vocabulary

1. Chapter 1
1- Audience-centered approach
 Understanding and respecting the members of your audience and making every
effort to get your message across in a way that is meaningful to them
 As a speaker, my main concern is to develop an audience-centered approach on
each of my presentations. Each audience is unique.
2- Code of ethics
 A written set of ethical guidelines that companies expect their employees to
follow
 In order to get the best of our employees, we need to teach them the company’s
code of ethics in a more empathic way.
3- Communication barriers
 Forces or events that can disrupt communication, including noise and distractions,
competing messages, filters, and channel breakdowns
 It was hard to pay attention to the speech given by the CEO. Some people were
whispering, thus creating a communication barrier.
4- Corporate culture
 The mixture of values, traditions, and habits that give a company its atmosphere
and personality
 If you are not willing to adapt to the corporate culture, you will not be able to
perform at your highest level.
5- Decoding
 Extracting the idea from a message
 I plan to write a memorandum about the overtime subject. Each department need
to decode my message in an easy way.
6- Encoding
 Putting an idea into a message (words, images, or a combination of both)
 When preparing a presentation for the whole company, it is hard to encode the
ideas. Not every department uses the same terms and vocabulary.
7- Ethical communication
 Communication that includes all relevant information, is true in every sense, and
is not deceptive
 Our company encourages the ethical communication for the benefit of our
stakeholders. We do not hide any information, even if it put us in a delicate
position.
8- Ethical dilemma
 Situation that involves making a choice when the alternatives aren’t completely
wrong or completely right

2.  If you feel that you have an ethical dilemma, and you are not able to decide a
course of action, you must speak it with the relevant parties.
9- Ethical lapse
 A clearly unethical choice
 You cannot steal the company’s assets. It is consider an ethical lapse, and you
will not get away with it.
10- Intellectual property
 Assets including patents, copyrighted materials, trade secrets, and even Internet
domain names
 Our company does not tolerate plagiarism. It violates laws that protect
intellectual property
11- Social communication model
 An interactive, conversational approach to communication in which formerly
passive audience members are empowered to participate fully
 When I have the task to train new personnel, I encourage the social
communication model. That way, the new personnel is able to learn effectively.
12- Stakeholders
 Groups affected by a company’s actions: customers, employees, shareholders,
suppliers, neighbors, the community, and the world at large
 The stakeholders of our company should be able to access our financial reports, so
they can make their decisions properly.
13- Workforce diversity
 All the differences among the people who work together, including differences in
age, gender, sexual orientation, education, cultural background, religion, ability,
and life experience
 We are willing to develop a corporate culture that encourages workforce diversity.
It is important for us to recognize everyone’s talents, regardless their differences.
Chapter 4
1- Direct approach
 Message organization that starts with the main idea (such as a recommendation, a
conclusion, or a request) and follows that with your supporting evidence
 I highly recommend the movie “Finding Dory”, it’s a great movie and the critics
say is the best Pixar Movie.
2- General purpose
 The broad intent of a message—to inform, to persuade, or to collaborate with the
audience
 As a speaker, I cannot deviate from the general purpose of my lectures or
speeches.

3. 3- Indirect approach
 Message organization that starts with the evidence and builds your case before
presenting the main idea
 Nutritionists say that you should eat three meals a day and three snacks to keep
the metabolism working. Since this is what works for losing weight, I will do
exercise five days a week and eat healthy.
4- Journalistic approach
 Verifying the completeness of a message by making sure it answers the who ,
what , when , where , why , and how questions
 When writing a letter to any stakeholder, it is important to consider a journalistic
approach. There is no reason to include irrelevant information.
5- Medium
 The form through which you choose to communicate a message
 If you need to address something important for internal purposes, the best
medium is the memorandum.
6- Scope
 The range of information presented in a message, its overall length, and the level
of detail provided
 If the scope of this topic is brief and concise, an email is appropriate to deliver it.
Chapter 15
1- Applicant tracking systems
 Computer systems that capture and store incoming résumés and help recruiters
find good prospects for current openings
 Since the company use applicant tracking systems, we spend less time
interviewing prospects for new job positions.
2- Chronological résumé
 The most common résumé format; it emphasizes work experience, with past jobs
shown in reverse chronological order
 In order to attract recruiter’s attention, it is highly recommendable to elaborate a
chronological résumé. It summarizes all your experience in a coherent way.
3- Combination résumé
 Format that includes the best features of the chronological and functional
approaches
4- Functional résumé
 Format that emphasizes your skills and capabilities while identifying employers
and academic experience in subordinate sections; many recruiters view this
format with suspicion

4.  It is not recommendable to elaborate a functional résumé for recruiters. It is not a
traditional way to organize your experience and skills.
5- Networking
 The process of making connections with mutually beneficial business contacts
 It is important to attend each business activity you can, such as business dinners
or conventions. There are a lot of entrepreneurs who are willing to do networking
with you.
Chapter 16
1- Applicant letter
 Message that accompanies a résumé to let readers know what you’re sending,
why you’re sending it, and how they can benefit from reading it
 An applicant letter offers a good insight of who you are in a detailed way.
Résumés, however, tend to be briefer.
2- Behavioral interview
 Interview in which you are asked to relate specific incidents and experiences from
your past
 I remember participating on a behavioral interview: they asked me which famous
person I would like to meet next to me in a plane and why. It was a hard question
to answer.
3- Employment interview
 Formal meeting during which you and an employer ask questions and exchange
information
 I have been in a lot of employment interviews, and it feels like they have the same
script. Recruiters use to ask similar questions and you have to be poignant on
your answers.
4- Open-ended interview
 Interview in which the interviewer adapts his or her line of questioning based on
the answers you give and any questions you ask
 The tricky part of open-ended interviews is that you feel so comfortable, but you
have no idea if you are convincing the recruiter that you are the best candidate.
5- Situational interview
 Similar to a behavioral interview, except the questions focus on how you would
handle various hypothetical situations on the job
 Once I participated on a situational interview. They asked me a lot of questions
related to ethical decisions in the workplace, and all the questions were tricky.
6- Structured interview
 Interview in which the interviewer (or a computer) asks a series

5.  I remember when I apply online for a retail store position. I spend almost two
hours in a structured interview, answering questions about potential situations.