2. History
Armamentarium
Definition &Classification
Composition
Different Agents , Vasoconstrictors
Mechanism of Action
Bio Transformation
Systemic Action
3. Ancient time – dental treatment associated with pain
Earliest pain relief – Coca shrub mood elevator
Incas
Cocoa shrub – foot hills of Andes
Introduced by Europeans to South America
Cocaine
4. 1855 – Gaedicke extracted alkaloid Erythroxylin
1860 – Dr. Scherzer cocaine from this alkaloid
1844 – Francis Rynd (Dublin)
Acetate of morphine + Creosote
Skin incision TGN treatment
First time liquid used - intradermally
1884 – marks birth of LA
5. Sigmund Freud Carl Koller
Cocaine for eye operation
William Steward Halsted
Cocaine for inferior dental nerve
1886 – BDJ William Alfred Hunt et al
Cocaine - dental anesthetic documented
1901 – E Mayers
Vasoconstrictor + cocaine
7. 1946 – Lignocaine introduced Dental practice
1948 – Lignocaine ; published in BDJ – Lofgren
Sweden – Birth place of newer LA agents
Bupivacaine
Ropivacaine
8. DEFINITION --
It is defined as an unpleasant emotional
experience usually initiated by a noxious
stimulus and transmitted over a specific
neural pathway to the central nervous system
where it is interpreted as such.
9. Accupuncture Analgesia --
Originated-CHINA,between600BC to 200AD
Hypnotism –
Still employed—susceptible patients,
Time consuming, lasts for less time
Audio Analgesia –
1959 Gardner and licklider
Loud noise used to produce analgesia
Electric analgesia --
Peripheral nerve- Direct electric current
Elos-1,powered by 18v battery- Siemens
Never more than 30 ma
10. Syringe-
Breech loading, metallic cartridge-aspirating
Advantage
Visible cartridge
Aspiration- 1 hand
Autoclavable
Rust resistance, Long lasting
Disadvantage
Weight
Size-Too big
Possibility of infection
15. Breech loading metallic cartridge-Self aspirating
Advantage
Cartridge visible
Autoclavable
Easier to aspirate
Piston is scored – Qty Known
Disadvantage
Weight
Possibility of infection
Finger has to be moved from thumb
ring to disc-Aspiration
Takes time to accustom
20. Jet injectors
Advantage
Does not require – needle
Very small volume – Delivered
Topical anesthesia-effective
Disadvantage
Inadequate – Pulpal / Regional block
Patient disturbed by jolt of jet.
Cost
PDL damage – common
22. Disposable syringe
Advantage
Single use
Sterile-Till opened
Light weight
Disadvantage
Does not accept – Dental cartridge
Aspiration – Difficult – 2 hands
26. It is defined as a transient loss of sensation to a
painful or potentially painful stimulus, resulting from a
reversible interruption of peripheral conduction along a
specific neural pathway to its central integration and
perception in the brain.
27. Its action must be reversible
It must be nonirritating to the tissues and produce no secondary local reaction
It should have a low degree of systemic toxicity
It should have a potency sufficient duration to be advantageous.
It should have a potency sufficient to give complete anesthesia without the
use of harmful concentrated solutions
It should have sufficient penetrating properties to be effective as a topical
anesthetic.
It should be relatively free from producing allergic reactions.
It should be stable in solution and undergo biotransformation readily within
the body
It should be either sterile or capable of being sterlized by heat without
deterioration.
28. ROOT CANAL TREATMENT FOR PULPAL
ANESTHESIA
PERIODONTAL SURGERY
ORTHODONTIC EXTRACTIONS
EXTRACTION OF CARIOUS ,PRE PROSTHETIC
EXTRACTIONS,MALPOSED AND IMPACTED TEETH.
PREPROSTHETIC SURGERY
SURGICAL EXCISION AND INSICION OF
PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS.
ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY
MAXILLARY ND MANDIBULAR # REDUCTIONS
OPEN/CLOSED
30. IN HEPATIC FAILURE PATIENTS Amides are metabolized in
the liver. Patients with significant liver disease who have poor
hepatic blood flow will have trouble metabolizing amides and
other agents.
Patients administered prilocaine may develop
methemoglobinemia.
HEART FAILURE (ASA IV OR VI)
LIDOCAINE is used as an ACLS drug for patients with
ventricular dysrythmias. However high levels of lidocaine will
decrease contractility and cardiac output and can lead to
circulatory collapse. Systemic actions on the central nervous
system include CNS depression, seizures and analgesia.
In addition, one of the metabolites of lidocaine may actually
cause some sedation. These metabolites are excreted in the
kidney.IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS HAS TO BE USED
WITH CAUTION.
ATYPICAL PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE.
BLEEDING DISORDERS PERTICULARLY REGIONAL BLOCKS
31. Topical Surface contact.
Paste, ethyl chloride. May be adequate for simple incision and drainage,
preinjection,
Infiltration Deposition of solution at or close to site of surgery.
a) Sub mucous - for simple soft tissue surgery - includes long buccal
infiltration.
Not suitable for pulpal anaesthesia.
b) Supraperiosteal - the commonest technique - solution diffuses
through cortical bone into apical area. Usually adequate especially
in maxilla but adult mandibles to thick in posterior buccal cortex.
c) Subperiosteal - painful! - use if (b) fails.
d) Intraosseous - very painful! again use if (b) fails. Drill small
access hole over appropriate tooth apex and deposit 0.25ml of
local anaesthetic.
32. e) Intraseptal - variation of (d) - similar indications but inject through
softer crestal bone to reach apex.
f) Intraligamentous - painful but occasionally very useful especially
for acute pulpitis where regional block fails to give adequate depth
of anaesthesia. Must use special syringe to avoid breaking
cartridge. Push needle along root surface to apex - inject small
volume of solution - effect is rapid so proceed with surgery
C.FIELD BLOCKS
D.NERVE BLOCKS
E.Regional Block: Remote from site of
surgery.
Contraindicated in patients with bleeding
diatheses even if controlled!Success
depends on knowledge of local anatomy
and good technique.
33. Based on composition –
A) Natural – eg – cocaine.
B) synthetic nitrogenous compd –
para amino benzoic acid-procaine,
benzocaine.
acetanilide - lignocaine
quinoline - cinchocoline
C) non Nitrogenous compounds -
benzyl alcohol
D) miscellaneous – clove oil , phenol .
34. Based on intermediate group --
Esters –
Benzoic acid Para Amino benzoic Acid
Butane Chloroprocaine
Cocaine Procaine
Benzocaine Propoxycaine
Hexylcaine
Tetracaine
Amides –
Articaine
Bupivacaine
Dibucaine
Lignocaine
Mepivacaine
Prilocaine
35. According to biological site and mode of action—
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Agents acting at receptor
site –external surface.
Agents acting at receptor
site- internal surface..
Agents acting at receptor
independent physico
chemical mechanism.
Agents acting in combn
of receptor and
independent mechanism.
Biotoxin -eg
tetrodotoxin
Quaternary amonium-
scorpion venom
Benzocaine
Clinically useful
agents –Lignocaine etc
36. Injectables -- Surface --
Ultra short acting *Soluble - eg
<80 min eg Lignocaine Cocaine
Lignocaine
Short acting 45-50 *Insoluble- eg
Min 2% ligno with Benzocaine
1:1 lakh VC
Medium acting 90-150
2% ligno with Vc or
4% prilocaine with 1:2 epin
Long acting > 180
Bupivacaine with 1:2 epin
37. Local anesthetic agent
This is the active ingredient in the solution, but despite the
constant development of new drugs, the ideal L.A. agent is yet
to be introduced into clinical practice.
Vasoconstrictor
Merits
Reduces toxic effects by retarding the absorption of the
constituents
By confining the anesthetic agent to a localized area it
increases the depth and duration of anesthesia.
It produces a relatively blood less field of operation for surgical
procedures.
38. Demerits
In higher doses can cause systemic effects that are undesirable,
practically in individuals suffering from cardiovascular disease.
Vasoconstrictor may also cause a delay in wound healing,
edema and tissue necrosis. This is because sympathomimetic
amines may increase O2 consumption of tissues. This, together
with vaso constriction leads to hypoxia and local tissue
damage.
The vasoconstrictors in general uses are
Adrenaline.
Noradrenaline
Felypressin
39. Anti oxidant
Most often is sodium meta-bi sulphite
Amount varies from 0.0065 to 0.002 mg/CC.
Since this substance is more readily oxidized than adrenaline or noradrenaline it
protects their stability.
Preservative
Modern LA solutions are very stable and have a shelf – life of 2 years or more.
Most frequently used bacteriostatic agents are methylparaben, propylparaben
and chlorobutanol.
Fungicide Thymol is added.
Vehicle
The anaesthetic agent and the additives are dissolved in modified Ringer’s
solution. This automatic vehicle minimizes the discomfort during injection.
43. Recommended dose – 7mg/kg not>500mg with VC
4.4mg/kg not>300mg
For children with VC 3.2 mg/kg
Council for dental therapeutics- ADA
4.4mg/kg
It is non allergic available in three
formulations Ligno2% with out Vc
Ligno2% with VC 1:80,000
Ligno2% with VC 1:100,000
Adverse reactions- CNS stimulation then
Depression,Overdose causes unconsciousness and
respiratory arrest.
44. Bupivacaine –Classified under amide
1-butyl 2,6 pipecoloxylidide
Toxicity <4 times – Lignocaine, Mepivacaine
Metabolism –Liver by Amidases
Excretion by kidney (16% unchanged)
Vasodilation- relatively significant
Pka-8.1,ph(plain)- 4.5-6, ph(vc)- 3-4.5
Onset of action –6-10 min,Anesthetic half life-2.7hrs,Dose 1.3mg/kg
,Maximum dose-not >40mg,Absolute maximum dose-not> 90mg
46. Available as 0.5% soln 1:2,00,000 (vc)
Indicaton- pulpal anesthesia->90- min.
Full mouth recontruction.
Extensive perio surgery.
management of post op pain.
Duration –Pulpal- 90- 180 min
Soft tissue-4-12 hrs
Contra indication- burning sensation at site of injecton, in children-
anticipating self trauma .
47. Procaine- Classified under –Esters
2Diethylamino ethyl 4aminobenzoate hcl
Metabolised-in Plasma by plasma pseudocholine esterases
Excretion >2%unchanged, 90% -PABA,8% diethyl aminoethanol in
urine.
Pka-9.1,High degree of vasodilation, 2% procaine 15-30min soft
tissue LA
no pulpal anesthesia , > incidence allergy, drug of choice for intra
arterial injection and accidents.
48. Mepivacine- classified -amide type
1 Methyl 2,6 pipecoloxylidide hcl
Metabolism-microsomal fixed funcn oxidasea in liver.
Maximum dose 4.4 mg/kg , absolute max dose-300mg.
Excretion-1-10% unchanged urine.
Pka-7.6,Anesthetic half life-90min,
Mild vasodilator, 3% mepivacaine used in patients with vc
contraindicaton. Low reported cases-allergy.over dose CNS
stimulation followed by depression.
49. Articaine- classified- Amide
2 Carboxymethoxy 4 methylthiophene hcl
Metabolised- Liver
Excretion – Kidney 10% - unchanged.
Pka 7.8, Anesthetic half life-1.2-2 hrs,
Maximum dose – 1mg/kg , Absolute maximum dose –
500mg
first LAAgent with thiophene ring,little potential to diffuse
through soft tissue.
Adverse reaction-methymoglobinemia-Rx by using
methylene blue 1mg/kg.
50. Etidocaine- classified –Amide
Metabolism –Liver
Excretion –urine- Kidney
Pka 7.7 ,Anesthetic half life-56 min.
Maximum dose 8mg /kg, Absolute max dose 400 mg
Employed mainly in epidural or caudal regional block.
51. Added – to counteract vasodilation effect of injectable
L.A
Decreases rate of absorption
Reduces the risk of overdose reaction
Increases duration of action
Reduces bleeding at the site
53. Proprietar
y
name
Mode of
action
Systemic
1) CVS
EPINEPHRINE
Adrenaline
α1& β receptors
Systolic &
Diastolic pressure
Heart rate
Oxygen
consumption
Stroke volume
FELYPRESSIN
Octopressin
Direct stimulation of
vasculature
No direct effect on
Myocardium
Non-arrythmagenic
High doses – impaired
coronary flow
55. 6) Clinical
application
7) Max
dose
8) Side
effect
Allergy, hemostasis
0.2 mg – healthy
0.04mg – CVS impaired
CVS & CNS symptoms
Cerebral hemorrhage
As vaso-constrictor in
L.A
0.04mg
56. Rate
Non-myelinated 1.2m/s
Myelinated 14.8 – 120m/s
Site of action
Outer bimolecular lipoprotein layer in nerve membrane
57. Altering the basic RMP of nerve
Altering the threshold potential
Decreasing the rate of depolarization
Prolonging rate of repolarization
58. ACTEYLCHOLINE THEORY:
Involved in nerve conduction in addition to its role as a
neurotransmitter at nerve synapses
No such evidence
CALCIUM DISPLACEMENT THEORY:
L.A causes nerve block by displacement of Ca from some
membrane site that controls entry of Na
Varying conc. Of Ca in nerve – not seen
59. SURFACE CHARGE THEORY:
Action by binding to nerve membrane and changing its
electric potential.
Cationic molecules aligned at membrane water interface –surface
elec potn more positively charged - electric potn , threshold
potn.
Demerits- RMP not altered by LA.
LA act on nerve channel rather than surface –cannot explain
how uncharged LA molecule causes nerve blockage.
60. Membrane expansion theory-
LA lipid soluble – enters nerve membr and changes
configuration of membr. There by reduced space for sodium
to enter and thus cause inhibition.
Explains how non ionised drug causes- blockade, nerve
membrane do expand and become more fluid when exposed to
LA .
No evidence to tell that the whole blockade is due to this
phenomenon.
61. Specific receptor theory—
LA act by binding to specific receptors- sodium channel-on
external/ axoplasmic surface.
Once it binds there is no permeability of sodium- no conduction.
LA molecule replace calcium molecule at calcium gate – thus
prevent sodium entry.
This is by far the most accepted theory.
62. All LA are available as acid salt of weak bases.
Weak base(BNHOH) combined with acid (HCL) to give
acid salt(BNHCL)& water.
In mucosa BNHCL dissociates into BNH and CL . Normal
tissue PH 7.4 is necessary for conversion of acid salt to free
base.
BNH which is hydrophilic further dissociates to BN and H.
BN is now lipophilic.
63. Lipophilic BN diffuses through nerve membrane (lipid).
Inside the nerve it combines with intrinsic H. (H in nerve
formed by buffering action.)
Newly formed ionised BNH displaces calcium from the
sodium channel receptor site to cause conduction blockade.
67. CNS –
Low levels – no action
Toxic dose – tonic clonic convulsions
Blood- 0.5-4.0 mg/ml-no complication
4.5-7.0 mg/ml-pre seizure sign/
symptom
>7.5mg/ml-tonic clonic seizures.
Anti convulsive property –
As it causes depression of CNS.
Seizure threshold- excitability nerve
68. CVS-
Action on Heart
Electrical excitability of myocardium .
conduction rate
Tone of contraction.
clinically effective level-1.8-5mg/ml –anti arrhythmic
used in premature ventricular contractures , arrhythmias.
69. Action on vasculature-
normal value no change.
over dose- hypo tension.( myocardial
contractility)
Lethal dose- cardio vascular collapse
( myocardial contractility, massive peripheral vaso dilatation )
70. Action on Respiratory system–
Normal levels- no over dose- bronchial muscles relaxation .
Over dose – Respiratory arrest due to CNS depression.
72. Anatomical considerations
Local anaesthesia technique- Maxilla
Local anaesthesia technique- Mandible
Complications
Future trends
73. The right and left trigeminal nerves provide among other
functions, the overwhelming majority of sensory innervation
from the teeth, bone, soft tissues of the oral cavity.
Two parts:-
i. Motor:- a. Masseter
b. temporalis
c. lateral/medial pterygoid
d. Mylohyoid
e. Anterior belly of digastric
f. Tensor tympani
g. Tensor veli palatini
ii. Sensory: V1 Opthalmic nerve
V2 Maxillary division
V3 mandibular division
74.
75.
76.
77. Use a Sterile Sharp Needle
Check The flow of Solution
Determine Whether to Warm solution before use or not.
Position the patient
Dry the tissue/ wipe once.
Apply topical anesthetic
78. Communicate with patient apply firm hand rest
Inject few drops of soln, communicate with patient,
Advance to the target slowly ,aspirate , inject
Withdraw the needle slowly
Observe the patient & check for anesthetic symptoms
80. Supra periosteal injection:
Anaesthetize buccal soft tissue & hard tissue
Nerves anaesthetized – large terminal branches
Indication :
1 or 2 teeth need to be anaesthetized / small area
81. Contra-indication :
Infection
Dense bone covering
Target area :
Behind apices of tooth
Landmarks :
Muco-buccal fold
Crown & root length
82.
83. Area anaesthetized:
Maxillary 3rd, 2nd & 1st molar (except mesio-buccal root of 1st
molar
Bone & periodontium over these
Indication:
Treatment of 2 or more molars required
Supra-periosteal injection – ineffective
Acute inflammation
84. Contra-indication:
Pt with bleeding disorders
Disadvantage:
More of soft tissue landmarks used
2nd injection for 1st molar
Landmarks:
Mucobuccal fold
Zygomatic process of maxilla
Infratemporal surface of maxilla
Anterior border and coronoid process of mandible
Tuberosity of maxilla
87. Only in present in about 20% of the poplation thereby
limiting its clinical usefulness of this block.
Area anaesthetized:
Mesiobuccal root of the 1st molar, pulps of maxillary first 1st and
2nd premolar
Buccal periodontal tissues
Indication:
When ifra orbital block fails to provide anaesthesia to maxillary
canine
Dental procedures involving both maxillary premolars
contraindication:
When infection or inflammation
88. Areas anaesthetized
Pulp of maxillary C.Is – Canine
Buccal periodontium, lower eyelid, lateral aspect of nose
Upper lip
Indications
More than 2 anterior teeth
Contraindications
Discreet treatment areas
Hemostasis of localized area – not adequately achieved
91. 1.Nasopalatine nerve block/spenopalatine nerve block/
incisive nerve block
Areas anaesthetized
Anterior portion of Hard palate and over lying structures back to
the bicuspid area.
Indications
Anterior palatal procedures supplementing infraorbital nerve
blocks
Anaesthesia of nasal septum
Landmarks
Central incisor & incisive papilla
92. Complications
Hematoma
Necrosis
Technique
Single needle penetration
Multiple needle penetration
Usually most discomforting block for patient – very painful
93. 2.Greater palatine nerve block/ anterior palatine nerve block
Areas anaesthetized
Palatal soft tissue – posterior aspect
Palatal hard tissue
Indication
Surgical procedures posterior portion of hard palate
Palatal Anaesthesia in conjunction with posterior superior
alveolar nerve block.
Landmarks
Greater palatine foramen – junction of the maxillary alveolar
process & palatine bone
Between the 2nd & 3rd molars – 1-1.5cms away from gingival
margin
94.
95. First reported by freidman and hochman in 1997 during development of
CCLAD system
Muscles of facial expression and upper lip anesthesized.
Nerves anesthetized
ASA and MSA
Areas anesthetized
Pulpal anesthesia of maxillary incisors,canines and premolars
Buccal and palatal attached gingiva
Indications
Performed with CCLAD
When anterior cosmetic procedures are performed
When anesthesia is desired from a single injection
contraindications
Patients with thin palatal tissues
Patients who cannot tolerate the 3-4 minute adminstration time
Long procedures >90 mins
96. Advantage
Less amount of LA is deposited 0.5ml/min
Allows for accurate smile line assesment in case of aesthetic
restorations
Disadvantage
Very slow adminstration
Can cause operator fatigue
Maybe uncomfortable for the patient
Technique sensitive
97. Nerve anaesthetized
Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Areas anaesthetized
Pulpal Anaesthesia
Maxillary teeth – 1 side
Periodontium / soft tissue – 1 side
Indications
Extensive oral / periodontal / endodontal procedures
Other regional nerve blocks not possible
Therapeutic procedure to diagnose neuralgias
99. Complications
Hematoma
Penetration into orbit
Volume – displaces orbital structures, periorbital swelling,
proptosis, 6th nr block – diplopia, transient loss of vision,
optic nerve blocked, retrobulbar block producing mydriasis,
corneal anesthesia / hemorrhage, opthalmoplegias
(common)
Penetration into nasal cavity
Patient complains – LA running down the throat – to
prevent keep mouth wide open
Technique
High tuberosity approach
Greater palatine canal approach
100.
101. I. Anterior and middle superior alveolar nerve block –
Nerves anaesthetized
Infraorbital nerve
Inferior palpebral, lateral nasal and superior labial nerves
Area anaesthetized
Incisors and bicuspids on the effected side
Labial alveolar plate and associated tissues
Anatomical landmarks
Pupil of the eye
Infraorbital ridge
Infrorbital notch
Infraorbital depression
Indications
When Intra oral route is not feasable
When attempts of intra oral anaesthesia have been ineffective
102.
103. II. Maxillary nerve block –
Areas anaesthetised
Anterior temporal & zygomatic region
Lower eyelid
Side of nose
Anterior cheek
Upper lip
Maxillary teeth / alveolar bone & overlying structures – 1side
Hard & soft palate
Tonsils – parts of pharynx
Nasal septum – floor of nose
104. Indications
Extensive surgery – 1 half of maxilla
Others blocks not possible
Therapeutic purposes
Technique
mid point of zygomatic process
Needle gently contact lateral pterygoid plate
Maximum length of 4.5cms directed slightly upward & forward
Note:
In final position – internal maxillary artery – inferior to needle
Temporal vessels on either sides
Posteriorly foramen ovale with mandibular nerve & foramen spinosum
with middle meningeal artery
Anteriorly pterygomaxillary fissure
105.
106. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
Other common name- Mandibular block
Different techniques are:
DIRECT METHOD.
INDIRECT METHOD.
METHOD OF CLARKE & HOLMES
METHOD OF ANGELO SARGENTI
VAZIRANI- AKINOSI TECHNIQUE
GOW-GATE’S TECHNIQUE
KURT THOMA EXTERNAL APPROACH
107. Classical inferior alveolar nerve block
Nerves anaesthetised- inferior alveolar nerve block and its
subdivisions
Areas anaesthetised
Mandibular teeth upto midline
Body of mandible
Inferior portion of ramus
Buccal periosteum & mucous membrane
Lingual soft tissue
Anterior 2/3rd of tongue
Indications
Multiple mandibular teeth – procedures
Buccal / Lingual soft tissue anaesthesia
109. Anatomical structures - final position
Disadvantages:
• Rate of indequate anesthesia is high 10-20%
• Intra oral landmarks are not consistently reliable
• Highest positive aspiration of about 10-20%
• Partial anesthesia where bifid inferior alveolar nerve and bifid
mandibular canal are present
110.
111.
112. Stages in the indirect technique :- Initial insertion of the
needle more laterally,thus immediately strikes the bone, needle
is partially withdrawn after touching the bone, syringe is
moved parallel to the lower molars on the other side, insertion
of the needle beyond theinternal oblique ridge, the syringe is
returned to it’s original direction, ie over the lower premolars
and deposit 1.5ml of solution in the pterygomandibular space.
113.
114. It involves deposition of solutions @ a higher level than usual. It is a
modification of indirect technique. In the standard direct/indirect technique,
the analgesic is placed immediately behind the mandibular foramen, which
is 1cm above the occlusal plane of molar teeth. At this level the nerve is
concealed by lingula & sphenomandibular ligament. Depositing the solution
at a higher level causing complete anesthesia.
115.
116. This technique is a modification of direct method. The difference is that the
nerve is approached from a higher level than usual.
TECHNIQUE: Syringe with 1 5/8 inch 26gauge needle is used.The index
finger is placed in the retro molar fossa with nail facing lingually. The
needle is inserted opposite to the mid point of the finger nail. The barrel of
the syringe is now placed between and in contact with the upper premolars
of the opposite side. Needle is slowly inserted in a downwards & backwards
direction until it touches the bone, depth is 1cm. 1.5ml of solution is
deposited.
117.
118. Nerves anesthetized – inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve
buccinator nerves
Area anesthetized
one half of mandible upto mid line including lingual tissue and inferior
portion of the ramus of the mandible.
Land mark-
occluding plane of the teeth.
Muco gingival junction maxillary teeth.
Antr border of ramus.
Orientation of bevel must be oriented away from the bone of mandibulaar
ramus (bevel faces toward mid line).
More popular now
Land marks easy
One prick – mandibular, buccal, lingual n anesthetised.
Patient more comfortable.
119.
120.
121.
122. Advantages
• Atraumatic,
• pats. with restricted mouth opening.
• fewer post op complications.
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to visualize the path of needle and depth of
insertion.
• Complications
• hematoma, transient facial n. paralysis.
123. Nerves anaesthetised – inferior alveolar, mental,
incisive, lingual, mylohyoid, auriculotemporal and
buccal.
Area –all mandibular hard and soft tissue Upto mid line.
Indications- multiple procedures on mandibular teeth,
buccal soft tissue anaesthesia from third molar to midline,
conventional inf. alv. n. block is unsuccessful.
Contraindications – infection or acute inflammation in the
area of infection, pats. with restricted mouth opening.
124. Land marks-
Extraoral- corner of mouth, lower border of the tragus, intertragic
notch
Intraoral – height of injection established by placement of
needle tip just below the mesiolingual cusp of max. 2nd molar,
penetration of soft tissue distal to 2nd molar at the same height.
Final position needle is just inferior to condyle and insertion of lateral
pterygoid.
Gained popularity – single needle penetration, relies on soft tissue
landmarks – differ from patient to patient
125.
126. OTHER NAME
Buccal nerve block or buccinator nerve block.
TARGET AREA
Buccal nerve as it passes over the anterior border of the ramus
LAND MARKS
External oblique ridge
Retromolar triangle
Distal to 3rd molar
TECHNIQUE
1” 25 gauge needle is inserted in to the buccal mucosa just distal to the
lower 3rd molar. 0.25 to 0.5ml of solution is deposited.
127.
128. Lingual nerve block –
Area anaesthetised –
Anterior 2/3rd tongue, floor of mouth, lingual mucoperiosteum
Only used singly to operate on tongue, floor of mouth
Buccinator / long buccal nerve block
Area anaesthetised –
Buccal mucosa & mandibular molar – mucoperiosteum
Land marks
External oblique ridge, retromolar triangle
129.
130. Mental & Incisive nerve block
Area anaesthetised
Mandibular hard & soft tissue – labial aspect with lower lip
Landmarks
Bicuspid teeth, lower ridge of body of mandible
Supra & infra orbital notch
Pupil of the eye
2 inch 22 gauge needle used & introduced slightly anteriorly
& downwards
131.
132. Mandibular nerve
Area anaesthetised
Temporal region with auricle of ear & external auditory meatus
TMJ, salivary glands
Anterior 2/3rd of tongue
Mandible – hard & soft tissue – midline
Landmarks
mid point of zygomatic arch
Zygomatic notch
Cornoid process of mandible
Lateral pterygoid plate
133. Indications
When need to anaesthetise entire mandibular nerve
Infection / trauma – makes terminal anaestheisa not possible
Diagnostic / therapeutic
The needle is pointed posteriorly & to a greater depth of 5
cms
134.
135. This technique is used when there is severe limitation of opening of the
jaws in case of ankylosis of TMJ.
Anatomical land marks/ surface markings:
Lowest point on the anterior border of the masseter
Tragus
Posterior border of the ascending ramus
Anterior border of masseter is located by clenching the teeth.The point is
marked and a line drawn connecting this with the tragus of the ear.The
mid point of this line shows the position of the mandibular foramen.
Needle Used
21 gauge,7 to 8cm long.
136.
137.
138. Definition
An anaesthetic complication may be defined as any
deviation from the normal expected pattern during or after
securing regional anaesthesia
2 types
Local
Systemic
139. LOCAL COMPLICATIONS
Needle breakage
Pain on injection
Burning on injection
Persistent anaesthesia or paresthesia
Trismus
Hematoma
Sloughing of the tissue / soft tissue injury
Facial nerve paralysis
141. Classification
Primary / secondary
Primary – caused & manifested at time of anaesthesia
Secondary – manifested later
Mild / severe
Mild – exhibit slight change from normal expected pattern
- reverses itself without treatment
Severe – manifests itself – pronounced deviation
- requires specific treatment
142. Transient / permanent
Transient – is one that is severe at occurrence – no residual
effects
Permanent – residual effect; lasts for a life time even though it is
mild
Complications could be a combination of any of the above
mentioned types
Majority are either Primary Mild & Transient or Secondary Mild &
Transient
143. Complications
Attributed to solutions – toxicity, allergy, idiosyncrasy,
anaphylactoid reaction, local irritation
Attributed to technique / needle – syncope, muscle trismus,
pain, edema, hematoma
144. Cause –
Unexpected movement – patient (if patient movement is
opposite to path of needle insertion)
Multiple used needle
Defective manufacture of needles/barbed needles
smaller gauge – more likely to break
145. Prevention
Correct gauge – 25 gauge
Long needles – prevent penetration till hub
Not to redirect when in tissue
Management
Patient – not to move – hand in the mouth – mouth open
Fragment visible – remove it
Fragment not visible – inform patient – not necessary for
intervention immediately – Radiograph suggested
146. Precautions
Avoid bony contact
Avoid heavy pressure
Avoid movement of needle and patient
148. Causes
Due to pH of solution 5 (LA) – 3 (LA+VC)
Rapid injection
Contamination
Warm solution
Problems
pH disappears upon LA action – no residual effect
Contaminated solution other complications – trismus,
edema, paraesthesia
149. Prevention
Slow injection – 1ml / minute
Cartridge stored at room temperature – away from containers with
alcohol / other agents
150. Causes
Direct trauma to nerve – bevel of needle
LA solution containing neurotoxic substance – alcohol
Injection of wrong solution
Hemorrhage / infection – near to nerve
Problem
Persistent anaesthesia – usually rare
Biting / thermal / chemical insult – without patient
awareness
When lingual nerve is involved – taste impaired
151. Prevention
Proper care & handling of dental cartridge
Adherence to injection protocol
Management
Usually resolve in 8 weeks
Periodic recall & check up of patients
Persistence – consult neurosurgeon
TENS
Recall patient every 2 months for check up
152. Definition
“difficulty in opening the jaws due to muscle spasm”
Causes
Trauma – muscle / blood vessel
Irritating solution
hemorrhage
Infection
Multiple needle punctures
LA have been known to have slight myotoxicity
Excessive volume – distension of tissues
Problems
Pain / hypomobility
153. Prevention
Use of sharp, sterile, disposable needle
Aseptic technique
Practice atraumatic methods
Avoid repeated injections
Use minimum volume
Control infection
154. Management
Heat therapy
Warm saline rinses, moist hot packs
Analgesics
Aspirin, Codeine (30-60mg), muscle relaxants
Initial physiotherapy
Thrice a day
Antibiotic regime
Possibility of infection
155. “effusion of blood into extra-vascular spaces”
Causes
Arterial & venous puncture – common in PSA & Inf. Alv.
nerve blocks
Patients with bleeding disorders
Problem
Bruise – may / may not be visible extra-orally
Complications – pain & trismus
Swelling & discoloration
Prevention
Knowledge of normal anatomy – proper technique
Shorter needle – PSA, minimize the number of penetration
Discard defective needles- barbed needles
156. Management
Immediate – apply firm pressure 5-10minutes
Inf. Alv. Nr. Block – medial aspect of ramus
Infra orbital, Mental, Incisive block – directly over foramen
PSA – pressure on soft tissue with finger as posteriorly as tolerated by
patient – medial superior direction
Patient to be reviewed after 24 hours, advice analgesics, cold application
upto 4-6 hours, warm- pack application next day
157. Comparitively rare complication
Instrument needle solution to be as aseptic as possible
Area & operative hands – cleaned
Avoid passing needle through infected area
Use disposable syringes
159. Prevention
Proper care & handling of armamentarium
Atraumatic injection technique
Complete medical evaluation prior to injection
Management
Trauma – resolve in few days without therapy
Hemorrhage – resolve slowly 7-14 days
Allergy – life threatening, airway impairment – basic life
support, call medical help, Epinephrine – 0.3mg,
Antihistamine, Corticosteroids
Total airway obstruction – Tracheostomy /
Cricothyroidectomy
160. Causes
Epithelial desquamation – topical anaesthesia – long time,
heightened sensitivity to LA
Sterile abscess – secondary to prolonged ischemia – VC in
LA site – hard palate
Problems
Pain & infection
Prevention
Topical – for not more than 1-2 minutes
VC – minimal concentration in solution
161. Management
Symptomatic – pain – analgesia
Epithelial desquamation – resolve few days
Sterile abscess resolve 7-10 days
162. Causes
Trauma occurs – frequently mentally / physically challenged
children
Primary cause – significantly longer duration of action
Problem
Pain & swelling
Infection of soft tissue
Prevention
Cotton roll between lip & teeth
Patient – guarded against eating / drinking
Warning sticker
163. Cause
LA solution into parotid gland – usually while giving Inf
Alv Nr. Block, Akinosis technique
Problem
Ipsilateral loss of motor control – Buccinator muscle
Inability to raise the corner of Mouth, close Eye lid
Prevention
Needle tip to contact bone, redirection of needle to be done
only after complete withdrawal
164. Management
Reassure the patient
Resolves after action of LA is over
Eye patches to the affected – eye drops
Contact lenses if any – removed
165. Toxicity / toxic overdose
“Signs and symptoms that result from an overly high blood
level of a drug in various target organs and tissues”
Predisposing factors
Age – any age
Weight – greater the body weight greater is the amount of dose
tolerated before overdose reaction
Sex – during pregnancy – renal function disturbed – females more
affected at this time
Diseases – hepatic & renal dysfunction reduced breakdown
Congestive heart failure – less liver perfusion
Genetics – pseudocholinesterase deficient – toxicity - Ester LA
166. Drug factors – Vasoactivity – vasodilation – increase in blood
concentration
More concentration – greater risk
Dose- smaller dose should always be preferred
Route of Administration – Intravascular – increased toxicity
Rate of injection – slower rate preferred
Vascularity of injection site – more vascular – greater absorption
Presence of Vasoconstrictor – with VC less absorption
167. Causes of toxicity –
Biotransformation usually slow
Drug – slowly eliminated by kidney
Too large a total dose
Absorption from injection site - rapid
Accidental intra-vascular injection
Symptoms –
CNS – cerebral cortical stimulation – talkative, restless,
apprehensiveness, convulsions
Cerebral cortical depression – lethargy, sleepiness,
unconsciousness
Medullary stimulation – increased B.P, Pulse rate, Respiration
168. Medullary depression – mild fall in B.P– severe cases drops to 0 ,
Pulse , Respiration – similar effect
Treatment
Mild overdose reaction – slow onset reaction – > 5 mins administer
Oxygen (prevent acidosis), monitor vital signs, in case of
convulsions – anti-convulsants (diazepam/midazolam infusion)
Slower onset - >15 mins – same procedure
Severe overdose reaction – rapid onset – 1 minute –
unconsciousness with or without convulsion, patient in supine
position, convulsions – protect hand, leg, tongue, BLS, administer
anti-convulsant,use of vasopressor(phenyl ephrine) i.m if
hypotensiom presists.
post seizure – CNS depression usually present
169. “It is an adverse response that is neither an overdose
nor an allergic reaction”
Common cause – some underlying
pathology/psychological /genetic mechanism
Psychotherapy may be helpful
Treatment – symptomatic ..ABC
170. “transient loss of consciousness that is caused due to cerebral
ischemia (neurogenic shock)”
Anxiety – increased blood supply to muscles, sitting position
2mm Hg, less pressure – cerebral arteries
Clinically pallor, light headedness, dizziness, tachycardia &
palpitation – may further lead to Unconsciousness
Treatment – discontinue procedure, supine position-
(trendelenburg position), deep breathing, O2 administration if
required, BLS
171. “hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a
particular allergen reexposure to which produces a
heightened capacity to react”
1 % of all reaction in LA is allergy
Predisposing factors
Hyper sensitivity to ester more common-procaine
Most of patients allergic to methyl paraben
Recently allergy to sodium meta bi sulfide is also increasing
Precautions---
Ho of allergy to be recorded
Ho any asthmatic attack to be noted.
Always better to test the patient for allergy before treatment.
172. Consultation and allergy testing
Refer doubtful cases for allergic skin test – sub cutaneous test most
sensitive.
Informed consent that includes cardiac arest end death to be included.
Signs and symptoms of allergy.
Dermatological------ urticaria –wheal and smooth elevated patch seen, ---
---angio oedema—localised swelling – face hands, common
Respiratory– broncho spasm, respiratory distress,
dysnea, wheezing, flushing, tachycardia etc.
173. Laryngeal edema – type of angio neurotic oedema-
life threating.
Edema upper air way – laryngeal edema
Lower air way affect broncioles- small.
174. Management
skin reactions-
Delayed – non life threatening - oral histamine
blockers- 50 mg diphenhidramine,10 mg
chlorpheniramine 3-4 days.
Immediate reaction—with conjunctivitis rhinitis-
vigorous management.
0.3 mg epinephrine. IM
50 mg diphenhydramine Im
medical help summoned.
175. Observe patient for minimum of 60 min
Oral histamine blockers for 5 days.
Respiratory reaction –
patient in comfortable position.
administer - oxygen
Admn epinephrine- bronchodilator
Observe for 60 min , advise anti histamines to prevent relapse.
Histamine blockers Im
Laryngeal edema-
Patient position ,oxygen, broncho-dilator, iv anti histamines.
If condition not improving cricothyrotomy - achieve patent air way
if necessary give artificial ventilation.
176. Patient with confirmed allergy status-
if patient allergic to any one type of anesthetic ester /
amide use the other.
Use histamine blocker like diphenhydramine as anesthetic.
General anesthesia
alternative method of pain control –
electric anesthesia / hypnosis.
177. Efforts have been made to improve to increase the ability
of the anesthetic to cross intact skin
Attempts at making the experience more comfortable for
the patients
The addition of hyalurodinase for deeper penetration than
plain solutions
Local anaesthesia without the use of needles
Exploring the possibility of reversing local anaesthesia at
the conclusion of dental procedure
178. Centbucridine-
5-8 time potency of lidocaine
Doesn’t effect CNS or CVS except in large doses
When adminstered in overdose the drug acts as a true
stimulant of nervous system
0.5% concentratio effective to 2% lignocaine
Ropivacaine
Amide anaesthetic similar to mepivicaine and bupvicaine
Has greater margin of safety
Decrease cardiotoxicity as compared to others
179. Its an oil in water emulsion containing high concentrations
of lidocaine and prilocaine in base form
Provides enouh anaesthesia of intact skin to permit a
venipuncture
Consists of 5% cream containing 25mg/g lidocaine and
prilocaine respectively
180. The adminsteration of local anaesthetic is usually
uncomfortable for the patient due to difference in PH
Addition of sodium bicarbonate provides more rapid onset
of block, but it has decreased stability
CO2 enhances diffusion, as it increase intracellular PH.
Unstable solution, has short life
181. First used described in 1949
Provides more rapid onset of anaesthesia
Decrease duration of action
Possibility for allergic reactions
182. Precursor for TENS
It acts by working at low frequency of 2 Hz
It serotonin, endomorphin levels in blood
It takes about 10 minutes for sufficient rise of blood levels
It causes dilation of vessels
It can be used to reverse partially of totally the effects of local
anaesthesia
Can be used in patients who have needle phobia
Its being used with increasing success in chronic TMJ pain
Its contraindicated in patients having cardiac pacemakers,
pregnancy, young and old age patients