1. The Industrial Revolution began in England and
soon spread to nearby countries.
•Social Criticism
•Inventions
•Factories & Labor
•Transportation
•New Discovery

2.  English author 1812-1870
 Dickens was a social critic, he
was aware that we live in a
society where we must treat
one another accordingly. He
was eager to reveal the often
shameful ways in which we
behave, and to make careful
judgments about how we
might act with greater
decency, generosity, and
fairness to one another. –Joel
Brattin, PBS
 His writings are charged with
anger towards the social
conditions that surrounded
him.

3.  Original cover of The
Posthumous Papers of
the Pickwick Club
(commonly known as
The Pickwick Papers),
the first novel by
Charles Dickens.

4.  First edition front piece of
A Christmas Carol (1843)

5.  Front
piece of
the first
edition of
Oliver
Twist
(1838).

6.  First Edition cover of
David Copperfield
(1850)

7. Dickens family on their
porch at Gads Hill Place

8.  New Ways of Working
 Industrial Revolution—greatly increased output
of machine-made goods.
 Revolution began in England 1750s.
 1750-1850
 Population BOOM=Lots of people to work in
factories

9.  The Agricultural Revolution Paved the Way
 Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences
or hedges
 Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once
owned by village farmers.
 Enclosures allowed experimentation with new
agricultural methods

11.  Rotating Crops
 Crop rotation—
switching crops each
year to avoid depleting
soil
 Livestock breeders allow
only the best to breed,
improve food supply.
Satellite image of rotated crops: green
(corn), paler (sorghum), yellow (wheat),
& brown (harvested field; fallow)

12.  Why the Industrial Revolution Began in
England
 Industrialization— a move to machine production
of goods
 Britain’s Natural Resources & Geography—coal,
iron, rivers, harbors
 Expanding economy in Britain encouraged
investment
 Britain had all needed factors of production—land,
labor, capital

13.  Changes in the
Textile Industry
 COTTON is King
 YARN
 WOOL
 Weavers work
faster with flying
shuttles and
spinning jennies
 Water frame
uses water power
to drive spinning
wheels
John Kay’s Flying Shuttle

15. Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves

16. Arkwright’s Water Frame

18. carding
machine-
replaced the
hand process
of combing out
the fibers
before they
can be spun
into yarn or
thread.
 “Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and
unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual
fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each
other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into
thread. The old method was done by hand using these
tools.

19.  Power Loom, and Spinning Mule (next slide)
sped up production, improved quality.
Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom

20. Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule:
combo Water Frame/Spinning Jenny

21.  Factories—
buildings that
contain
machinery for
manufacturing
 Sir Richard
Arkwright
combined power,
machinery, semi-
skilled laborers,
and material in
ONE central
locale.
 Modern factory
system
 A working, middle
class emerges &
the rise of the
WORK: day in, day out=11 HOUR work day modern city
Same work OVER AND OVER AND OVER!!!

22. •Pitiful conditions in factories gave rise to the ideology
of SOCIALISM; Society owns the means of
production… “Social Ownership”
•Wealth equally distributed
•Others did NOT want reform, especially the owners,
entrepreneurs, and bosses, they stated it would:
Destroy $$Capital$$, weaken competition, and take
away power of the NATION in comparison to other
countries

23.  Watt’s Steam Engine
 Need for cheap, convenient
power spurred development
of steam engine
 Watt improved steam engine,
financed by Matthew Boulton
 Boulton—an entrepreneur—
organizes, manages, takes
business risks.
 Steam Engine=mechanical
motion; drives the machines
Matthew Boulton
James Watt

24. Steam engine
designed by
Boulton & Watt.
Engraving of a
1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's Steam Engine

25.  Water Transportation
 Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont, in
1807
 England’s water transport
improved by system of canals

26. Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

27.  Steam-Driven
Locomotives
 In 1804, Richard
Trevithick builds first
steam-driven locomotive

28. Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and
illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement,
Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

29. The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is
known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

30. Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway
locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

31.  In 1825, George
Stephenson builds
worlds first railroad line.
 He is called the “Father
of Railways”.
 His rail gauge of 4 feet
8½ inches (1,435 mm),
sometimes called
"Stephenson gauge", is
the world's standard
gauge.

32. Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
 Entrepreneurs build railroad from
Liverpool to Manchester

33.  Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best
locomotive (1829)

36. A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

37. Rocket
replica

38.  Railroads Revolutionized Life
 Railroads spurred industrial growth, created jobs
 Cheaper transportation boosted industry; people
moved to cities

39. Gentlemen,
it is the
microbes
who will
have the
last word.
―Louis
Pasteur

40.  3 of 5 of his children died of childhood
diseases; which may have been the driving
force behind his drive to save people from
disease
 many diseases are caused by the presence and
actions of specific micro-organisms
 Study of Germ Theory: was the reason for
changed medical practices in hospitals
 Made significant breakthroughs in causes &
preventions of diseases

41.  Discovered weak forms of diseases could be
used as immunization (rabies, anthrax,
chicken cholera)
 Introduced the world to the concept of
viruses, tiny organisms that may lead to mild
to severe illnesses in humans, animals and
plants…
 WATCH: NPR Virus video

43. NAPOLEON
3rd ESTATE
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: The Great Exchange
REFORMATION