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Tea, Camellia sinensis
1.
Tea, Camellia sinensis
Sources Hobhouse H (1986) Tea. In: Seeds of change. Harper & Row, New York: pp. 95-137 http://www.stashtea.com/facts.htm: Tea facts The Crop of the Day http://www.med-rz.uni-sb.de/med_fak/physiol2/camellia/ home.htm: International Camellia Society http://www.branch.com/teas/teas.html: Todd and Holland Tea Merchants http://zebra.scarolina.edu/smell/cup.of.tea.html: A nice cup of tea, by George Orwell http://www.nitehawk.dk/bnielsen/teachronology.html: Important events in the Tea, Camellia sinensis history of tea gopher://bluehen.ags.udel.edu:71/hh/.broadleafeg/.descriptions/c_sinens.html: Camellia sinensis http://monsterbit.com/touch/greentea.html: Touchstone - Green tea http://newcrop.hort.purdue.edu/hort/newcrops/Crops/Tea: New Crops (Purdue U.): Tea http://www.quartermaine.com/th.html: QuarterMaine: Tea production http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts May 27, 1996 1 8 May 2003 2 Tea, Camellia sinensis Tea, Camellia sinensis Main production areas U.S. imports U.S. imports (1995): – black: 165 million lbs. – green: 12 – oolong: 2 – jasmine: 0.5 Biggest suppliers? Argentina (33% of black tea), China (22%), Indonesia (11%) Thirteen percent of all North American beverage consumption is tea. © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 3 8 May 2003 4
2.
Tea, Camellia sinensis
Botany (I) The genus Camellia covers a still increasing number of over 260 species. It is economically most important because of Camellia sinensis (the tea tree) and horticulturally because of Camellia japonica and an increasing number of interspecies hybrids (evergreen ornamental shrubs and trees). The tea plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree that may reach 30 feet if unpruned. It is adapted to sub-tropical areas. The plants tolerate some frost, and could be grown in southern U.S., but are not because of economic factors. © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 5 8 May 2003 6 © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 7 8 May 2003 8
3.
Tea, Camellia sinensis
Tea, Camellia sinensis History (I) Botany (II) -2737: “Invention” of tea by Chinese emperor Shen Nong The leaves are lanceolate, glabrous, but sometimes pubescent 222: Tea will be mentioned as a substitute for wine for the first time in Chinese on lower surface, and 2 to 5 inches long. The harvested portions writings of the next half century. are the succulent short tips and young leaves. Including older 708: Tea drinking gains popularity among the Chinese in part because a hot drink is leaves reduces the quality of the tea. Leaves are harvested at far safer than water that may be contaminated and may produce intestinal disease intervals of 2 weeks or less. if not boiled. 800: Lu Yu wrote the first definitive book on tea, the Ch'a Ching. Three types of tea derived from Camellia sinensis: green, black, and oolong tea. 1484: The tea ceremony (quot;Cha-no-yuquot; or quot;the hot water for teaquot;) has been introduced by Japan's shogun Yoshimasa. – For green tea, leaves are heated quickly after harvest to inactivate 1560: The first European to personally encounter tea and write about it was the enzymes. Portuguese Jesuit Father Jasper de Cruz. Portugal, with her technologically – For black tea, leaves are wilted and partially dried in shallow layers, advanced navy, had been successful in gaining the first right of trade with China. then are rolled by twisting or wringing. A short oxidation or 1597: The first English mention of tea appears in a translation of Dutch navigator fermentation period is followed by heating at 160 F or above to stop Jan Hugo van Lin-Schooten's Travels. Van Lin-Schooten calls the beverage chaa. oxidation. © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 9 8 May 2003 10 Tea, Camellia sinensis Tea, Camellia sinensis History (II) History (III) 1618: The Chinese embassy in Moscow presents several chests of tea to Czar 1780: English sugar consumption reaches 12 pounds per year per capita, up Alexis. from 4 in 1700, as Britons increase coffee and tea consumption. 1658: The London periodical Mercurious Politicus carries an advertisement: 1824: The Royal Navy reduces its daily rum ration from half a pint to a quarter quot;That excellent and by all Physitians approved China Drink called by the pint, and tea becomes part of the daily ration. Chineans Tcha, by other nations Tay, alias Tea, is sold at the Sultaness Head, a 1825: British colonists in Ceylon plant coffee bushes. cophee-house in Sweeti Rents.quot; 1866: More than 90 percent of Britain's tea still comes from China. 1662: Infanta Catherine da Braganza, consort of Charles II, introduces to the 1840: Afternoon tea is introduced by Anna, the duchess of Bedford. The tea London court the Lisbon fashion of drinking tea; she also introduces the Chinese interval will become a lasting British tradition, but the English still drink more orange. coffee than tea. 1680: The social critic Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, the Marquise de Seven, makes 1869: The coffee rust Hemileia vastatrix appears in Ceylon plantations and will the first mention in 1680 of adding milk to tea. spread throughout the Orient and the Pacific in the next two decades. It will 1773: The Boston Tea Party Group board East India Company ships at Griffen's destroy the coffee-growing industry, and soaring coffee prices will lead to wide- Wharf, and throw 342 chests of tea (valued at more than £9,650) from the scale tea cultivation. London firm of Davison and Newman into Boston Harbor. © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 11 8 May 2003 12
4.
Tea, Camellia sinensis
Green tea preparation History (IV) Leaves intended for green tea are plucked in the same manner as black tea. They are then manufactured in three stages completed within a single day. 1890: Thomas Lipton enters the tea business to assure supplies of tea Panfiring (or steaming) occurs immediately after the leaves are plucked. The at low cost for his 300 grocery shops. leaves are placed in a metal pan over a hot flame to render them soft and 1904: lced tea is created at the St. Louis fair by English tea pliable. The sudden exposure to heat destroys the enzymes that would other concessionaire Richard Blechynden when sweltering fairgoers pass wise lead to fermentation. him by. Rolling the leaves on heated trays to reduce their moisture content is the next 1904: Tea bags are pioneered by New York tea and coffee shop step. The process is done with the fingers and palms, and sometimes with the merchant Thomas Sullivan (small hand-sewn muslin bags). entire forearm up to the elbow. Firing in large mechanical dryers is the final stage of drying. Fired green tea retains only two percent of its moisture. Some green teas produced for export are rolled and fired several times; although this increases their shelf life, it may also impair their taste and character. © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 13 8 May 2003 14 Black tea preparation Caffeine content of beverages Caffeine per 6-oz. Fermentation (= oxidation) changes the chemical structure of cup the tea leaf, allowing key flavor characteristics to emerge. (It doesn't, however, make tea alcoholic.) Espresso (2oz.) 60-90mg The longer the fermentation process, the more caffeine contained in the final product (see the chart below.) Drip coffee 60-165mg The tea leaves are first withered to remove about 1/3 of their weight through evaporation. Black tea 25-110mg They are then rolled and spread on cement or tile floors and tables in a cool, humid room to ferment. Oolong tea 12-55mg After careful monitoring to ensure proper color and pungency, from 1 to 5 hours, the leaves are then fired at 120° in hot pans Green tea 8-16mg or modern dryers to remove almost all of their moisture and stop the fermentation process. © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 15 8 May 2003 16
5.
Composition of tea
Tea, Camellia sinensis The tea trade and the English language Contain polyphenols quot;Mandarinquot; (from the Portuguese quot;mandarquot; meaning (catechin): to order) -the court official empowered by the emperor to trade tea. – 25% of dry weight of fresh tea leaves quot;Cashquot; (from the Portuguese quot;caixaquot; meaning case or money box)-the currency of tea transactions. – Mostly in white and green tea quot;Caddyquot; (from the Chinese word for one pound – Antioxidants: weight)-the standard tea trade container. May protect against cancer, quot;Chowquot; (from the Indian word for food cargo)-slang heart disease? for food. © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 17 8 May 2003 18 Tea in the News: The Cutty Sark fire Tea, Camellia sinensis May 21, 2007 Quotes “Love and scandal are the best sweeteners of tea.” Henry Fielding (1707-1754) quot;Love in Several Masques“ Chinese saying: “Better to be deprived of food for three Firefighters were called at days than of tea for one.” 4.46am and were on the scene “We had a kettle; we let it leak: Our not repairing made it within four minutes. By 6.20, worse. We haven't had any tea for a week... The bottom they had brought the fire under is out of the Universe. “ Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) control. quot;Natural Theologyquot; Initial estimates put the cost of “My experience...convinced me that tea was better than the damage, which has brandy, and during the last six months in Africa I took no destroyed the main and lower brandy, even when sick taking tea instead.” Theodore tween deck, at around £5m. Roosevelt (1858-1919) Letter, 1912 © Paul Gepts © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 19 8 May 2003 20
6.
Significance of the Cutty
Sark The 280ft ship was built in 1869 with a unique hull design that made it one of the world's fastest vessels. The Cutty Sark was destined for the tea trade, then an intensely competitive race across the globe from China to London, with immense profits to the ship to arrive with the first tea of the year In the end, clippers lost out to steamships, which could pass through the recently- opened Suez Canal and deliver goods more reliably, if not quite so quickly, which as it turned out was better for business. Australia-to-Britain times of as little as 67 days. Her best run, 360 nautical miles (666 km) in 24 hours (an average 27.75 km/h), U.S. tea, coffee, sugar & molasses imports, production, consumption 1867-1891. Rand McNally and Company, 1897 © Paul Gepts 8 May 2003 21
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