A new study found that people who had experienced depression had significantly shorter telomeres, representing about 4 to 6 years of accelerated aging at the cellular level. Telomeres are structures at the end of chromosomes that protect DNA from damage. Shorter telomeres have been linked to aging. The study of over 2,400 people showed that those with a history of depression had telomeres about 83 to 84 base pairs shorter than those without depression, even after accounting for other lifestyle factors. While the study did not prove cause and effect, depression is known to disrupt many physical systems, and these findings suggest psychological distress from depression may lead to accelerated biological aging.

2. Schizophrenia: new updates
Dr. Hani Hamed Dessoki, M.D.Psychiatry
Prof. Psychiatry
Chairman of Psychiatry Department
Beni Suef University
Supervisor of Psychiatry Department
El-Fayoum University
APA member

3. Cells Show Signs of Faster Aging After
Depression
Study found structures called telomeres were shorter in people with the condition
By Brenda Goodman
HealthDay Reporter
TUESDAY, Nov. 12 (HealthDay News) -- The cells of people who have had depression may age
more quickly, a new study suggests.
Dutch researchers compared cell structures called telomeres in more than 2,400 people with and
without depression.
Like the plastic tips at the ends of shoelaces, telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes to protect
the cell's DNA from damage. Telomeres get a bit shorter each time a cell divides, so they are
useful markers for aging.
The researchers found that the telomeres of people who had ever been depressed were
significantly shorter -- about 83 to 84 base pairs of DNA shorter, on average -- than those of
people who had never suffered from depression.
The results remained even after researchers accounted for a host of lifestyle factors that can also
damage DNA, such as heavy drinking and cigarette smoking.
Since people naturally lose about 14 to 20 base pairs of DNA in the telomeres each year, the
researchers said the difference represents about four to six years of advanced aging.

4. A telomere
• A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each
end of a chromatid, which protects the end of the chromosome
from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.
Its name is derived from the Greek nouns telos (τέλος) 'end' and
merοs (μέρος, root: μερ-) 'part.' Telomere regions deter the
degradation of genes near the ends of chromosomes by allowing
chromosome ends to shorten, which necessarily occurs
during chromosome replication.
• Without telomeres, the genomes would progressively lose
information and be truncated after cell division because the
synthesis of Okazaki fragments requires RNA primers attaching
ahead on the lagging strand.
• Over time, due to each cell division, the telomere ends become
shorter.

5. Telomeres

6. .
The study showed only an association between depression and shorter telomeres, and didn't
prove a cause-and-effect link. The researchers said they aren't entirely sure what the shorter
telomeres might mean in depression.
On one hand, study author Josine Verhoeven said, it could be that having shorter telomeres
somehow sets a person up for mental troubles. But it's more likely that depression causes
damage that leaves traces even at the cellular level, she said.
Depression is known to disrupt many physical systems. It alters hormones, suppresses the
immune function and changes how nerves work. People with a history of depression have
greater risks for diseases of aging, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, dementia and
cancer.
"Results like ours suggest that psychological distress, as experienced by depressed persons, has a
large, detrimental impact on the wear and tear of a person's body, resulting in accelerated
biological aging," said Verhoeven, a doctoral researcher at VU University Medical Center in
Amsterdam.

7. study was published online Nov. 12 in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.
One expert said the study is significant in the number of people it involved.
"The strength of this report is its size," said Etienne Sibille, an associate professor of psychiatry at the University
of Pittsburgh. He is studying how depression ages the brain.
Sibille said previous research on the same question had mixed results -- probably because the studies were too
limited to pick up the effect, which is small and varies from person to person.
"It's a small effect, but it's real," he said.
The next question science needs to answer, Sibille said, is whether telomere shortening really matters and if
reversing it could improve health. Other studies have shown that a healthier diet, exercise and measures
to control stress may lengthen telomeres.
"It's just not known whether it has an impact on cell function," he said. "If that's the case, it has potential
therapeutic importance."
More information
Head to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more on healthy aging.
SOURCES: Josine Verhoeven, doctoral researcher, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands;
Etienne Sibille, Ph.D., associate professor, department of psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh; Nov.
12, 2013, Molecular Psychiatry, online