Rio+kyoto

RIO+20 AND KYOTO PROTOCOL
PRESENTATION BY
HARI SHARMA (luitel)
M-Tech (Environmental Engineering)
LPU
Hari Luitel (Mtech Environmental
Engineering)

RIO+20
• The Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil in 1992. Therefore it is also known as
RIO .
• Rio+20 – also called as United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development.
• It took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June
2012
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Why is Rio+20 important?
• If we are to leave a liveable world to our children and
grandchildren, the challenges of widespread poverty and
environmental destruction need to be tackled now.
• The world today has 7 billion people – by 2050, there will be 9
billion.
• One out of every five people – 1.4 billion – currently lives on $1.25
a day or less.
• A billion and half people in the world don’t have access to
electricity.
• Two and a half billion people don’t have a toilet.
• Almost a billion people go hungry every day.
• Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and more than a third
of all known species could go extinct if climate change continues
unchecked.
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What was the objective of RIO+20?
• By this conference UN wanted to bring together
governments, international institutions and major
(NGO) groups to agree on a range of smart
measures for
• poverty reduction
• clean energy
• Sustainable development. And this Sustainable
Development has three pillars
– economic development,
– social development
– environmental protection.
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• AT Rio+20, more than $513 billion was
pledged to build a sustainable future. It
signaled a major step forward in achieving the
future we want.
• "Rio+20 has given us a solid platform to build
on. And it has given us the tools to build
with. The work starts now"
• – UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
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What is sustainable development?
• You might have seen one ad in which a kid and his
dad are sitting in the car. They’re waiting for the
green light but dad has kept the car engine on.
The kid says “when I grow up, I’ll open a bicycle
repair shop, because the way you’re using petrol,
there won’t be any left for future generation.”
• Sustainable Development is reverse of that.
• Sustainable development means, meeting the
needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
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Themes
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will focus on two main themes
• How to build a green economy to
achieve sustainable development
• How to lift people out of poverty, including
support for developing countries for taking
‘green’ path for development.
• Seven priority areas
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Jobs
• Economic recession has taken a toll on jobs
• There will be over 500 million job seekers over
the next 10 years.
• There is need to create more “Green jobs”=
jobs in agriculture, industry, services and
administration that can save the environment.
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Energy
• Energy is essential for jobs security, climate
change, food production or increasing
incomes. (poverty reduction)
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Cities
• Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture,
science, productivity, social development and
much more.
• Cities have enabled people to advance socially
and economically.
• But Common city challenges include
congestion, lack of basic services, poor
hygiene and sanitation, unsafe drinking water.
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Food
• Climate change is putting even more pressure
on food security.
• On earth there will be additional 2 billion
people by 2050.
• Right now, our soils, freshwater, oceans,
forests and biodiversity are being rapidly
degraded to increase the food production.
• So Rio 20 is the place to rethink how we grow,
share and consume our food.
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Water
• There is sufficient fresh water on the planet.
• But due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, every year
millions of people, most of them children, die from diseases
associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene
• Water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation
negatively impact food security, livelihood choices and educational
opportunities for poor families across the world
• Drought afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries, worsening
hunger and malnutrition.
• By 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country
affected by chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water.
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Oceans
• Our rainwater, drinking water, weather,
climate, coastlines, much of our food, and
even the oxygen in the air we breathe, are all
ultimately provided and regulated by the sea.
• Oceans and seas have been vital conduits for
trade and transportation. Careful
management of this essential global resource
is a key feature of a sustainable future
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Disasters
• Disasters are caused by earthquakes, floods,
droughts, hurricanes, tsunamis etc.
• They have devastating impacts on people,
environments and economies.
• Smart choices help us recover from disasters,
while poor choices make us more vulnerable.
• These choices relate to how we grow our food,
where and how we build our homes, how our
financial system works, what we teach in schools
and more. Therefore RIO 20 aims to change the
way these choices are made.
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Why this urgency????
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Sprawling Mexico City rolls across the landscape, displacing every scrap of
natural habitat
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Consumer culture spreads to the
global south
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Industrial livestock production in Brazil
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Former old-growth forest leveled for reservoir
development, Willamette National Forest, Oregon
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Depleting oil fields are yet another symptom of ecological
overshoot as seen at the Kern River Oil Field in California
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Aerial view of an oil fire following the 2010 Deepwater
Horizon oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico
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Ground zero in the war on nature – cattle graze among the
burning Amazon jungle in Brazil
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On Midway Atoll, far from the centres of world commerce, an albatross, dead
from ingesting too much plastic, decays on the beach – it is a common sight
on the remote island
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As far as the eye can see, greenhouses cover the landscape in Almeria, Spain
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No room for nature, the entire landscape is devoted to crop production in
China
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Indonesian surfer Dede Surinaya catches a wave in a remote but
garbage-covered bay on Java, Indonesia, the world’s most
populated island
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Slum-dwelling residents of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, face bleak living conditions in the
western hemisphere’s poorest country
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Sometimes called the Brazil of the North, Canada has not been
kind to its native forests as seen by clear-cut logging on
Vancouver Island
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………….
• India does not want legally binding
commitments or targets for sustainable
development
• We want something like Copenhagen Accord.
Recall Kyoto Protocol Article]
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WTO subsidy
• WTO comes into the RIO 20 picture because
international trade is important for sustainable
Development and poverty removal.
Anyways, idea/problem/crux is this
• WTO wants that there should be free flow of goods and
services between nations, without heavy taxes/import
duty etc. things.
• But USA gives heavy subsidies to its farmers, so they
can grow and sell cotton and corn very cheaply. So if
there is a totally free system, US can flood its agro
products in India, and our farmers cannot compete.
India doesn’t like this and wants protection.
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Give us the damn secret technology!
• Apart from that, India also wants need for greater
representation of developing countries, in the
Bretton Woods Institutions ..
• Most environment-friendly/green technologies
are with the developed countries.
• RIO 20 should facilitate the transfer of these
technologies from developed countries (US) to
developing countries (India) on concessional
terms (i.e. @reasonable price).
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Don’t lecture us in Subsidy
• In practice governments of developing countries give
subsidies in merit goods for e.g. food, public health,
drinking water and primary education and agriculture
etc.
• For example cheap diesel and electricity to farmers,
concessional bus and railway passes for students,
kerosene and ration to poor people and so on.
• India says that these subsidies should be left to the
sovereign rights of the States as per national policies
and circumstance. (and RIO 20 or any other
international conference shouldn’t put any limit, target
or legal commitment on it.)
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You’ll not decide our Sectoral
priorities
• Example of sectoral priorities= poverty eradication,
afforestation, watershed development in dry lands, rural
connectivity, mass transport, protecting biodiversity, clean
water, rural connectivity, creation of post-harvest
management facilities, rural renewable energy systems and
so on.
• India feels that Sectoral priorities are a matter of national
choice, based on the stage of development, national
circumstances, domestic resource availability, and external
support both technical and financial.
• So RIO 20 shouldn’t lecture that “you should first give
priority to mass transport and then to land degradation.
And you should allot xyz% of your GDP in this sector etc.”
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Outcome of the summit
• The primary result of the conference was
the nonbinding document titled “The Future We Want“
• Under this 49 paged document, the nations agreed on
283 topics.
• It is all lawyer-ish, diplomatic, verbose thing. Similar to
President’s speech before 26th January and PM’s
speech from Red Ford on 15thAugust…”We
acknowledge this, we reaffirm our commitment to
that…and blah blah blah.” Just like the pack of
Cheetos/potato chips- the plastic bag looks very big
and voluminous but nutritional value is close to zero.
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Anyways, here are the important
E-governance
• Information and communication technology (ICT)
is important for the flow of information between
governments and the public. So we’ll work
toward improved access to ICT, especially broad-
band network and services, and bridge the digital
divide.
• We’ll strengthen UN Environment Programme
(UNEP) and give it more voluntary fund (money).
• We encourage each country to consider the
implementation of green economy policies
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Transport
• We’ll improve Public Mass transport system (bus,
railway) with clean fuels and vehicles for efficient
movement of people and goods, particularly from
in rural areas. Because environmentally sound,
safe and affordable transportation is important
for sustainable Development.
• In cities, we’ll try for affordable housing, clean
drinking water and sanitation; healthy air quality;
generation of decent jobs; and improved urban
planning and slum upgrading.
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Healthcare
• We’ll try to provide universal health coverage.
• We’ll strengthen our fight against communicable
diseases like AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, influenza,
polio and other
• We’ll strengthen our national policies for the
prevention and control of non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) like cancers, heart attack, high BP and diabetes.
• We recognize that reducing water and chemical
pollution leads to positive effects on health.
• We commit to reduce maternal and child mortality, and
to improve the health of women, men, youth and
children
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Jobs
• We recognize the importance of job creation
• We call on countries to enhance infrastructure
investment
• we support national efforts to provide new job
opportunities to the poor in both rural and urban areas
• workers should have access to education, skills,
healthcare, social security, fundamental rights
,occupational safety and health.
• We’ll promote and protect the human rights and
fundamental freedom of all migrants regardless of the
migration status
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Oceans
• We therefore commit to protect, and restore, the health,
productivity of oceans and marine ecosystems.
• We are committed to United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), provides the legal framework for
the conservation and the sustainable use of the oceans.
• We recognize the importance of the conservation and
sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond areas of
national jurisdiction.
• We’ll take initiatives to fix ocean acidification and the
impacts of climate change on marine and coastal
ecosystems.
• We’ll take action against illegal, unreported and
unregulated (IUU) fishing activities.
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,,,,,,,,,,,,
• We’ll help Least developed countries (L.D.C) in
mass transport and energy infrastructure.
• We’ll establish early warning systems as part
of effective disaster risk to reduce economic
and social damages
• we’ll launch the Green Climate Fund. It’ll help
technology development and transfer and
capacity-building in developing countries
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Wildlife
• We’ll encourage investment in sustainable
tourism, eco -tourism and cultural tourism,
• We’ll fight illicit trafficking in wildlife (under
CITES)
• We’ll fight Desertification, land degradation
and drought.
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Chemical waste
• We’ll make national polices on sound
management of chemicals and waste- such as
electronic waste and plastics
• We reduce, reuse and recycle waste (3Rs) the
electronic waste and plastics
• We’ll phase-out of ozone depleting substances
(ODS) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
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Mining
• minerals and metals make a major
contribution to the world economy and
modern societies.
• governments need strong capacities to
develop, manage, and regulate their mining
industries in the interest of sustainable
development.
• We’ll prevent the illicit financial flows from
mining activities.
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agriculture
• We’ll enhance agricultural research, training
and education to improve agricultural
productivity
• We’ll take microcredit initiatives for the poor.
• We underline the need to address floods,
droughts, and water scarcity.
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Women
• Women have a vital role to play in achieving sustainable
development. we resolve to promote gender equality and
women’s empowerment.
• Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
• we commit to creating an enabling environment for
improving the situation of women and girls everywhere,
particularly in rural areas and ethnic minorities.
• We invite donors, international organizations like the UN to
support gender equality and women’s empowerment
projects in developing countries
• We’ll promote Sustainable Development awareness among
youth, for non-formal education.
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SDGs
• Millenium Development goals will expire in
2015. So We’ll form a group to create new set
of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• These Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
should be action-oriented, concise and easy to
communicate, limited in number,
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Corruption
• We’ll fight corruption and illicit financial flows
at both the national and international levels
because it vital for poverty eradication, the
fight against hunger and sustainable
development.
• We’ll fully implement the United Nations
Convention against Corruption.
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International Trade
• We also urge them to addressing important
issues affecting international trade, such as,
trade distorting subsidies and trade in
environmental goods and services. (JUST LIKE
India WANTED)
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Criticism
• RIO+20 outcome has been severely criticised
for being devoid of any goals or action. It has
been dubbed “Rio minus 20″ or “The future
wedon’t want”.
• RIO +20 did not deliver legally binding
commitments, just forming more groups and
stating, repeating and and rephrasing the
obvious.
• Ban Ki Moo said in the summit:
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,,,,,,,,,
• old model for economic development and
social advancement is broken. Let us not
forget the scarcest resource of all: time. We
are running out of time. We no longer have
the luxury to defer difficult decisions.
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From US / Western point of view
• India and China are trillion dollar nations (GDP
wise) and yet they always play the “developing
nation poor people victim card” and oppose
legally binding commitments. They can and
should take more initiatives given their power
economies.
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• India has the edge to contribute globally, especially in
the areas of decentralised energy access, mobile
telephony, distant healthcare delivery, e-governance
and digital information services.
• (AND YET) I’ve not heard India’s voice here at all. It
seems we are happy with the situation and want the
status quo to be maintained.
• We are losing our leadership edge.
• India has to stop hiding behind the poor. India will
continue to be one of the most promising economies
for the next 30 years. India should wake up to seize the
opportunity and try to be a “real” world leader.
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KYOTO PROTOCOL
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HOW?
• The nations, who’ve signed UNFCCC
convention, meet every year to discuss
climate change strategy.
• These meetings are called Conference of the
Parties (COP)
• The first COP (COP 1) was held in Berlin.
• Third COP (COP 3) held in Kyoto, Japan. It was
here the famous Kyoto Protocol came in to
existence.
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idea
• Kyoto protocol wants the Industrialised
nations to reduce their green house gas
emission by around 5.2% by 2012. (measured
against 1990 levels)
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What is “common but differentiated
responsibilities”?
• The developed countries such as US,UK have already
polluted the atmosphere with greenhouse gases
(GHGs) through industrialization. So they’re the one
who created/started global warming and all the mess.
• While Developing countries (India and Brazil) have
started polluting the world only recently.
• Therefore, the developing countries such as India,
Brazil should share less of the burden of lowering
overall emissions.
• And Developed countries (US,UK) should bear more
responsibility in fixing this global warming mess etc.
because they’re the one more responsible for it.
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……………
• So, while it is the “Common” responsibility of
every nation of this world, to reduce Green
house gas emission, but there should be some
difference between the responsibility given to
developed countries and developing
countries.
• Kyoto Protocol follows that principle and
assigns separate responsibilities to the
countries.
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Annex I
• List of industrialized countries and economies
in transition: US, France, Japan etc.
• These countries had pledged to reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by
the year 2000
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Annex II
• A sub-group of Annex 1 Countries, these
Annex II countries are required to give
financial assistance and technology to the
developing countries (non-Annex countries).
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Non Annex
• Developing countries like India, Brazil, China.
• They donot have compulsory binding targets
to reduce green house gas emission, although
they are encouraged to do it.
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Annex A
• Carbon dioxide (CO2);
• Methane (CH4);
• Nitrous oxide (N2O);
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
•
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Annex B
• This gives the Annex I countries (Developed
countries) – compulsory binding targets to
reduce green house gas emission.
• For example USA is required to cut down its
emission by 7%
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Kyoto protocol: How does it actually
work?
• Under Kyoto Protocol, each Annex-B country is
given emission target “quota” (Kyoto Units).
• For example, for the year 2009, Australia’s
allowed quota was 2,957,579,143 Kyoto units.
• each unit is equivalent to 1 ton of carbon
dioxide.
• Now, as long as Australia emits that much
green house gas= no problem.
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• So first of all, Australian Government should
do all steps to make sure it doesn’t cross that
quota for example
• How??
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• Making compulsory anti-pollution laws: for example a
Tire making company with daily output of 200 tires
must not emit more than 200 tonnes of green house
gas per year.
• Promoting solar energy, reducing tax on solar cells,
wind mill equipments etc.
• If a family buys second car then it will have to pay
higher tax (just like China’s one child policy but with
cars!)
• if a kid is found bunking his college lecture and
loitering on his motorbike then he’ll be fined for
polluting the environment.
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,,,,
• But even after all these measures, if Australia
wants to emit more green house gas, then it
will have to buy additional ‘quota or units’
from another country. Kyoto Protocol allows
three mechanisms to do so.
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#1 Emissions Trading / Carbon Trading
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• Suppose two Annex B parties are Japan and Australia.
• Japan was given quota of 100 units
• And Australia was given quota of 200 units.
• But Austrialian Government is unable to maintain this limit
and Australia emits 210 units of green house gas, in given
year.
• On the other side, Japanese Government takes very strong
steps to control emission and hence they only emit 90 units
of Green House gas. So it has spare 10 Kyoto Units.
• Now, under Emission trading system, Australia can buy this
10 spare kyoto units from Japan and thus remain within its
limit.
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………..
• Suppose steel factory cannot emit more than 1 ton of
Green house gas
• Tire company cannot emit more than 2 tonnes of green
house gas.
• So if tire company owner buys superfine machinaries that
produce less gas so he has some spare credit/quota (say 1
ton)
• While Steel factory emits more than its allowed quota
(suppose it was allowed 2 tonnes but emitted 3 tonnes)
• Then the steel company can pay the tire company and get a
certificate that we’ve purchase 1 ton quota from this xyz
tire company. This Is the essence of “Carbon Trading.”
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#2 Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM)
• Suppose Annex B country Australia is given
emission quota of 200 units, but it emits 210
units of green house gas.
• But Australia can finance a solar power project
in some village of India (Non-Annex or
developing Country) and get certificate that
the solar plant led to reduction of 10 units of
green house gas. In this way, Australia will
remain in its quota/limit.
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……………..
• Similarly, suppose Australian Government has
passed a law that a steel production company
with output of 200 tonnes of steel per a day,
must not emit more than 10 units of green house
gas in a year.
– But this company wants to produce more steel, then
its green house gas emission has increased to 11 units.
(1 more unit above the quota)
– So this company can also do some solar-projects in
India, Brazil etc. and get a certificate that it has led to
reduction of 1 unit of GHG emission. = problem
solved.
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#3 Joint Implementation (JI)
• This is identical to CDM.
• In CDM, Australia can do good project in a
non-Annex country (developing country) e.g.
India.
• In Joint Implementation, Australia can do the
good project in another Annex B country e.g.
Japan to meet the quota
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Why USA did not ratify Kyoto
Protocol?
• US President George W Bush refused to ratify
Kyoto protocol saying that it would gravely
damage the US economy.
• for example a US steel company would need to
either buy Carbon Credits from another company
or invest in some projects in a developing
country), while an Indian or Chinese Steel
company has no such obligation so their cost of
production = low, hence they can sell their
products @lower MRP = US steel company will
loose customers.
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Canada Quits Kyoto protocol
• n 2011, Canada, become the first country to
quit the Kyoto Protocol on climate change,
saying the 1997 accord was handicapped
because top green house emitters like the
United States and China not covered by it.
• Because USA has refused to ratify the treaty
and China being an Annex II country –has no
compulsory responsibility to cut down
emission.
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• The First commitment period of Kyoto ended in
2012.
• That’s why (COP18, Doha, Qatar in Nov’2012)
was held.
• It established a second commitment period of the
Kyoto Protocol, which will begin on January 1,
2013 and end either on December 2017 or
December 2020.
• Japan, Russia and Canada refused to join the
second commitment period under the Kyoto
Protocol.
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United States
• China is the world leader in total annual Green House
Gas emissions
• U.S. is second.
• EU is third.
• United States is the only Annex I country that has not
ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
• In line with the Copenhagen Accord, the U.S. has
pledged a 17% reduction in GHG emissions, against a
2005 baseline, by 2020. (but this is not legally binding).
• As we saw earlier, US is not in favour of any legally
binding commitments
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BASIC Countries
• Brazil, South Africa, India and China,
• this group includes the world’s major emerging
economies and some of its largest emitters
• together, the group accounts for around 30% of
global GHG emissions.
• BASIC countries, along with the US, were the
authors of the Copenhagen Accord and will
continue to be some of the most influential
players in the negotiations.
• All of the BASIC countries have ratified the Kyoto
Protocol.
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• But they’re not under any binding obligation to
meet a specified target. (because these countries
are not part of Annex B countries of Kyoto
Protocol).
• Under the Copenhagen Accord, China and India
have pledged to reduce their carbon intensity—
the amount of GHG emissions per unit GDP—by
40-45% and 20-25%, respectively, against 2005
levels by 2020. (again not legally binding).
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….
• European Union (EU)
• EU is a Party to both the Convention and the
Kyoto Protocol.
• EU is the 3rd largest GHG polluter, accounting
for about 12% of global emissions
• EU states have ratified Kyoto.
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Alliance of Small Island State (AOSIS)
• Not really a ‘player’, these are the
future victims if green house gas emission is
not reduced.
• AOSIS is an team of 43 small island and low-
lying coastal countries (Barbuda, Bahamas,
Barbados, Cuba etc.)
• More green house gas = rise in global
temperature = ice melts= sea level rise =many
of these areas to become uninhabitable.
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Important fact sheet
• 20% of the world's population consumes 80% of its
resources.
• The world spends 12 times more on military
expenditures than on aid to developing countries.
• 5,000 people a day die because of dirty drinking water.
1 billion people have no access to safe drinking water.
Nearly 1 billion people are going hungry.
• Over 50% of grain traded around the world is used for
animal feed or biofuels.
•
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…..
• 40% of arable land has suffered long-term damage.
• Every year, 13 million hectares of forest disappear. 1
mammal in 4, 1 bird in 8, 1 amphibian in 3 are
threatened with extinction.
• Species are dying out at a rhythm 1,000 times faster
than the natural rate.
• Three quarters of fishing grounds are exhausted,
depleted or in dangerous decline.
• The average temperature of the last 15 years has been
the highest ever recorded. The ice cap is 40% thinner
than 40 years ago There may be at least 200 million
climate refugees by 2050.
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……
• Ninety-five percent of soy farms in the
Amazon region, which has shrunk by 20% in
the last 40 years, goes to Europe for livestock
and poultry. So a forest is turned into meat.
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Too late to be a pessimist.???
• Worldwide, 4 children out of 5 attend school.
• Never has learning been given to so many
human beings.
• Antarctica is a continent with immense natural
resources that no country can claim for itself,
a natural reserve devoted to peace and
science. A treaty signed by 49 states has made
it a treasure shared by all humanity.
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…………
• Governments have acted to protect nearly 2% of
territorial waters. It's not much but it's 2 times
more than 10 years ago.
• More than 75% of paper is recycled.
• Costa Rica has made a choice between military
spending and land conservation. The country no
longer has an army. It prefers to devote its
resources to education, ecotourism and the
protection of its primary forest.
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Every one can make a contribution..
• when trade is fair, when both buyer and seller
benefit, everybody can prosper and earn a
decent living. How can there be justice and
equity between people whose only tools are
their hands and those who harvest their crops
with a machine and state subsidies? Let's be
responsible consumers. Think about what we
buy!
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………….
• eco-friendly district.
• 80% of the energy we consume comes from
fossil energy sources. Every week, two new
coal-fired generating plants are built in China
alone.
• In Denmark, a prototype of a coal-fired plant
that releases carbon into the soil rather than
the air. A solution for the future?
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……….
• In Iceland, an electricity plant powered by the
Earth's heat. Geothermal power.
• sea snake lying on the swell to absorb the
energy of the waves and produce electricity.
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Wave energy
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…….
• wind farms off Denmark's coast that produce
20% of the country's electricity.
• The USA, China, India, Germany and Spain are
the biggest investors in renewable energy.
They have already created over 2. 5 million
jobs.
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…….
• Everything on Earth is linked, and the Earth is
linked to the sun, its original energy source.
Can humans not imitate plants and capture its
energy?
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……
• In one hour, the sun gives the Earth the same
amount of energy as that consumed by all
humanity in one year. As long as the Earth
exists, the sun's energy will be inexhaustible.
All we have to do is stop drilling the Earth and
start looking to the sky. All we have to do is
learn to cultivate the sun.
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…….
• It's time to come together. What's important
is not what's gone, but what remains. We still
have half the world's forests, thousands of
rivers, lakes and glaciers, and thousands of
thriving species. We know that the solutions
are there today. We all have the power to
change. So what are we waiting for?
Engineering)

Thank you
Engineering)

Rio+kyoto

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