The document discusses several key topics related to race and racism: 1) Race is a social construct rooted in unequal power relations, not a natural or biological category. 2) Racism operates through institutional and systemic means beyond just individual prejudice. 3) Racialization involves assigning social meanings and exclusions to bodies through representations, language, knowledge production and space. Racism shapes social organization and the distribution of power in societies.

1. George Michael, “Faith”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lu3VTngm1F0
Comments and reflections from last week’s film?
The truth about stories is that they are all that we are. Stories
tell us about to think about the past, the present and the future.
Stories can be dangerous.
Stories can help us heal.
Stories and responsibility
overview
Ideas of race are not timeless
Not to project the present into the past
Not human nature
Not a natural antipathy to difference
Race rooted in unequal relations of power

2. overview
Race as a social construct with regulatory power
The social construction of race
Historically grounded in European expansion
Institutional forms of racism
Racialization of the west
Enlightenment philosophers
1700-1800 scientific inquiry
classifying men & animals
1800s biological origins
19th century: the rise of modern race prejudice
Linked to changes in production & distribution
Race as a cultural idea
Ivan Hannaford
Race: A History of an Idea in the West
Not to project of our ideas into the past
Martin Bernal
Black Athena
The aryanization of Greece
2 models of Greek history
Ancient and euro-aryan

3. When Europe chose Greece as the cradle of western civilization,
it erased everything about it that was Jewish, Arabic, and
African
Frank Snowden
Before Color Prejudice
Color prejudice major issue in the modern world not so in the
ancient world
Color not the focus of irrational sentiments or judging a man or
a woman
Majority of slaves in the ancient world were white not black
No single ethnic group associated with slave status
Audrey Smedley
Dispossession of the Irish
The colonization of Ireland
Skin color is not the crucial sign of
Otherness
Avoid colourism
Douglas Lorimer
Color, Class and the Victorians

4. mid-19th century
New doctrine of racial supremacy
White skin becomes the essential marker of a gentleman
Crawford Killian , Go Do Some Great Thing: Black Pioneers of
British Columbia
James Douglas, first governor of British Columbia
Born in Demerara, Guyana, mixed descent (his father was
Scottish and his mother was Creole from Barbados)
Douglas married to Amelia Connolly, whose mother was Cree
Historian Sylvia Van Kirk
Many founding Victoria families mixed descent
Erasure of history
Invalidation of mixed marriages
“Tracing the Fortunes of Five Founding Families of Victoria”
Issue BC Studies Studies no. 115/116 Autumn/Winter 1997
Robert Young
Colonial Desire
1850s
Hardening of social attitudes
From universal brotherhood to imperial hierarchy

5. (Indian Mutiny of 1857; American Civil War 1861-65; Jamaican
Insurrection 1865; Red River Resistance 1869)
Rethinking slavery
History of whiteness
Some groups considered “white” today were not considered
white in the early part of the twentieth century
Expanding the category of whiteness to include formerly
excluded groups helps to support white supremacy
Marxist sociologists (Oliver Cox; Robert Miles)
Racism as integral process of capital accumulation
Race as an ideological effect that hides
Real economic relationships
Racism as an ideology to justify exploitation
Stigmatizing a group as inferior so that the exploitation of the
group may be justified
(Miles) Racialization: process of signification tied to process of
domination

6. Timothy Stanley
Older language of visible minority suggests that ‘difference’ is
in “plain sight”
New language of racialization: cultural practices
social meanings assigned to bodies
“socially imagined difference”
social construction & contested categories of race
The social organization of exclusions
The distribution of political, social, cultural & economic power
Stanley cont.
Racialization as
Discursive process (Ideology)
Linguistic performance (Language)
Organization of the land (Space)
Representation (Art, Stories, Images)
Not about naturally occurring difference
But about the distribution of political, social, cultural &
economic, power
Human difference does not make racisms but racisms make race
It is racism that makes particular differences (both real and
imagined) count in specific times & places
Racism is not only about individual prejudice or discriminatory

7. acts but racism is a historical process that leads people to
believe that racial categories are meaningful and enact
consequences on people based on the categories in which they
are placed
Stanley continued
Racism is not the inevitable outcome of human difference
Racism makes particular or imagined difference important
Racism shapes how people interact with each other based on
those differences
Racism, not race, structures contemporary societies
Stanley on racisms
Plural
Many different kinds of racisms
Nothing inevitable about racisms
Racism is contested and changes over time
Racism is the outcome of human action
Stanley on racialization
Race difference is made through social processes rather than
natural or biological ones
Racialization is the term for those processes
Racialization involves patterns of cultural representation,
knowledge production, social organization
Racialization gives meaning to ‘socially imagined difference”
Racialization organized around exclusions that have negative
consequences for the racialized and excluded
Racializations are historically produced, invented & popularized
over time

8. Language & representations
Language does not reflect race
Language makes race
Language about race does not record or document an objective
reality of real biological, social & cultural difference; rather
language creates the idea of such difference
Representation of racialized difference depends on socially &
culturally available repertoires for representing difference
Representations racialize, they don’t record objective and
natural differences
Racializations are always relational
One group is racialized in relation to another group
Representations active recreate pre-configured differences
These categories are historically invented, created & reinvented
Over time, these categories become common sense, taken for
granted
Representations are signs, symbols, words, phrases, & sounds
that communicate meanings
Meanings are never fixed
Power intervenes to refix meanings
Racialized exclusions
Material, spaces
Wealth, services, social statues
Networks, institutions, political rights
Symbolic exclusion
Self presentation ignored
Someone is excluded; someone is included
If someone is being oppressed; someone is being privileged
power
It takes power to organize exclusions

9. Government
Institutions
Rituals
Language
Knowledge
Political arrangements
Ways of being
This week’s readings
Notes
“Settler Colonialism Primer”
“Settler Colonialism Primer”
Colonialism usurps/ land / resources from one group of people
for the benefit of another
Settler colonialism: replacement of indigenous peoples by
settlers
Attempted erasure/ disappearance / dispossession of indigenous
peoples
Invasion / colonialism is a structure not an event. Colonialism
is ongoing
Settler: anyone not indigenous living on indigenous land
Not all settlers have equal power
“Settler Colonialism Primer”
Racial formation
Race as a doctrine
Racialization
Racism as a system, a web of interlocking, reinforcing
institutions, economic, military, legal, educational, religious,

10. cultural
As a system, racism affects every aspect of life in a country
“Settler Colonialism Primer”
Whiteness
Peggy McIntosh on white privilege
https://www.pcc.edu/resources/illumination/documents/white-
privilege-essay-mcintosh.pdf
https://www.deanza.edu/faculty/lewisjulie/White%20Priviledge
%20Unpacking%20the%20Invisible%20Knapsack.pdf
Dominant culture’s idea that white people are superior to other
racialized groups
Despite history of invasion and genocide, image persists of
white purity and superiority
White supremacy (not just KKK, neo-Nazi skins) but also a
central pillar to the Canadian settler colonial system; inherent
in every day thinking
Indoctrinated belief that settlers are entitled to the land
solutions
Creation of collective structures
Dismantle systems that enable these privileges
Collective ethic of accountability
Balance reciprocity
Unsettling of settlers
Repatriation of the land
Accountability to indigenous sovereignty
Settler moves to innocence
Terra nullius
Claiming indigenous ancestry
Fantasizing adoption

11. Colonial equivocation
Free your mind
Colour blindness
Land bridge migration
Helping
Cultural appropriation
Audra Simpson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWzXHqGfH3U
Audra Simpson, Mohawk Interruptus
Colonialism and anthropology as the means through which
indigenous people have been known
Relationship between territorial dispossession & science
Imperatives of empires (to obtain space & resources)
Technologies of rule: knowing and representing people in those
require more than military might, it required methods &
knowledge
The distribution of power
Lawful land theft
Foreign power occupies the semantic and material space which
is naturalized through the writing of history & the analytics of
knowledge
Audra Simpson
Accounts generated by explorers & missionaries (now used as
authoritative accounts by historians)
Stories of ‘difference,’ culture and race
But the story is really about sovereignty

12. Occupation naturalized as immigration, as multiculturalism as
legalized settler occupation of the territory that Canada claims
Knowledge and empire
The links between the textual & juridical
Captain Cook in Australia; John Locke On Property
Doctrine of terra nullius
Forms of recognition & misrecognition are indebted to deep
philosophical histories of seeing & knowing tied to legal fiat,
enabled forms of empire
Land taken through “knowing” and force
Indigenous voices not heard or imperceptible
Colonialism as structure not event
Contemporary world order presumes & is predicated on
indigenous disappearance
Move away from difference
Voice; sovereignty at the level of annunciation when people
speak for themselves
Dissonance between the representations that were produced and
what people say about themselves
Analysis when the goals & aspirations of the subjects are
central
Sovereign articulations
Ethnographic refusal
An ethnographic calculus between what the reader needs to
know and what Simpson refuses to write (p.105)
Refusal articulates a mode of sovereign authority over the
representation of ethnographic data & so does not represent
‘everything’

13. To protect the concerns of community
To acknowledge asymmetrical relations
Refusal of the authority of the state
Reinstating a different kind of authority
“On Orientalism” Edward Said
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVC8EYd_Z_g
First 14 minutes
https://www-nfb-ca.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/film/reel_injun/
2009 Canadian documentary
From “The Savage Injun” (25:58) to “The Groovy Injun”
(49:20)
Homework #1
Complete all four problems below. The homework will be
graded mostly based on completeness (refer to the syllabus for
details). You may work with other students, but you must
submit your own work. Please do not copy somebody’s
homework as we will be checking for that.
Problem 1. Suppose that you sell short 500 shares of Intel,
currently selling for $40 per share, and you give your broker
$15,000 to establish your margin account. Assume Intel pays no
dividends.

14. a) If you earn no interest on the funds in your margin account,
what will be your rate of return after one year if Intel stock is
selling at (i) $44; (ii) $40; (iii) $36?
b) If the maintenance margin is 25%, how high can Intel’s price
rise before you get a margin call?
Problem 2: You’ve borrowed $20,000 on margin to buy
shares in Disney, which is now selling at $40 per share. Your
account starts at the initial margin requirement of 50%. The
maintenance margin is 35%. Two days later, the stock price
falls to $35 per share.
a) Will you receive a margin call?
b) How low can the price of Disney shares fall before you
receive a margin call?
Problem 3: Suppose stock X trades on the New York Stock
Exchange. Information from the limit order book (LOB) for
stock X is contained below.
Limit buy orders Limit sell orders
Price Shares Price Shares
$ 80.10 1000 $81.00 1500
$ 80.18 700 $80.75 700
$ 80.30 500
Suppose the specialist’s quotes are as follows:
Bid price $80.30 Ask price $80.70
Bid depth 600 shares Ask depth 800 shares
(a) What is the bid-ask spread?

15. (b) For each of the following scenarios answer all the questions
below:
Scenarios.
1. A market buy order for 400 shares comes in.
2. A market sell order for 600 shares comes in.
Questions.
(I) At what price is it executed?
(II) Did the LOB change? Why or why not?
(III) Did the specialist’s inventory of stock X change? Why or
why not?
(IV) Did the specialist act as a dealer, broker or both in this
transaction?
Problem 4: The price of TSN, X and PM was 34.30, 25.15
and 81 on 1/22/2014. The box below contains prices for stocks
TSN, X and PM over the next three trading days. Do not use
Excel for this problem.
Date
TSN
X
PM
1/27/2014
34.65
25.45
80.78
1/24/2014
34.77
25.28
81.5
1/23/2014

16. 35.46
26.34
83.54
a) Which stock performed the best?
b) Which stock is the most volatile?
c) Which two stocks moved more closely together over this
period?
d) Make an argument for buying TSN at the end of trading on
1/27/2014.
Tribe Called Red, “Halluci Nation”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4xwN3yPZA0
N'we Jinan Artists, “Home to Me”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgaYz8YWsO8
Question of Naming
Indian (Columbus was lost) – settler /dominant language; often
refers to ideas about indigenous peoples generated by non-
indigenous peoples; reimagined and reclaimed (AIM)
Aboriginal – state language. Taiaiake Alfred (Wasase:
Indigenous Pathways of Action and Freedom) – aboriginalism is
the ideology & identity of assimilation; legal and social

17. construction of the state; “aboriginal self-termination
movement”
First Nation – historic language. Outcome of “two founding
nations” nation building discourse in the post WWII era; First
Peoples
Native – being born or from a place
Indigenous – “the original people” favoured term at the
moment
Names of bands, peoples, clans (insider knowledge)
Canadian History as Settler History
Babakiueria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUMpPgMGCe8
Canada
Nothing inevitable or predetermined
Historical actors
Transformation over hundreds of years
The topic of study of our class this term
Incremental
It could have turned out so differently, it will
History of the present
“since time immemorial”
indigenous to the land

18. “I have been here since the world began” (Mi'kmaq)
Anthropologists Bering Strait theory
Indigenous people migrated from Asia over a) land bridge
(Beringia)
Challenged by indigenous peoples & other scholars
https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/indigenous-
peoples/how-linguists-are-pulling-apart-the-bering-strait-
theory/
Knowledge is highly political
The ongoing project of indigenous dispossession
Diversity of peoples, languages & cultures
Contact with Europeans
Happens at different times in different places
Pay attention to region
Context
Time period
Relations
Trade
Missionary activity
resettlement
Jacques Cartier
Three voyages
1534 first voyage
Encounters Iroquoian village of Stadacona at the site of present
day Quebec

19. Exchange of presents and barter
According to Cartier’s journal
Cartier commits two faux pas
Transgressions in diplomacy
Cartier claims the land for France erecting a cross
“Long Live the King of France”
Donnacona denounces the act; the region belongs to him, the
cross erected without his permission
Navigational aid, Cartier lies
Francois I
Terra Nullius
Indigenous people did not exercise recognizable title to the land
Non-Christians
Not agricultural enough
Not politically organized (Europeans did not recognize political
organization of indigenous peoples)
*reading for this week, discuss this topic in detail later
Cartier’s second offense
Cartier’s kidnaps two of Donnacona’s sons, Tayagnoagny &
Domagaya
Proof of “discovery”
To use as guides & interpreters on his return
Native diplomatic tradition necessitated Cartier offering two of
his own men. By not doing so, Cartier’s action considered
hostile

20. Cartier’s second voyage 1535
More mistakes
Sets up winter camp without permission
Travels through Stadaconans territory to visit Hochelagas
Scurvy outbreak in his camp
Cured by Stadaconans
More kidnapping, Donnacona, his two sons, and taking 7 others
9 would die, the fate of one is unknown
Cartier gets financing for a third voyage
Third voyage 1541
Stadaconans openly hostile
Tiny settlement besieged
35 colonists killed
Survivors withdrew in 1543
French possessions on Turtle Island
Growing fur trade
Desire for settlement in the St. Lawrence Valley
1603
Pierre Dugua de Mon, merchant organizes the expedition
Samuel du Champlain (royal cartographer)
Mathieu de Costa (linguist & interpreter)
Samuel de Champlain 1608
Establishes Quebec
Kebec Algonquian word for narrow strait
Fortified habitation

21. Champlain relations with locals
Montagnais of Quebec and Algonquians of the Ottawa Valley
At war with the Iroquois
Champlain promises to provide them with muskets
To demonstrate good will, Champlain agrees to 1609 raid
against the Iroquois
French enter local military trade alliances
Five Nations Iroquois
Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca & Tuscarora join
in 1720s, becoming Six Nations)
Alliance with the Dutch at New Amsterdam (New York)
Raids and counter-raids, ongoing with Algonquians
French participation, invaluable to French interests; gain
knowledge of the local transport systems, river networks, use of
toboggans, canoes, snow shoes, how to survive
Huron Confederacy
Lake Superior to James Bay
1615 Champlain’s last journey into Huron country
Treaties of friendship
French to support Huron against the Iroquois as long as the
Huron traded only with the French
Arrival of the Europeans
Intensification of the fur trade
Epidemics, disease
Cultural upheaval
Political rifts

22. Black Robes
Recollets & Jesuits 1630s
Conversion efforts
Missions in villages
French policy to sell guns only to converts
Converts treated with more respect by the French
Conversion caused rifts within families & communities
Fall of Huronia
Traditional historiography
Iroquois March 1649 attack Huron village and then use it as a
base to destroy Huronia
Dissolution of Huronia
Debates between historians
George Sioui ( Wendat historian)
Iroquois engaged in a war of liberation against the French
“mourning wars”
Absorb new members
European diseases not native warfare responsible for sharp
decline
Decimation caused by European diseases intensified warfare
The real story of indigenous land
Iroquois defence against European invasion
Dispersal of Huronia helps New France, coureurs de bois
replace Huron as middlemen, traveling inland to live with
Algonquians of the Upper Great Lakes

23. Iroquois resistance to New France
1609-1701 Iroquois resistance
Wars fought intermittently
Guerrilla tactics
skirmishes
New France fights back
1663 Royal Rule
Troops sent to New France
1666 French made two attacks on Iroquois villages
Second raid, French burned 4 Mohawk villages, including their
winter food supply
1667 20 year peace
Resume fighting 1687
1689 Iroquois attack Lachine
1690s fortunes turn
1701 Peace
Edward Cavanaugh
“possession and dispossession in Corporate New France, 1600-
1663”
Cavanagh
Legal historian

24. Settler colonialism in New France without recognition of
indigenous property rights
Newly installed regime granted land to settlers without
purchase, cession, or conquest
New France treated as terra nullius; Not a coherent doctrine but
as a practice
Idea of empty lands; no need for treaty
Rights of indigenous peoples disregarded; no consent
Cavanagh on the centrality of corporations
Corporate not monarchic
Companies central to settlement
Come by “magic” to enjoy rights to land alienation
Companies sought royal permission to seek maximum profits;
charters did not extinguish title
Claiming the land required actual possession
John Locke (p.115 mixing labour with land makes ownership)
Recognition by other Europeans vital for possession
Sillery
First reserve?
The Compagnie gave the land to the “savages” (p.120)
Company pre-emption
Montreal
1640
Societe de Notre Dame de Montreal pour la conversion des
Sauvages
Grant from the Compagnie de la Nouvelle France to the
seigneury of St. Sulpice and the entire island of Montreal
No consent, no purchase, no cession
Hurons, Algonquians, Montagnais, Iroquois were not seen as

25. landlords and were not made rich by the development of
Montreal, Trois Rivieres,& Quebec. They never ceded their
lands.
Cavanagh on historians
Historians emptying the land (p.104-105)
Historians as frontier real estate agents (p.106)
Historians arguments discriminate against indigenous peoples
who *might* be entitled to usufruct rights, settlers to outright
title
“The Historiography of New France and the Legacy of Iroquois
Internationalism”
Scott Manning Stevens
Stevens
French portrayal of the Haudenosaunee
Historiographic tradition established by Jesuit writers in the
19th c.
Histories written by non-native peoples, using written rather
than oral history
To point out the one-sided history
Haudenosaunee reframed the narrative as resistance to
missionaries & colonists
Stevens
Historians using Jesuit Relations as historical source of fact,
ethnographic information
Relations published annually for mass circulation among the

26. French reading public as literature of the new world, helped to
popularize the image of the so-called savages
Vernacular for general audience, did not set out to write history,
but to promote their work and chronicle their struggles
Published from 1610-1791 (73 volumes) Jesuits invented
Iroquoia
As foil for “Canada”
“Cruel Iroquois”
Call to arms, Iroquois as obstacle to overcome
Stevens
Father Francois de Cruex 1664 10 volume History of Canada or
New France
Created image of vicious Iroquois, as villain in New France’s
colonial drama, inhuman spectre
Call for military conquest to remove the obstacle
Link between Cruex’s book & 1666 Marquis de Tracy march on
the Iroquois, burning several villages & crops?
Haudenosaunee Diplomacy
League protecting their own interests
Claims to sovereignty
Diplomatic missions to England
“we declare ourselves hostile to settler colonialism & willing to
intervene on behalf of indigenous civilizations.”
Kanehsatake: 270 years of resistance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yP3srFvhKs
History: 27:07-35:47

27. Kanata
https://www-nfb-
ca.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/film/kanata_legacy_of_the_children/