2. All are parasitic
11 known species compromise the genus
2 main clades
1. Encapsulated
species in which the host muscle cells they invade
become surrounded by a collagen capsule
2. Non-encapsulated
no encapsulation occurs in the host muscle
3. The five species (and three genotypes yet to be
defined taxonomically) that comprise the
encapsulated clade parasitize only mammals
Three species comprise the non-capsulated clade
One infects mammals and birds
Other two species infects mammals and reptiles
There are only two of these parasites, T.
papuae and T. zimbabwensis, known to complete
their entire life cycle independently of whether the
host is warm-blooded or cold-blooded
5. Greek: trichinos = of hair, -ella = diminutive
Latin: Trichinella spiralis means spira, which is a
reference to how this organism coils up in its host
Well known for its parasitic lifestyle
Belongs to the first clade
Main hosts are meat eating animals
Resides within skeletal muscles
Disease caused is “trichinosis”
6. Buccal cavity
one of the most important structures for
adaptation developed
Has a very similar function to our mouth
Contains teeth to help the organism to adhere to
the substrate
Supplies the organism with a place to take up
nutrients from its surroundings
7. Hydrostatic skeleton
Helps with movement
Tail
Helps in locomotion
Supplies a place for claudal glands
responsible for secreting an adhesive mucus
that helps this organism stick to the substrate
of interest
Amphids
Specialized sensing structures
Located on the lateral sides of the head
Gives the organism the ability to sense and then
adapt to their surroundings
8. Simple nervous system
Consists of dorsal and ventral nerve cords
allows them to interpret information coming
from their sensory organs such as the amphids
Enables them to react to their environment better
and have an increased chance of survival
Cuticle
located on the external aspect of the worm
is shed off to allow these organisms to grow and
develop
larger body size all results in a discount
metabolic rate per gram of tissue
9.
10. Encysted nematode is ingested
Travel to the stomach to be digested
digestive functions of the stomach allow the
nematodes to change from their encysted to their
active forms
Molts four times for the first 34 hours
Female releases pheromones to attract the male
Male coils itself around the females genitals
Male then inserts its spicule/s into female’s genitals
where the amoeboid sperms will crawl
When eggs are fertilized, the mother will not release
the eggs unless they have hatched within its uterus
Usually the 5th or 6th day of infection
11.
12. Greek: enteron = intestine, bios = life
Has the broadest geographic range of any helminth
Small, white, and thread-like
Females: ranging between 8-13 mm x 0.3-0.5 mm
Possess a long pin-shape posterior end
Males: ranging between 2-5 mm x 0.1-0.2 mm
Dwells primarily in the cecum of the large intestine
Females migrate at night to lay 15,000 eggs on the
perineum
13.
14. Flattened asymmetrically on one side
Ovoid
Approximately 55 mm x 25 mm in size
Embryonate in six hours
Can remain viable for about twenty days in a moist
environment
Viable eggs and larvae were found in the sludge of
sewage treatment plants in Czechoslovakia in 1992
15. High prevalence in countries with a temperate
climate
approximately 200 million people are infected
internationally
The most common intestinal parasite
Serves as an exception to the general rule that
intestinal parasites are uncommon in affluent
societies
Does not need to rely on a vector for transmission
Infection usually occurs via ingestion of infectious
eggs by direct anus-to-mouth transfer by fingers
16.
17. Scotch tape test
Most common test
A clear adhesive cellulose tape is applied to the
anal area early in the morning before bathing or
defecation
It is then observed under the microscope for the
presence of eggs
These eggs may also be stained blue with
lactophenol cotton blue, which aids in detection
and identification
Sensitivity of this test when performed for three
consecutive mornings is 90%
18. Bathe when you wake up to help reduce the egg
contamination
Change and wash your underwear each day.
Frequent changing of night clothes are recommended
Change underwear, night clothes, and sheets after
each treatment. Because the eggs are sensitive to
sunlight, open blinds or curtains in bedrooms during
the day
Personal hygiene should include washing hands after
going to the toilet, before eating and after changing
diapers
Trim fingernails short
Discourage nail-biting and scratching bare anal areas.
These practices help reduce the risk of continuous
self reinfection
19. Filial nematode that is a thread-like worm
Female: 10 cm long and 0.2 mm wide
Male: about 4 cm long
Adults reside and mate at the lymphatic system
Can produce up to 50 000 microfilaria per day
microfilaria are 250-300 µm long, 8 µm wide and
circulate in the peripheral blood and can live as is up
to 12 months
Adult s take 6 to 12 months to develop from the
larval stage and can live between 4 and 6 years
20.
21. Interactions are with humans and mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are intermediate hosts
Humans are definitive hosts
Microfilariae inhabits the mosquito and the mosquito
then transfers the microfilariae to humans when it
takes a blood meal
Some of the common vectors are the Culex,
Anopheles, and Aedes mosquito
CULEX ANOPHELES AEDES
23. This disease is transferred by mosquitoes and is
found mainly in the tropics and sub-tropics
Very rarely found in Western countries
Onset of symptoms is usually slow, but after a couple
of years, the lymphatic system will no longer work
like it should
Lymph nodes become enlarged and clogged
Swelling, discoloration, and thickening of the skin
occurs
Without treatment, the tissue infected with
Lymphatic filariasis develops into Elephantiasis
24. The thickening of skin and other tissues to produce
huge growths on a person’s body
Growths result from the blocking of lymphatic
vessels by the parasite
Usually found in the lower regions of the body
W. Bancrofti can affect the arms, legs, and breasts