materi smester 1

1. Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy
System UrogenitalSystem Urogenital

2. Urogenital SystemUrogenital System
 Ducts of excretory andDucts of excretory and
reproductive systemsreproductive systems
 are intimately associatedare intimately associated
Embryonic and evolutionary development of
kidneys in vertebrates

3. Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney
 Archinephros- primitive excretoryArchinephros- primitive excretory
kidney organkidney organ
 Filtration systemFiltration system
 Archinephric duct- drains to cloaca orArchinephric duct- drains to cloaca or
bladderbladder
Hypothetical archinephros .

4. Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney (con’t)(con’t)
 PronephrosPronephros
 11stst
tubules to appeartubules to appear
 Anteriorly located; head kidneyAnteriorly located; head kidney
 Involutes to form lymphoidal massInvolutes to form lymphoidal mass
 Only functions temporarilyOnly functions temporarily
 All tubules associated with pronephrosAll tubules associated with pronephros
 Pronephric (archinephric) duct drainsPronephric (archinephric) duct drains
pronephrospronephros
Pronephros region of primitive
kidney.

5. Fate of nephrogenic mesoderm (red)
Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney (con’t)(con’t)
Pronephric, mesonephric, and
metanephric system relationships.

6. Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney (con’t)(con’t)
 Ductus efferens:Ductus efferens:
 Pronephric ductPronephric duct
 Mesonephric ductMesonephric duct
 Archinephric ductArchinephric duct
 Anterior portion ofAnterior portion of
mesonephric tubules usedmesonephric tubules used
in male reproductivein male reproductive
systemsystem
Urogenital system and adrenal glands of male frog.

7. Mesonephric kidneys with mesonephric duct
(black) carrying sperm and/or urine .
Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney (con’t)(con’t)

8. Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney (con’t)(con’t)
 MesonephrosMesonephros
(opisthonephros)- kidney mass(opisthonephros)- kidney mass
caudal to pronephric regioncaudal to pronephric region
 Functional adult kidney of fishFunctional adult kidney of fish
and amphibiansand amphibians
 Opisthonephros in sharksOpisthonephros in sharks
 Drained by mesonephricDrained by mesonephric
(archinephric) duct(archinephric) duct
Mesonephric duct of opossum embryo
Mesonephros of Urodele

9. Primitive KidneyPrimitive Kidney (con’t)(con’t)
 Accessory urinary ductsAccessory urinary ducts
 Tubules also in reproductive sys.Tubules also in reproductive sys.
 Path for sperm to enter mesonephric duct (sperm duct)Path for sperm to enter mesonephric duct (sperm duct)
Mesonephric kidneys with separate sperm duct
(red)

10. Amniote KidneyAmniote Kidney
 PronephrosPronephros
 LostLost
 MesonephrosMesonephros
 Mainly an embryonic kidneyMainly an embryonic kidney
 Involutes at birthInvolutes at birth
 Metanephric kidneyMetanephric kidney
 Takes over functions of mesonephrosTakes over functions of mesonephros
 Ureter- new duct drains met. kidneyUreter- new duct drains met. kidney
Metanephric kidney assuming superior position
to remainder of urogenital system.

11. Amniote KidneyAmniote Kidney (con’t)(con’t)
 Mesonephric ductMesonephric duct
 Sperm duct in malesSperm duct in males
 Ductus deferens in amphibiansDuctus deferens in amphibians
 Vas deferens in mammalsVas deferens in mammals
 Terminate at cloacaTerminate at cloaca
 Most amniotesMost amniotes
 Not higher vertebratesNot higher vertebrates
Male teleost, caudal end of urogenital system .

12. Embryonic AmniotesEmbryonic Amniotes
 Pronephros involutesPronephros involutes
 Mesonephros involutesMesonephros involutes
 Metanephric kidney developsMetanephric kidney develops
 Vas deferensVas deferens

13. Urinary Bladder/Vesica urinariaUrinary Bladder/Vesica urinaria
 Most vertebratesMost vertebrates
 Formation variesFormation varies
 Fish- terminal segment of mesonephric ductFish- terminal segment of mesonephric duct
 Large bladders- turtles and lizardsLarge bladders- turtles and lizards
 Turtles- accessory bladderTurtles- accessory bladder

14. GonadsGonads
 Elevated ridges medial toElevated ridges medial to
kidneyskidneys
 Gonads enlarge, suspendedGonads enlarge, suspended
by mesenteriesby mesenteries
 Mesorchium- malesMesorchium- males
 Mesovarium- femalesMesovarium- females
Urogenital ridge in developing
embryo.
Ovary of hagfish.

15. GonadsGonads (con’t)(con’t)
 Bidder’s organBidder’s organ
 Rudimentary ovary of toadsRudimentary ovary of toads
((BufoBufo))
 If testes removed, becomeIf testes removed, become
functional ovaryfunctional ovary
 Ovotestes in fishOvotestes in fish
 Both ovary and testis in lizardsBoth ovary and testis in lizards
 Multi-lobed testis in someMulti-lobed testis in some
speciesspecies
Left bidder’s organ of male Bufo .

16. Copulatory OrgansCopulatory Organs
 Claspers in cartilagenous fishClaspers in cartilagenous fish
 Gonopodium in teleostGonopodium in teleost
 Intromittent organIntromittent organ
 HemipenesHemipenes
 Single penisSingle penis
Gonopodium on male guppy.

17. Copulatory OrgansCopulatory Organs (con’t)(con’t)
 No copulatory organsNo copulatory organs
 Sperm pocket- someSperm pocket- some
salamanderssalamanders
 Rudimentary copulatoryRudimentary copulatory
organorgan
 Cloacal appositionCloacal apposition
 Male and female cloacasMale and female cloacas
come togethercome together
Urogenital system of female
sphenodon.

18. Copulatory OrgansCopulatory Organs (con’t)(con’t)
 Muellarian ductsMuellarian ducts
 In males, ducts areIn males, ducts are
nonfunctionalnonfunctional
 In females, ducts give rise toIn females, ducts give rise to
female reproductive tractfemale reproductive tract
 Only left reproductive tractOnly left reproductive tract
 Birds and crocodilesBirds and crocodiles
 Raptors have vestigial rightRaptors have vestigial right
reprod. tractreprod. tract
Rudimentary
oviduct of pigeon.
Mullerian ducts and gonads of mal
amphibians.

19. Copulatory OrgansCopulatory Organs (con’t)(con’t)
 Duplex uterusDuplex uterus
 Monotremes and marsupialsMonotremes and marsupials
 Separated female reprod.Separated female reprod.
tractstracts
 Bipartite uterusBipartite uterus
 RabbitRabbit
 Body of uterus seemsBody of uterus seems
unpaired yet has two lumensunpaired yet has two lumens
 Bicornuate uterusBicornuate uterus
 CatCat
 Two uterine horns and singleTwo uterine horns and single
lumenlumen
Abnormal human bicornuate uterus

20. Copulatory OrgansCopulatory Organs (con’t)(con’t)
 Bicornuate uterusBicornuate uterus
 CatCat
 Two uterine horns andTwo uterine horns and
single lumensingle lumen
 Simplex uterusSimplex uterus
 PrimatesPrimates
 Large body and hornsLarge body and horns
Mammalian uteri; muellerian ducts (blackened regions)
and cloaca (red) .

21. CloacaCloaca
 Receives digestive, reproductive,Receives digestive, reproductive,
and urinary products and tractsand urinary products and tracts
 No cloacaNo cloaca
 Fish- three separate openingsFish- three separate openings
 Cloaca subdivisions:Cloaca subdivisions:
 CoprodaeumCoprodaeum
 UrodaeumUrodaeum
 ProctodaeumProctodaeum
Cloacal cavities and urogenital structures in
salamanders.

22. Cloaca SubdivisionsCloaca Subdivisions
 CoprodeumCoprodeum
 Receives alimentary canalReceives alimentary canal
 Simple columnarSimple columnar
 UrodeumUrodeum
 Receives urinary andReceives urinary and
reproductive productsreproductive products
 Transitional epitheliumTransitional epithelium
 ProctodeumProctodeum
 Associated with excretoryAssociated with excretory
 Stratified squamousStratified squamous
Subdivisions of cloaca shown in
bird.

23. CloacaCloaca (con’t)(con’t)
 Bursa of FabriciusBursa of Fabricius
 Lymphoid envagination off cloacaLymphoid envagination off cloaca
Bursa of Fabricius on young bird.
Histology of Bursa of Fabricius
and cloaca.

24. ReproductionReproduction
 Some vertebrates require both sexesSome vertebrates require both sexes
 Some verts. are asexualSome verts. are asexual
 Reproduce parthenogeneticallyReproduce parthenogenetically
 Some fish and lizardsSome fish and lizards
 Embryonic humans are asexualEmbryonic humans are asexual
 Until differentiation of sexual structuresUntil differentiation of sexual structures

25. Differentiation of Sexual StructuresDifferentiation of Sexual Structures
Mesonephros contributions
to male and female reproductive tracts.

26. Differentiation ofDifferentiation of
Sexual StructuresSexual Structures (con’t)(con’t)
 Genital TubercleGenital Tubercle
 Male- penisMale- penis
 Female- clitorisFemale- clitoris
 Genital FoldsGenital Folds
 Male- penis contributionMale- penis contribution
 Female- labia minoraFemale- labia minora
 Genital SwellingsGenital Swellings
 Male- scrotumMale- scrotum
 Female- labia majoraFemale- labia majora
external genitalia of bisexual stage of
human embryo

27. Differentiation ofDifferentiation of
Sexual StructuresSexual Structures (con’t)(con’t)
 Mesonephric DuctMesonephric Duct
 Male- vas defferensMale- vas defferens
 Female- gartner’s ductFemale- gartner’s duct
 Muellerian DuctMuellerian Duct
 Male- portions are retainedMale- portions are retained
 Female- reproductive tractFemale- reproductive tract
Changes in female, mammalian
urogenital system

28.  Mesonephric TubuleMesonephric Tubule
 Male- vasa efferentiaMale- vasa efferentia
 Female- epoophoran and paraophoranFemale- epoophoran and paraophoran
 Genital RidgeGenital Ridge
 Male- testesMale- testes
 Female- ovariesFemale- ovaries
Differentiation ofDifferentiation of
Sexual StructuresSexual Structures (con’t)(con’t)

29. Homologous Urogenital StructuresHomologous Urogenital Structures
Homologous urogenital structures in male and female mammals .

30. Makazih deech..