECS 60 SECS 2 HRS ATP STORE ATP-PC SYSTEM

41. Advantages of the Lactic Anaerobic System It is an anaerobic process, therefore it doesn’t have to wait for sufficient oxygen to be present. This system releases energy quickly, so can supply ATP for high intensity short term exercise such as 400m runner and 100m swimmer. It can be used for exercise between 10 seconds and 3 minutes, but peaks in events lasting approx 1 minute. During aerobic activities such as 10,000 metres, this system can be called upon to produce an extra burst of energy during the race or at the end for a sprint finish.

42. Disdvantages of the Lactic Anaerobic System This system builds up lactate (lactic acid), this can cause the enzymes that operate during glycolysis ie (PFK) to stop working properly, which inhibits energy production. The intensity of exercise must be reduced or even stopped to allow the body to rid itself of lactate. This system only releases approx 5% of the energy in a glycogen molecule as it is without oxygen. The remaining 95% of energy in a glycogen molecule can only be released in the presence of oxygen … … The Aerobic System

43. How can this system be improved? Will increase stores of muscle glycogen Will increase number of glycolytic enzymes (PFK) Interval training Fartlek training Weight Training (65-85% of 1RM)

46. ATP-PC System. Phosphocreatine is stored in the muscles. PC is broken down by creatine kinase to produce energy. Energy is used to resynthesise ATP. ATP can then be broken down into ADP and a free phosphate to produce energy which can be used for muscular contractions. This is an anaerobic system, no oxygen is involved.