SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 15
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Learning Latent Variable
Gaussian Graphical Models
Meng, Z., Eriksson, B., Hero III, A. O.
ICML2014
2014/07/01
@harapon
(sparse) GGMのモチベーション
• Large p, small n problem
– 正則化のため低次元構造を課すのが一般的
アプローチ(Negahban et al. 2012)
• ガウス分布データにおける中心的問題は
inverse covariance matrix(精度行列)
の推定
観測
サンプル数 n
データの次元数p
GGMのメリット
• GGM(Gaussian Graphical Model)はグラフ構造を
用いた効率的表現(Lauritzen, 1996)
• 十分にsparseなGGMでは統計的に一貫した推定量が
得られる(Ravikumar et al. 2011)
• 計算上の観点からもスパース性は嬉しい
=Σ
=Σ−1
dense
matrix
sparse
matrix
GGMの課題
• しかし,真のデータ分布はsparse GGMで
はうまく近似できていないかもしれない!
• そこで,標準的なsparse GGMを拡張した
高次元GGMとして,global effectとlocal
interactionの双方を扱うモデルを考える
• だがglobal effectを導入すると周辺化した
ときにその精度行列がスパースではなくなる.
• そうなると,悲しいことに,現在のsparse
GGMの計算法が適用できなくなる
LVGGMの提案
• この問題を解決するために
LVGGM(Latent Variable GGM)を提案
– global effectは潜在変数で
– local interactionはsparse GGMで表現
• LVGGMの周辺化精度行列はsparseと
low-rank structureが保たれるので,
regularized ML approachが使える
– これはsparse GGMの良い学習法
(Chandrasekaran et al. 2012)
LVGGMの嬉しさの結論を先に
• 対数尤度関数がほぼ強い凸性をもつので
非漸近パラメータのエラー境界が得られ
る.
• これはunstructured dense GGMの
エラー境界と比べると十分に速く収束
関連研究
• sparse inverse covariance matrixをもつ
GGMのL1-regularized maximum likelihood
estimatorの学習問題はgraphical lasso
(Glasso)の問題と知られる
– Friedman et al. (2008)
– Ravilumar et al. (2011)
• あるincoherence conditionの下でのmodel selection
consistencyについて研究(sparsistency)
– Rothman et al. (2008)
• 別のアプローチとしてmulti-resolution
extension of GGM
– Choi et al. (2010)
– Choi et al. (2011):グラフィカルモデルの潜在的
な木構造を考慮
– どちらのモデルも計算効率的な学習と推論
– しかし潜在構造は木構造制約
LVGGMの定義
• 潜在変数の導入
– sparse GGMはデータに対して強い仮定で
あったため,real world observationを
うまく説明するためにスパース性を破壊
• 変数定義
– p次元観測ベクトル
– r次元潜在変数ベクトル
Ox
Lx ),( LO xxx =
LVGGMの共分散行列・精度行列
• 共分散行列
• 精度行列
• 観測変数の共分散行列
– 潜在変数で周辺化するとガウス分布のまま
• 観測変数の精度行列
• このような構造のモデルをLVGGMと呼ぶ
Ω
1−
Ω=J
OO,Ω=Σ
OLLLLOOO JJJJ ,
1
,,,
1 −−
−=Σ=Θ
LS +=
(※シューアの補行列)
スパース行列 低ランク行列
LVGGMの共分散行列・精度行列
• 潜在変数の数は観測変数の数と比べて
十分小さいと仮定(r << p)
• 観測変数と潜在変数の間にはスパースの
仮定は不要
• よってp p行列のLは低ランクかつ密行列
• このように周辺化精度行列 を
– sparse matrix S
– low-rank dense matrix L
– に分解することが推定のためのkey property
Θ
Regularized ML estimation of LVGGM
• nサンプル に対してデータ行列
• 負の対数尤度関数は
– ここで はサンプルの共分散行列
• 正則化最尤推定は次の目的関数を最小化
– 正則化関数 はsparse + low-rank構造
を維持するように設計される
nxxx L,, 21 X
)det(log,ˆ);( Θ−ΘΣ=Θ XL
XX
n
T1ˆ ≡Σ
)();( Θ+Θ RXL λ
)(ΘR
Regularized ML estimation of LVGGM
• Chandrasekaren et al. (2012)と同様
次のような正則化最尤推定を考える
• これは凸最適化問題であり,Ma et al.
(2013)の方法を使えば解ける!
– 詳細はMa et al.(2013)参照
)(Tr);(min 1,
LSXLSL
LS
μλ +++
..ts 0fL−
0,
0
>
+
μλ
fLS
推定パラメータのerror bound
• 推定パラメータのerror boundを理論的
に証明
• 評価実験でも確認
Summary
• GGMの良さであるスパース性に加えて,
潜在変数でglobal effectも考慮できる
モデルの提案
• うまい形で定式化することで疎行列と低
ランク行列に分解
• おかげでパラメータ推定が既往研究の方
法を使える上に,精度保証された推定パ
ラメータが得られる
• GGMの問題点が解決!
References
1. Lauritzen, S.L. Graphical models, volume 17. Oxford University Press, USA,
1996.
2. Ravikumar, Pradeep, Wainwright, Martin J, Raskutti, Garvesh, and Yu, Bin. High-
dimensional covariance estimation by minimizing l1-penalized log-determinant
di- vergence. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 5:935-980, 2011.
3. Chandrasekaran, Venkat, Parrilo, Pablo A, and Willsky, Alan S. Latent variable
graphical model selection via convex optimization. Annals of Statistics,
40(4):1935-1967, 2012.
4. Friedman, Jerome, Hastie, Trevor, and Tibshirani, Robert. Sparse inverse
covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics, 9(3):432-441, 2008.
5. Rothman, Adam J, Bickel, Peter J, Levina, Elizaveta, and Zhu, Ji. Sparse
permutation invariant covariance estimation. Electronic Journal of Statistics,
2:494-515, 2008.
6. Choi, Myung Jin, Chandrasekaran, Venkat, and Willsky, Alan S. Gaussian
multiresolution models: Exploiting sparse Markov and covariance structure.
Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, 58(3):1012-1024, 2010.
7. Choi, Myung Jin, Tan, Vincent YF, Anandkumar, Animashree, and Willsky, Alan
S. Learning latent tree graphical models. Journal of Machine Learning Research,
12:1729-1770, 2011.
8. Ma, Shiqian, Xue, Lingzhou, and Zou, Hui. Alternating direction methods for
latent variable Gaussian graphical model selection. Neural computation,
25(8):2172-2198, 2013.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Empfohlen

2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
 
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTExpeed Software
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36
 

Empfohlen (20)

2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
 
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
 
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 

Learning Latent Variable Gaussian Graphical Models

  • 1. Learning Latent Variable Gaussian Graphical Models Meng, Z., Eriksson, B., Hero III, A. O. ICML2014 2014/07/01 @harapon
  • 2. (sparse) GGMのモチベーション • Large p, small n problem – 正則化のため低次元構造を課すのが一般的 アプローチ(Negahban et al. 2012) • ガウス分布データにおける中心的問題は inverse covariance matrix(精度行列) の推定 観測 サンプル数 n データの次元数p
  • 3. GGMのメリット • GGM(Gaussian Graphical Model)はグラフ構造を 用いた効率的表現(Lauritzen, 1996) • 十分にsparseなGGMでは統計的に一貫した推定量が 得られる(Ravikumar et al. 2011) • 計算上の観点からもスパース性は嬉しい =Σ =Σ−1 dense matrix sparse matrix
  • 4. GGMの課題 • しかし,真のデータ分布はsparse GGMで はうまく近似できていないかもしれない! • そこで,標準的なsparse GGMを拡張した 高次元GGMとして,global effectとlocal interactionの双方を扱うモデルを考える • だがglobal effectを導入すると周辺化した ときにその精度行列がスパースではなくなる. • そうなると,悲しいことに,現在のsparse GGMの計算法が適用できなくなる
  • 5. LVGGMの提案 • この問題を解決するために LVGGM(Latent Variable GGM)を提案 – global effectは潜在変数で – local interactionはsparse GGMで表現 • LVGGMの周辺化精度行列はsparseと low-rank structureが保たれるので, regularized ML approachが使える – これはsparse GGMの良い学習法 (Chandrasekaran et al. 2012)
  • 7. 関連研究 • sparse inverse covariance matrixをもつ GGMのL1-regularized maximum likelihood estimatorの学習問題はgraphical lasso (Glasso)の問題と知られる – Friedman et al. (2008) – Ravilumar et al. (2011) • あるincoherence conditionの下でのmodel selection consistencyについて研究(sparsistency) – Rothman et al. (2008) • 別のアプローチとしてmulti-resolution extension of GGM – Choi et al. (2010) – Choi et al. (2011):グラフィカルモデルの潜在的 な木構造を考慮 – どちらのモデルも計算効率的な学習と推論 – しかし潜在構造は木構造制約
  • 8. LVGGMの定義 • 潜在変数の導入 – sparse GGMはデータに対して強い仮定で あったため,real world observationを うまく説明するためにスパース性を破壊 • 変数定義 – p次元観測ベクトル – r次元潜在変数ベクトル Ox Lx ),( LO xxx =
  • 9. LVGGMの共分散行列・精度行列 • 共分散行列 • 精度行列 • 観測変数の共分散行列 – 潜在変数で周辺化するとガウス分布のまま • 観測変数の精度行列 • このような構造のモデルをLVGGMと呼ぶ Ω 1− Ω=J OO,Ω=Σ OLLLLOOO JJJJ , 1 ,,, 1 −− −=Σ=Θ LS += (※シューアの補行列) スパース行列 低ランク行列
  • 10. LVGGMの共分散行列・精度行列 • 潜在変数の数は観測変数の数と比べて 十分小さいと仮定(r << p) • 観測変数と潜在変数の間にはスパースの 仮定は不要 • よってp p行列のLは低ランクかつ密行列 • このように周辺化精度行列 を – sparse matrix S – low-rank dense matrix L – に分解することが推定のためのkey property Θ
  • 11. Regularized ML estimation of LVGGM • nサンプル に対してデータ行列 • 負の対数尤度関数は – ここで はサンプルの共分散行列 • 正則化最尤推定は次の目的関数を最小化 – 正則化関数 はsparse + low-rank構造 を維持するように設計される nxxx L,, 21 X )det(log,ˆ);( Θ−ΘΣ=Θ XL XX n T1ˆ ≡Σ )();( Θ+Θ RXL λ )(ΘR
  • 12. Regularized ML estimation of LVGGM • Chandrasekaren et al. (2012)と同様 次のような正則化最尤推定を考える • これは凸最適化問題であり,Ma et al. (2013)の方法を使えば解ける! – 詳細はMa et al.(2013)参照 )(Tr);(min 1, LSXLSL LS μλ +++ ..ts 0fL− 0, 0 > + μλ fLS
  • 13. 推定パラメータのerror bound • 推定パラメータのerror boundを理論的 に証明 • 評価実験でも確認
  • 14. Summary • GGMの良さであるスパース性に加えて, 潜在変数でglobal effectも考慮できる モデルの提案 • うまい形で定式化することで疎行列と低 ランク行列に分解 • おかげでパラメータ推定が既往研究の方 法を使える上に,精度保証された推定パ ラメータが得られる • GGMの問題点が解決!
  • 15. References 1. Lauritzen, S.L. Graphical models, volume 17. Oxford University Press, USA, 1996. 2. Ravikumar, Pradeep, Wainwright, Martin J, Raskutti, Garvesh, and Yu, Bin. High- dimensional covariance estimation by minimizing l1-penalized log-determinant di- vergence. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 5:935-980, 2011. 3. Chandrasekaran, Venkat, Parrilo, Pablo A, and Willsky, Alan S. Latent variable graphical model selection via convex optimization. Annals of Statistics, 40(4):1935-1967, 2012. 4. Friedman, Jerome, Hastie, Trevor, and Tibshirani, Robert. Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics, 9(3):432-441, 2008. 5. Rothman, Adam J, Bickel, Peter J, Levina, Elizaveta, and Zhu, Ji. Sparse permutation invariant covariance estimation. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 2:494-515, 2008. 6. Choi, Myung Jin, Chandrasekaran, Venkat, and Willsky, Alan S. Gaussian multiresolution models: Exploiting sparse Markov and covariance structure. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, 58(3):1012-1024, 2010. 7. Choi, Myung Jin, Tan, Vincent YF, Anandkumar, Animashree, and Willsky, Alan S. Learning latent tree graphical models. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12:1729-1770, 2011. 8. Ma, Shiqian, Xue, Lingzhou, and Zou, Hui. Alternating direction methods for latent variable Gaussian graphical model selection. Neural computation, 25(8):2172-2198, 2013.