The document provides details on the design of a 750 meter flexible pavement in India. It includes soil tests, layer designs, thickness calculations using CBR and traffic values, and a cost estimate. A drum mix plant overview is also included to mix asphalt for pavement construction. Key steps are conducting CBR, sieve analysis and density tests; designing layers per IRC codes; determining 635mm thickness from charts; and estimating a total cost of 13.06 lakhs rupees.
5. INTRODUCTION
What is a ROAD ?
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or
way on land between two places
that has been paved or otherwise
improved to allow travel by foot or
some form of conveyance,
including a motor vehicle, cart,
bicycle, or horse etc.
PAVEMENT
A structure consisting of
superimposed layers of processed
materials above the natural soil
subgrade, whose primary function is
to distribute the applied vehicle loads
to the sub-grade.
6. TYPES OF PAVEMENT
There are two types of pavement as
follows:
1.Flexible Pavements: Flexible
pavement can be defined as the
one consisting of a mixture of
asphaltic or bituminous material
and aggregates.
2. Rigid Pavements: A rigid
pavement is constructed from
cement concrete or reinforced
concrete slabs.
8. Properties Flexible Rigid
Design
Principle
Empirical method
Based on load distribution
characteristics.
Designed and
analyzed by using the
elastic
theory
Material Granular material Made of Cement
Concrete reinforced
or pre stressed
concrete
Excessive
Loading
Local depression Causes Cracks
Design
Practice
Constructed in number of
layers
Laid in slabs with
steel reinforcement
Opening to
Traffic
Road can be used for
traffic
within 24 hours
Road cannot be used
until 14 days of curing
Stress Transmits vertical and Tensile Stress and
9. LEVELLING
ï AUTO LEVEL: An auto level is similar to the dumpy
level, with its telescope fixed to the tribrach.
For more precise leveling of the instrument a
spirit level is attached to the telescope. It is used to
measure the reduced level of any plane. Using the
formula :
Height of the Instrument = Back sight+ Reduced Level
i.e. HI = BS + RL
Here, considering BM= 100
10.
11.
12.
13. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
ï To meet the above mentioned objectives of the present study,
following steps are adopted:
ï 1. We have used California Bearing Ratio Method for designing
the Flexible Pavement. With the help of this method we have
found the thickness of pavement.
ï 2. The Codes for designing of flexible pavement used are IRC
37:2001 â (Guidelines for the Design of Flexible), IS: 20:2007.
ï 3. The instruments used are Auto level, Prismatic Compass for
survey work.
ï 4. The Height of Instrument Method is used for leveling purpose
of the ground surface.
ï 5. Mid Sectional Area Method is used for Estimating the
earthwork
14. TESTS
ï There are several types of tests which are as
follows:
1. CBR Test
2. Sieve Analysis
3. Dry Density Test
4. Bitumen Test
15. ï DEFINITION OF C.B.R. :-
It is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate a
soil mass with standard circular piston at the rate of 1.25
mm/min. to that required for the corresponding
penetration of a standard material.
C.B.R. = Test load/Standard load X 100
ï The same samples were further tested for CBR using Static
Compaction with 56 blows by standard rammer of 2.6 kg.
1. CBR TEST
20. 3. Maximum Dry Density Test
ï Test pits were excavated
ï Maximum dry density (MDD) corresponding optimum
moisture content (OMC) were determined using standard
compaction method and modified method in accordance
with IS:10074:1987, BIS 270 (Part-VIII)
23. PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
ï Bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid
or semi-solid form of petroleum.
ï It may be found in natural deposits or may be a
refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the
20th century, the term asphalt was also used
ï It consists chiefly high molecular weight
hydrocarbons derived from distillation of petroleum
or natural asphalt.
ï Bitumen is often confused with Tar.
ï Tars are resides from the destructive distillation of
organic substances such as coal, wood, or
25. ï±Seal Coat: The seal coat has to be provided which is
a thin surface treatment used to water-proof the
surface and to provide skid resistance.
ï±Tack Coat: It coat is very light application of asphalt,
usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It must be
thin, uniformly cover the entire surface, and set very
fast.
ï±Prime Coat: Prime coat provides bonding between
two layers which penetrates into the layer below,
plugs the voids, and forms a water tight surface.
Thatâs why both prime coat and tack coat has to be
provided. They both have different functions.
26. ï Surface course
Surface course is the layer directly in contact with
traffic loads and generally contains superior quality
materials. They are usually constructed with dense
graded asphalt concrete(AC).
ï Binder course
This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete
structure. It's chief purpose is to distribute load to the
base course The binder course generally consists of
aggregates having less asphalt and doesn't require
quality as high as the surface course, so replacing a
part of the surface course by the binder course results
in more economical design.
27. ï Base course
The base course is the layer of material immediately
beneath the surface of binder course and it provides
additional load distribution and contributes to the sub-
surface drainage It may be composed of crushed stone,
crushed slag, and other untreated or stabilized materials.
ï Sub-Base course
The sub-base course is the layer of material beneath the
base course and the primary functions are to provide
structural support, improve drainage. A sub-base course is
not always needed or used.
ï Sub-grade
The top soil or sub-grade is a layer of natural soil prepared
to receive the stresses from the layers above. It is essential
that at no time soil sub-grade is overstressed. It should be
compacted to the desirable density, near the optimum
moisture content.
28. Design of a Flexible Pavement:
ï A Flexible Pavement of 750 meters patch is being
designed in accordance with the charts in IRC 37-2012.
With reference to the Geotechnical tests and traffic
survey performed, the important parameters and their
values are determined, & on that basis, the design of
the pavement is done.
ï Though, the available width is taken as 4.5 meters, in
which the carriageway width is taken as 3.7 meters and
shoulders on the either side of the road as 1.00 meters,
and also the provision of the side drains is made as
well.
29. Computation of Design Traffic
ï The design traffic is considered in terms of the cumulative
number of standard axles(in the lane carrying maximum traffic)
to be carried during the design life of the road. This can be
computed using the following equation:-
N = 365 x [ (1+r)n â 1] x A x D x F/r
Where,
N = Cumulative number of Standard axles to be catered in the
design in terms of use.
A = Initial traffic in the year of completion of construction in
terms of the number of commercial vehicles per day.
D = Lane distribution factor
R = Annual growth rate of commercial vehicles
F = Vehicle damage factor
N = Design life in years
30.
31. Design Data
1.) According to the test results, the C.B.R. value of the
sub-grade soil is found to be =2.93 %
2.) Traffic Vehicle per Day is assumed to be 100 CVPD.
3.) Traffic growth rate, to be taken as 2%.
4.) Vehicle Damage Factor, for plain terrain = 3.5
5.) Design Life = 10 Years.
6.) Distribution Factor = 0.75
7.) Single Lane Road.
32. ï So the Flexible Pavement thickness according to
IRC 37-2012 for 1.05 msa is 635mm.
33. ESTIMATION AND COSTING
S.N
o
Particulars Length
(m)
Broa
d
(m)
Depth
(m)
Quantity
(cum)
Rate
(Rs)
Amount
1 Subgrade Lime
Stabilization for
Improving
subgrade
750 4.5 0.335 1130.625 157 177,508.125
2 Granular Sub
Base with Coarse
Graded Material
750 4.5 0.225 759.375 719 545,990.625
3 Base coarse
Bituminous
Macadam
750 3.7 0.050 138.75 799 110,861.25
4 Surface coarse
Bituminous
Macadam
750 3.7 0.025 69.375 6808 472,305
5 Total Cost 13,06,665
34. PLANT OVERVIEW
ï For the construction of bitumen concrete pavement there is
requirement of mix plant which ready the material for
laying the pavement.
Types of Plant :
1.Batch Mix Plant
2.Drum Mix Plant
Weâll use DRUM MIX PLANT for mixing the materials.
35. DRUM MIX PLANT
ï The name of the plant is DRUM MIX 5O.
ï In this there is a cylindrical drum in which mixing is done.
36.
37. PARTS OF DRUM MIX
PLANT
ï Water Pump
ï Gathering Conveyer
ï Slinger Conveyer
ï Drum
ï Load out Conveyer
ïExhauster
ïFeeder
ïBitumen Tank
ïTemperature Gun
