1. 1.Describe the purpose
of editing
The purpose of editing is to show four different aspects of a film/clip that can
emphasize the characters, the information the audience receives engaging
them into the film in several different ways that include how much the
audience should know about the narrative, characters and events at any given
time.
For example in relation to genre specifically horror the camera may role
much longer and there will most likely be very low tempo sound where as in
an action film there will be a lot of quick clips of explosions and loud music
playing in the background as the suspense builds.
Also another example that falls under propaganda film is football highlights,
by that I mean that if Arsenal played against West Ham and Arsenal
dominated the game and had a lot more possession and shots, the football
highlights may show the game and make it look like it was an even match by
putting even chances for both teams, however really it was no where near an
even match.
S

2. How is this a propaganda film?
(editing transitions, how are they put together to create propaganda).
Triumph of the will – 1930 directed by
LeniRiefensenstahl
1. Music sets the mood of happiness while it shows the opening
title
1. Text is shown first with how Germans were treated harshly and
their suffering. This is an attempt to further extend the harsh
punishments of the Germans to the viewers to the audience.
1. Up lifting music played, sometimes the type of patriotism,
showing peoples cheerful faces through close-ups.
1. They show high angle shots of the crowd to emphasize how
they are ants beneath Hitler's feat, also they use low angle shots
to accentuate Hitler’s dominance above them.
1. Parallel editing switches between Hitler and the crowd which
symbolizes Hitler as the superior leader as he is shown the
majority of the time.

3. City Of God opening shots and
what they show the audience
In the opening clip of City Of God you can see the different use of shots and
editing techniques that provide the audience with different information about
specific characters and what they may like later on in the film. For example a
specific shot shows the antagonist at a canted angle while he is laughing with a gun
in his hand, this shows the audience that he may be crazy and people around him
should be careful.
Different shots and editing
techniques can show the audience
different things about a character
for example in this shot you can
tell that the protagonist is in a bad
situation. From this shot I can tell
that the focus was on him, but also
of the group of gangsters In the
background and by the positioning
of the character you can tell this
as you can see a lot.

4. 2-3. Early Filmmakers Use Of Editing

5. David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was a
premier pioneering American film director, best known as the director of the epic 1915
film “The Birth Of A Nation” and the subsequent film “Intolerance” (1916)
But Griffiths films were extremely controversial for the positive depiction of racism
& segregation. In Griffiths films he used advanced camera and narrative techniques,
and its immense popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film
in the United States.

6. Lev Kuleshov
S Kuleshov may well be the very first film “theorist”
as he was a leader in Soviet montage theory —
developing his theories of editing.
S He created what has come to be known as the
Kuleshov Experiment. In this now-famous editing
exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with
various meaningful images a casket, a bowl of soup,
and so on…
S He also demonstrated the technical, aesthetic, and
ideological potentials of montage.
Here in kuleshov
experiment he showed
that the manipulation of a
clip through editing could
allow the audience to
believe that editing
changes viewers'
interpretations of images.
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=-s7aJHnS7gE

7.  Eisenstein is possibly noted as the
“father of montage”
 Eisenstein was a pioneer in the use of
montage, a specific use of film
editing.
 Eisenstein believed that editing could
be used for more than just expounding
a scene or moment, through a
"linkage" of related images.
 Believing that an idea should be
derived from the juxtaposition of two
independent shots, bringing an
element of collage into film. He
developed what he called "methods of
montage“.
 Eisenstein felt the "collision" of shots
could be used to manipulate the
emotions of the audience and create
film metaphors

8. Early Filmmakers Use Of Editing
Jump-Cutting
•Arthur Marvin a famous filmmaker for leading many technical and narrative developments
in the earliest days of cinema. It occurs when an object is filmed, then while the camera is
off, the object is moved out of sight of the camera, then the camera is turned back on. The
film is watched, it seems to the viewer that the object disappears.
•nephew Daniel Marvin, perished in the sinking of the Titanic 1912 .
•the earliest known film to feature Arthur Conan Doyle's detective character Sherlock
Holmes
An adaption of
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eO3EbFG0ak an all time
thrilling survival
game series
called Resident
Through this technique he manipulates Evil or
and transforms reality Biohazard better
known in Japan.
through cinematography. (Shawn Roberts)
RESIDENT EVIL AFTERLIFE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
ycXgJ2lDT7s

9. Early Filmmakers Use Of Editing
Parallel Editing
Also known as cross cutting, parallel editing gained prominence with Edwin S. Porter in his
acclaimed movie The Great Train Robbery (1903). In this early picture, cross cutting is used to
show what occurs in two different places but not much else. Though Porter didn't use the
technique to its full potential, he was responsible for introducing the concept to the American
film industry, allowing others to build upon it. ( commence clip at 1.42)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bc7wWOmEGGY INCEPTION
D:Christopher Nolan
produced by Emma
Thomas & edited by Lee
Smith
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=i6XkEEzjVFA
Why Use It?
Think of visual interest. The
To add interest and excitement to first version is only exciting at
an otherwise boring scene. its conclusion. This second
Parallel editing is often applied to version is suspenseful
create suspense. throughout, especially with the
music.

10. 4.
The Different Types of Edit Techniques
and Principles Used Today

11. EDITTECHNIQ
UES
Point of view shot
180o
Rule

12. Seamless
Definition:
Smooth and without seams or obvious joins. Having no awkward transitions, interruptions,
or indications of disparity
Seamless Flower Pattern
Seamless Video Sequence
S

13. Montage
Definition :
A method of film editing involving the juxtaposition or partial superimposition of
severalshotsto form a single image
The first montage occurs during the Independence Day show, as Bing Crosby sings "Song of
Freedom".
The 50 second montage combines several single screen sequences of workers in an aircraft
factory and various military units in motion (troops marching, planes flying, tanks driving)
with multiple split screens, with up to six images in one shot.
SOURCE :
www.youtube.com/watch?v=og7OGLyafhc

14. 180° Rule:
Definition :
An invisible semi circle which if you cross on set, will cause a jump shot and ruin
continuity. The only way you can break this rule is if you are doing a 360 degree pan.
Continuity is a big part of filmmaking. If you're shooting a short film or
interview, it's important to set the scene and establish your characters in space
and time in order for the viewer to follow the action. One of the most basic
continuity rulesis the 180 Degree Rule.
When you shoot a scene with actors
imagine a line extending out between them.
You can move your camera anywhere
along that line, as long as you don't cross
over the line to the other side.
SOURCE:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4wX_dmh8_g

15. CONTINUITY
1. people jumping from a car
2. the car on fire
3. an explosion
1-2-3 - In the 1-2-3 sequence shown the shots suggest that people are jumping from a car
seconds before it catches fire and explodes.
3-2-1 - A 3-2-1 order suggests that there is an explosion and then the car bursts into
flames; and, as a result, the people have to jump out.
2-3-1 - In a 2-3-1 sequence people jump from the car after a fire causes an explosion.
2-1-3 - If the sequence is changed to 2-1-3, it appears that as a result of a fire passengers
jump out of the car just in time to escape a devastating explosion.
SOURCE : www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xauSCz1m

16. FILM SPLICING
Traditionally, film is edited by cutting sections of the film and
rearranging or discarding them. The process is very straightforward
and mechanical.
In theory a film could be edited with a pair of scissors and some
splicing tape, although in reality a splicing machine is the only
practical solution. A splicing machine allows film footage to be lined
up and held in place while it is cut or spliced together.

17. Eye-line Match
As the name suggests, Eye-line Match matches objects to the eye-line
of the character. In Figure 2 we see 4 shots, in which Anna is looking
at a painting. In frame 1 we see her looking towards the screen right
(her left), and the next frame, frame 2, we see the painting.
These 2 shots construct the space so the audience interprets the
painting to be sitting at her left. In frame 3 we see a close-up of the
girl's face as she notices something in the painting in frame 4. Notice
how in frame 3 she is still looking at the screen right (her left), and this
is what maintains the continuity within the space.

18. Transitions
Fade from and to Black
Description:Fade from black: image gradually appears from a black screen. Fade to black: image gradually
disappears to a black screen.
Purposes: Begin and end a video, transition between segments or scenes, signify major change in time or
location.
Dip to Black
Description: Quick fade to black and then back to video.
Purposes: Go to or from a commercial break, quick transition between segments or scenes, transition between
footage and full screen graphics.
Dissolve
Description:A transition between shots where one image is gradually mixed with another until the second
image is full screen.
Purposes: Enhance emotions, soften changes between shots, accentuate rhythm of pacing, enhance artistry of
action, smooth jump cuts.
Wipe
Description: A transition between shots that uses movement across the screen. Traditional wipes include
changing the image with a move from right or left, up or down, or diagonally. Effects wipes include spins, flips,
and animated moves.
Purposes: Obvious transition between scenes, segments or graphics; add energy and action, increase pacing.
Super
Description: Mixing two images together.
Purposes: Show two views of subject at the same time, suggest that main subject is thinking about the other.
Freeze

19. 5. The development of
digital editing technology
and techniques.
S

20. Software
What is a ‘software’?
Software means computer instructions or data.
It is also described as operating information
used by computers. Many digital videos use
specific software's to maintain the quality.
What are ‘video editing software's?
They are applications software's that handles
the post-production editing of digital video
sequences in a non-linear computer.

21. Linear
S Advancement Digital Technology
S Linear
S The process of selecting, arranging, and modifying the
images and sound recorded is called linear video editing.
S The moviola for instance is a device that allows a film
editor to view a film while editing. It was the first machine
for motion picture editing when it was invented by Iwan
Serrurier in 1924.
S This equipment is used in linear editing and requires the
cutting and splicing the film tape.
S 2-inch quadruplex videotape – This is a heavy videotape
that many editors carried around.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Fd_T4l
S Source:
2qaQ

22. Non-linear – The
Advancement of editing
Non-linear technology
In digital video editing, non-linear editing is a method that allows you to access
any frame in a digital video clips regardless of sequence in the clip
The introduction of non-linear editing with computers in the early 1990s was
nothing short of revolutionary.
Digital Video editing is non linear with non-Linear equipment you can:
• You can reorder the footage and make changes at any time without any
major problem
• You can go back and change an edit easily
• You can make fine adjustments
• You can create digital transitions and effects easily and quickly
S