The document summarizes a journal club presentation on an article titled "Economic Costs Associated with Motorbike Accidents in Kathmandu, Nepal". The presentation includes an overview of the selected article, journal information, critical appraisal of the article and journal, and conclusions. The article found that motorcycle accidents in Nepal mostly affect young people and result in serious injuries. It estimated significant direct and indirect economic costs and disability-adjusted life years lost due to these accidents. The presentation concluded the accidents impose a major public health burden and recommended road safety policies and regulations to address the problem.

1. Journal Club Presentation
Presented By:
Name: Sudip Dhungel
Roll No: 29
BPH, VIII Semester, SHAS, PU.
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2. Presented for the partial fulfillment of requirement
of
PHA 451 Journal Club/Health Seminar
of
Bachelor of Public Health, VIII Semester,
School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University
under the cardinal supervision of
Assistant Professor Dr. Hari Prasad Kaphle
By
Sudip Dhungel,
17370206,
<2016-1-37-0130>.
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3. Selected Article for Presentation
• Sapkota D, Bista B, Adhikari SR. Economic Costs Associated
with Motorbike Accidents in Kathmandu, Nepal.
2016;4(273).
Available at:Frontiers | Economic Costs Associated with Motorbike
Accidents in Kathmandu, Nepal | Public Health (frontiersin.org)
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00273
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4. Journal Information
• Journal Name: Frontiers in public health
• Subject Area, Categories, Scope: Public Health, Environmental and
Occupational Health(Q2)
• Overall Rank/Ranking: 7680
• Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
• Impact factor: 1.68{Scopus,2018}
• H-index: 28
• ISSN:2296-2565(Electronic ISSN)
• Volume: 4
• Publication history: 2013 and onwards
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5. Journal Information
• Open access journal
• It is internationally peer reviewed journal
• It is indexed in various digital archives like: PubMed, PubMed
Central(PMC), CrossRef, ROAD, SCOPUS, CLOCKSS,etc
• Types of articles published: original articles, systematic reviews, case
reports, clinical trials, etc.
• Response: On average 90 days from submission to acceptance + 15 days to
publication
• DOI and PMCID is available for all published articles
• Publication charges is taken differently ($450 to $2,490) for different
categories of articles (Type A-D) however certain incentives is provided for
the researchers who cannot afford total publication fees.
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6. Journal Information
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7. Journal Information: Editor
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•Paolo Vineis: Field chief editor
- Imperial College London; London, United Kingdom
- Area: Molecular epidemiology and exposomics

8. Critical Appraisal of Journal
• Peer reviewed from qualified researchers all around the world and
provides low conflict of interest
• Open access journal
• Indexed in many renowned digital archives like PubMed, PMC,
CrossRef, etc.
• Have an average impact factor of 1.68 in 2018
• Fast track publication
• The impact factor of the journal seems to be decreasing
• SJR have decreased than previous years
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9. Tittle of Article
• Economic Costs Associated with Motorbike Accidents in Kathmandu,
Nepal
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10. Critical Appraisal of Tittle
• Topic is short and self explanatory
• Study area is clearly identifiable
• Objective of research is reflected
• Study population is not identifiable
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11. Authors
First author: Diksha Sapkota; Kathmandu University School of
Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal; 18 publications,177 citations,
h=index:5
Second author: Bihungam Bista ; Nepal Health Research Council,
Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal; 43
publications,1858 citations
Third author: Shiva Raj Adhikari; Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuwan
University, Kathmandu, Nepal; 51 publications, 1520 citations
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12. Critical Appraisal of Authors
• Authors have diverse proficiencies and have knowledge and
qualification in research topic
• Contributed to scientific research community by publishing more than
15 articles and receiving enough citations(Research gate profile)
• Detailed author credentials are not available
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13. Abstract
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14. Critical Appraisal of Abstract
• Well structured abstract
• Inferences of overall research can be drawn
• Aims and objectives is identifiable
• Key word is relevant
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15. Introduction
• Motor cycles are the most dangerous form of motorized vehicle
• Among Asian countries; majority of road traffic casualties are motor
cyclists
• Most of the cases remain underreported
• An estimated 1-1.5% of GNP of LMICs is lost annually due to road
traffic crashes
• It incurs direct cost to treatment on the top of which; reduces the
productivity of casualty and their caretakers thus impacting family and
national economy
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16. Critical Appraisal of Introduction
• It is simple and structured properly
• Provides the evidences for the need of research by highlighting the
burden situation
• It have good citation and referencing
• Limitations of previous similar studies have been highlighted with
introduction of newer concept
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17. Materials and methods
• Study design is retrospective cross-sectional study
• Purposive sampling of 100 cases
• Method of data collection: interview and secondary data reviews
• Sampling frame: insurance claims, hospital records, personal
acquaintances, etc.
• Inclusion criteria: RTA victim and relatives/caretakers (within 3-12
months prior to study), at least 1 month later to hospital discharge, and
Residing in Kathmandu
• 9% Non-response rate
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18. Materials and methods
• Analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS v16
• Findings are presented by using simple descriptive statics like
percentage, mean, proportions and standard deviation
• Gross output methodology that employs human capital approach was
used to estimate economic costs
• Ethical clearance was obtained from Nepal Health Research Council
(NHRC).
• Informed verbal consent was taken from all participants
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19. Analysis and calculation
Economic loss
• Both direct and indirect economic cost is calculated; using following
formulas:
Indirect cost or productivity loss
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20. Analysis and calculation
Life years loss
• It is estimated by calculated DALYs
• DALY=YLL+YLD
And,
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21. Critical Appraisal of Materials and Methods
• The study design fits well to the selected topic
• Clear inclusion and exclusion criteria is given thus, decreases
confounding
• The methodology to calculate economic costs and to calculate DALY
is accurate, well accepted and widely used
• Ethical approval is taken and consent is taken before sampling
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22. Critical Appraisal of Materials and Methods
• As samples are selected purposively, selection bias could occur
• Recalling bias or memory bias can result ambiguous data
• As small sample is selected, results may not be reliable to generalize
• No proper tools are used
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23. Results
• The objective of the study is to find the economic costs and DALY of
the motorcycle accidents
• Young drivers are mostly affected
• Most of the accidents resulted severe injuries where as least resulted
fatal ones
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24. Results
• Direct economy loss for the minor injury accidents is found to be more
than the fatal injury
• Whereas productivity loss due to fatal injury accident is most and is
followed by serious injuries and minor injury accidents
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25. Critical Appraisal of Results
• Results are expressed in percentage and frequencies thus are easily
understandable
• Proper use of graphs and tables to show findings
• Only descriptive statistics are used to analyze data
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26. Critical Appraisal of Discussion
• Findings are consistent with other similar existing literatures
• Findings are justified by properly citing the relevant references
• Limitations and delimitations of the study is clearly mentioned and
justified
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27. Conclusion
• Motorcycle related road traffic accidents are the major public health
problem with significantly high economic burden
• Health policy reform, Behavioral change communication for riders
and strengthening of road safety rules and regulations is recommended
by researcher to reduce the problem
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28. Critical Appraisal of Conclusion
• Conclusion and recommendations are consistent to the findings of the
research
• Objectives of the research is achieved
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29. References
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30. Critical Appraisal of References
• Citation in reference lists and in-text citations have followed the
journal guidelines appropriately
• Newer findings have been cited (2005 and later)
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31. Strengths
• Easy to understand
• Highlights current public health issue
• Proper use of graphs and charts
• Justification for the limitations
• Open access and indexed in reputed online archives
• No conflict of interest
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32. Weaknesses
• Sample size is too small for generalizing
• Non-probability sampling
• Few variables are studied
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33. Overall significance of the article
• Findings believable
- Findings may not be acceptable as achieved results may be resulted from
memory bias
• Evidence generated
- Young population are mostly affected 46%
- Most of the accident results serious injuries 49%
- Huge impact in national economy as high DALY loss (490 years)
• New finding
- First of its kind research in Nepalese context
- The economic cost of motorcycle accident is higher than expected( previous
study findings)
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34. Overall significance of the article
• Contribution to the scientific society
- Indexed in various online archives thus can reach to the larger audience
- Open assess articles thus are easily accessible to researchers
• Generalizability of article
- As small population is sampled purposively the findings may not be
generalized to the larger population
• New research question generated
- What is DALY loss from motorbike accidents and its impact in National
income
- Adoption of road safety gears and strict traffic safety policy to combat
National accident rates: A prospective cohort study
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35. Usefulness for further researches
• Evidence found can be used as supportive literature evidence
• Variables for study can be used
• Calculation tool can be used
• Research question can be used in hypothesis setting
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36. Questions?
Queries?
Suggestions?
Feedbacks?
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37. Thank You!
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