1. CHAPTER 4
MULTIMEDIA

2. 1.0 MULTIMEDIA CONCEPT
• Multimedia is presentation of information by
using a combination of text, audio, graphic,
video and animation.
• Multimedia means more than the use of various
media.

3. 1.2 THE USE OF MULTIMEDIA IN VARIOUS FIELD
FIELD CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
Source of Multimedia is use as common source of
reference reference. Encyclopedias, directories,
dictionaries and electronic books are among
common multimedia references.
Education Learning has become more interesting and
effective with educational programmes such
as “edutainment” that is a combination of
education and entertainment.
Entertainment Beside that, multimedia is greatly used in
entertainment industry. These industries
produce computer games, and develop
animations or special effects for cartoon and
movies

4. FIELD CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
Scientific Multimedia applications are also widely used in
research Scientific Research. For example, from
research, new findings can help the researchers
to improve the condition of sick people
Business Multimedia applications are used in advertising
products. Many companies nowadays develop
and distribute catalogues in the form of a CD-
ROM as it is more interesting to the consumers
Art In art, artist use multimedia elements by
combining drawing and animation
Medicine In medicine, doctors can practice or be trained
in performing high-risk surgery by using virtual
surgery

5. FIELD CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
Engineering In engineering, Computer-Aided Design or
CAD is used. By using this application,
engineers can view the design from many
aspects and improve on it before production

6. INTERACTIVITY OF MULTIMEDIA
• Interactivity refers to the interaction between
user and a multimedia application. The user can
use input devices such as keyboard, joystick or
mouse to interact with the application through
the computer.
• 2 types of interactivity of multimedia:
▫ Linear interactivity
▫ Non-linear interactivity

7. Linear interactivity
• The user interacts with the multimedia
application without controlling the progress of
the content. In the other words, the user is a
passive receiver of the multimedia content most
of the time. The linear content is usually
arranged in sequence. An example of the
multimedia linear content is a movie.

8. Non-linear interactivity
• Allows the user to interact with the content
according to what the user wants from the
content. Multimedia become interactive when
application gives the user control over what
information is viewed and when it is viewed.
Non-linear interactivity uses tools like hypertext
to connect a word or a phrase to another screen
and hypermedia to connects different media
elements such as audio, animation and video.

9. Differences between Linear and non-linear multimedia
Linear Different Non-linear
interactivity interactivity
Linear interactivity Controlling sequence Non-linear
does not allow the interactivity lets the
user to control the user control the
sequence of the sequence of the
multimedia content multimedia content
Not interactive Interactivity Interactive
e.g. Examples e.g.
i) Documentary i) Electronic book
ii) Movie ii) Edutainment
iii)Video clip software
iii)Electronic
encyclopedia

10. Medium of delivery
• Generally, there are two very common mediums used
in delivering multimedia contents : web based
multimedia and CD-based multimedia.

11. Web based multimedia delivered
media through web pages
• Web-based multimedia is a combination of
multimedia technology and Internet technology.
With the advancement of both technologies
(multimedia & internet), most web pages
integrate elements like text, graphic, audio,
video and animation. These dynamic elements
make the process of distributing information
through the internet more interesting and
effective to the user.

12. CD based multimedia delivered multimedia
through compact discs.
• CDs like CD-ROM have been used to store and
deliver multimedia content.
• The advantages stored information on CD rather
than printed material such as book,
encyclopedia, etc.
i. We can get information faster
ii. We can get information easily
iii. The weight of CD is very light contrast to 26
volumes of Britannica encyclopedia.

13. Web based v/s CD-based
Web-based Criteria CD-based
Store low Resolution Store high
resolution picture resolution picture
and video and video (high
end)
Can be changed or Contents Can be
deleted by permanently
irresponsible stored and are not
individuals changeable
Information for Update Information on a
multimedia can be multimedia can be
updated easily quickly outdated

14. FILE FORMATS
ELEMENT STANDARD FILE FORMAT
Text *.doc Microsoft Word Document
*.txt Text file
*.rtf Rich Text File
Audio *.wav wave form (Microsoft)
*.midi musical instrument digital interface
*.aiff audio interchange file format
*.au audio (sun microsystem)
*.wma windows media audio (Microsoft)
*.mp3
Graphic *.jpg Joint Photographic Expert Group
*.gif Graphic Interchange Format
*.tiff Tagged Image File Format
*.bmp Bitmap
*.png Portable Network Graphics
*.psd The native Photoshop format

15. FILE FORMATS
ELEMENT STANDARD FILE FORMAT
Video *.avi Audio Video Interleaved develop by Microsoft
*.mov Apple Quicktime Movie
*.mpeg Moving Picture Expert Group
Video file format for the Internet, develop by
*.wmv Microsoft
Animation *.swf Macromedia Flash
*.gif Gif Animation
*.swi Swish Animation
Multimedia *.au7 Macromedia Authoware 7
Application *.fla Macromedia Flash 8
*.tbk SumTotal Toolbook Assistant 2004
Web pages *.asp Activer Server Page
*.php PHP Hypertext Processor
*.htm Hypertext Markup Language
*.jsp Java Server Page

16. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE THAT CAN BE
USED TO PRODUCE MULTIMEDIA PRODUCT
HARDWARE FUNCTION
Scanner A scanner is a device that can convert text
documents, drawing or photographs into
digital files
Video camera A digital video camera is a device that records
video in digital signals, which can be stored in
various forms of media, such as digital video
tape, DVD-RAM and hard-disk
Camera A digital camera is a device that captures the
photo not on film, but in an electronic imaging
sensor. The images are stored in a memory
card such as xD card, SD etc.

17. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE THAT CAN BE
USED TO PRODUCE MULTIMEDIA PRODUCT
HARDWARE FUNCTION
Scanner A scanner is a device that can convert text
documents, drawing or photographs into
digital files
Video camera A digital video camera is a device that records
video in digital signals, which can be stored in
various forms of media, such as digital video
tape, DVD-RAM and hard-disk
Camera A digital camera is a device that captures the
photo not on film, but in an electronic imaging
sensor. The images are stored in a memory
card such as xD card, SD etc.

18. HARDWARE FUNCTION
Audio devices Audio devices are devices that convert sound
waves into electrical energy. The sounds are
then changed into digital sound. Examples of
devices used for recording sounds or audio are
microphone, sound card, voice synthesizer and
keyboard.
Video capture Video capture device is a device that enables
devices you connect a video camera to a computer.
They help to transfer video from video camera
to the computer so that the data can be edited
or stored (manipulate).
Examples of video captures devices are:
1. Video capture card
2. Fire wire
3. USB cable

19. EDITING SOFTWARE
EDITING EXAMPLES
SOFTWARE PROPRIETARY OPEN SOURCE
Text Editor 1. Notepad 1. OpenOffice Write
2. Microsoft Word 2. AbiWord
2007
Graphic and Image 1. Adobe Photoshop 1. GIMP
Editor 2. Adobe 2. Inkscape
Illustrastor 3. Photoscape
3. Jasc Paint Shop 4. Paint.Net
Pro
4. Corel Draw
Audio Editor 1. Sound Forge 1. Audacity
2. Sound Recorder 2. Ardour
3. Adobe Audition

20. EDITING
SOFTWARE PROPRIETARY OPEN SOURCE
Video Editor 1. Pinnacle studio 1. JahShaka
2. Adobe Premier 2. Cinelerra
3. Sony Vegas
4. Adobe After
Effects
5. Ulead Video
Studio
Animation Editor 1. Flash 1. Blender
2. Swish
3. 3D Studio Max
4. Maya
5. Lightwave 3D
6. Ulead 3D Studio

21. AUTHORING TOOLS
• Authoring tools are software that we use to
develop multimedia presentations or
applications.
• The authoring tools integrate multimedia
elements (text, audio, graphic, video and
animation) into a single presentation.
• The concept are name according how
multimedia elements are organised in certain
object.

22. VARIOUS CONCEPTS IN AUTHORING TOOLS
CONCEPT DEFINITION
Time Time frame concept authoring tools that organizes the
frame multimedia elements or evens along a time line.
concept Example of authoring tools using the time frame concept
are Flash and Director. These two software can support
multi platforms.
Icon Icon concept authoring tools is a authoring tools that
concept organizes the multimedia elements or event as icon.
Examples authoring tools which use this concept are
Authorware and IconAuthor. These two software
support multi platforms.
Card Card concept authoring tools that organizes the multimedia
concept elements or events as page of book or stack of card.
Examples of the card concept in authoring tools are
ToolBook, HyperCard and SuperCard.

23. WEB EDITORS
• Web editor is a program that you use to create
Web page.
• A web page is written in Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) which is a set of „markup‟
symbols inserted into a file for a display on the
World Wide Web (WWW) browser. The markup
tells the web browser how to display a web page.
• There are two types of web editors:
▫ Text-based
▫ What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)

24. WEB DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
EDITOR
Text-based A text-based web editor is a basic Notepad, PSPad,
editor where you work with Notepad++
Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) tags to create a web page.
It can be used to change HTML
source codes. Using a text-based
web editor requires you to have
HTML knowledge to get started.
WYSIWYG WYSIWYG web editors provide an Microsoft
editing interface that shows how the Frontpage,
pages will be displayed in a web Macromedia
browser. Using a WYSIWYG editor Dreamweaver,
does not require any HTML KompoZer
knowledge. It is easier for an
average computer usage.

25. TEXT-BASED EDITOR v/s WYSIWYG EDITOR
Text-based editor WYSIWYG editor
Less user friendly More user friendly
(difficult to use) (easy to use)
Requires HTML knowledge No HTML knowledge
needed
Difficult to insert a specific Easy to insert a specific tag
tag (manually) (automatically)
Cannot visualize the design Easy to visualize the design

26. USER INTERFACE
No. Principles
1 Consistency
2 Clarity
3 Context
4 Navigation
5 Search
6 Personalisation
7 Learnability
8 Flexibility

27. CONSISTENCY
• Consistency mean the interface design is in
harmony and the same applies to all screen in a
software program.
• Every user interface uses the same words or
commands perform the same function

28. CLARITY
• Clarity means clearness of labels on all icons to
make the system easy to unedersatand.

29. CONTEXT
• Context means every part of a lesson should be
relevant to a particular title.

30. NAVIGATION
• Navigation means users can move around the
menus, help files or other screens in a system.

31. SEARCH
• Search means the system enables users to search
keywords or glossary. It should provide multiple
ways for users to make queries by grouping or
sorting.

32. PERSONALISATION
• Personalisation means the users can make their
own personal or individual learning.

33. LEARNABILITY
• Learnability means the system provides support
information and help files to make the system
easy to understand.

34. FLEXIBILITY
• Flexibility means a user has the authority to
navigate through all the sections without any
limitations.

35. DEVELOPMENT TEAM MEMBER
• Project Manager
• Subject Matter Expert
• Instructional Designer
• Graphic Artist
• Audio-Video Technician
• Programmer

36. PROJECT MANAGER
• The project manager roles are
1. To define the scope of the project and discuss
with the client.
2. Has to search for financial resources,
equipment and facilities.
3. Need to coordinate the production team.

37. SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT
• The subject matter expert is to do research on
the content of a multimedia program. He or she
has to provide content for the multimedia
program.

38. INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNER
• The instructional designer‟s roles are
1. To decide on the best educational strategies.
2. And practices to present the information.

39. GRAPHIC ARTIST
• The graphic artist‟s role is to develop the graphic
elements of the program such as backgrounds,
buttons, photo collages, 3D objects, logos and
animation.

40. AUDIO-VIDEO TECHNICIAN
• The audio technician is responsible for recording
the voice. He edits the sound effects. He record
and edits music.
• The video technician is responsible for
capturing, editing and digitizing the video.

41. PROGRAMMER
• The programmer‟s role is to write the program
code lines or scripts using the authoring tool.
• He combines the multimedia elements into a
multimedia program.

42. THE PHASES IN MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation
• Testing
• Evaluation
• Publishing

43. Analysis
• Problem statement and proposal. During the
analysis phase, the multimedia developers
interview the clients to find out their needs and
write the problem statement and a proposal.

44. Design
• Flow chart and storyboard
• The multimedia developer will
i. Design a flow chart and storyboard
ii. Choose the colours and layout of each
individual screen.
iii. Determine the position of navigation button.

45. Implementation
• Multimedia program. Once the storyboard is
confirmed, the multimedia developers will start
implementation phase. The implementation
phase refers to the process of converting the
design plan into a multimedia program. This is
the phase where the multimedia program is
produced.

46. Testing
• Checklist. The multimedia developers will use a
checklist to test the multimedia program. If
there are any errors, the programmer will fix the
program.

47. Evaluation
• Evaluation form. In the evaluation phase,
selected users will use an evaluation form to try
out the program and give feedback.

48. PUBLISHING
• Package the presentation using suitable
software. Distribute the presentation for public
viewing. It will be published to CD or website.