This document defines psychosis and discusses its symptoms. Psychosis involves difficulties distinguishing what is real from what is not and can include false beliefs, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and behavior. Specific symptoms may include delusions, hallucinations in any sensory modality, and thought disorders. The document also discusses neurosis, which involves abnormal psychiatric features without an organic cause, and includes anxiety disorders, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and sleep disorders.

1. PRESENTED BY GURURAJ KULKARNI GUEST
FACULTY GULBARGA (KALBURAGI)

2. PSYCHOSIS

4. DEFINITION AND MEANING OF
PSYCHOSIS
 Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that
results in difficulties telling what is real and what is
not.
 Schizophrenic disorders, affective disorders (mania,
depression), organic causes (e.g. drug abuse)

5. SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOSIS
 Symptoms may include false beliefs and seeing or
hearing things that others do not see or hear.
 Other symptoms may include incoherent speech and
behavior that is inappropriate for the situation.

6.  There may also be sleep problems, social withdrawal,
lack of motivation, and difficulties carrying out daily
activities.

7. DELUSION
 A delusion is a mistaken belief that is held with
strong conviction even when presented with
superior evidence to the contrary.
 As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on
false or incomplete information, confabulation, dogma
illusion, or some other misleading effects
of perception.

8. HALLUCINATION
 A hallucination is a perception in the absence of
external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.
 Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived
to be located in external objective space.

9.  Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality—
visual, auditory,
 olfactory, (relatling to sense of smell)
 gustatory(related to taste)
 tactile(related to touch)
 proprioceptive(relating to stimuli that are produced
and perceived within an organism, especially those
connected with the position and movement of the
body)

10.  equilibrioceptive(sense of balance)
 nociceptive (relating to or denoting pain arising from
the stimulation of nerve cells)
 thermoceptive (the sense of heat and cold)
 chronoceptive (translation memories)

11.  A mild form of hallucination is known as
a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses
above.

12. THOUGHT DISORDER(TD) OR
FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDER
(FTD)
 Thought disorder (TD) or formal thought
disorder (FTD) refers to disorganized thinking as
evidenced by disorganized speech.
 Specific thought disorders include derailment, poverty
of speech, tangentiality, illogicality,
 perseveration and thought blocking.

13. SLEEP DISORDER OR SMONIPATHY
 A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a MEDICAL
disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal.
 Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere
with normal physical, mental, social and emotional
functioning.

14.  Disruptions in sleep can be caused by a variety of
issues, from teeth grinding (bruxism) to night terrors.
 When a person suffers from difficulty falling asleep
and/or staying asleep with no obvious cause, it is
referred to as insomnia.

15.  Sleep disorders are broadly classified
into dyssomnias, parasomnias, circadian rhythm sleep
disorders involving the timing of sleep, and other
disorders including ones caused by medical or
psychological conditions and sleeping sickness.

16.  Dyssomnia: Dyssomnias are a broad classification
of sleeping disorders involving difficulty getting to
sleep, remaining asleep, or of excessive sleepiness.
 Dyssomnias are primary disorders of initiating or
maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are
characterized by a disturbance in the amount, quality,
or timing of sleep.

17.  Parasomnia:
 Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that
involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions,
perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling
asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during
arousal from sleep.

18.  Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) are a
family of sleep disorders affecting (among other bodily
processes) the timing of sleep. People with circadian
rhythm sleep disorders are unable to go to sleep and
awaken at the times commonly required for work and
school as well as social needs.

19.  Sleep apnea, also spelled sleep apnoea, is a sleep
disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or
periods of shallow breathing during sleep.
 Each pause can last for a few seconds to a few minutes
and they happen many times a night.

20.  In the most common form, this follows loud snoring.
 There may be a choking or snorting sound as
breathing resumes. As it disrupts normal sleep, those
affected may experience sleepiness or feel tired during
the day.
 In children it may cause problems in school, or
hyperactivity.

21.  Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that
involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake
cycles.
 Symptoms include periods of excessive daytime
sleepiness that usually last from seconds to minutes
and may occur at any time.

22.  Hypersomnia, or hypersomnolence, is
a neurological disorder of excessive time spent
sleeping or excessive sleepiness.
 It can have many possible causes and can cause
distress and problems with functioning.

23.  CataplexySpecialty Neurology
 Cataplexy is a sudden and transient episode of muscle
weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness,
typically triggered by emotions such as laughing,
crying, or terror

24.  sleeping sickness (disruption of sleep cycle due to
infection).
 Sleepwalking, also known
as somnambulism or noctambulism, is a
phenomenon of combined sleep and wakefulness.
 It is classified as a sleep disorder belonging to
the parasomnia family

25.  Night terror, also known as sleep terror, is a sleep
disorder, causing feelings of terror or dread, and
typically occurs during the first hours of stage 3–
4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
 Sleep terrors begin in children between the ages of 3
and 12, and usually stop during adolescence. In adults,
they most commonly occur between the ages of 20 to
30.

26.  Nocturnal enuresis, also called bedwetting,
is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at
which bladder control usually occurs. Bedwetting in
children and adults can result in emotional stress.
 Complications can include urinary tract infections.

27.  Treatment may include antipsychotic
medication, counselling, and social support.

28. NEUROSIS
 Abnormal psychiatric features without an organic
psychiatric disorder. Neuroses are usually precipitated
by stress.
 Anxiety disorders; Generalised anxiety disorders, panic
disorders, PTSD (Posttraumatic stress disorder)
 Phobic disorders, OCD (Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder) Depersonalisation,
Derealization

31. Types of Neurosis
 Anxiety disorders :
 Generalised anxiety disorder : Categorised by excessive
anxiety and worry which is present more days than it is
absent for at least six months.
 It is often associated with symptoms such as tension,
feelings of impending doom, restlessness, insomnia,
fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability and a
variety of physical symptoms such as headaches,
sweating and palpitations.

32.  To be classed as having a disorder the patient must be
experiencing severe distress or have problems with
important areas of functioning (e.g. work).

33. Specific phobias
 Affected individuals experience a persistent fear of a
specific object or situation that is considered to be
excessive and unreasonable. Exposure to the object
will produce increased anxiety or panic attacks and as
such individuals will try to avoid high risk situations.

34. Social phobias
 Affected individuals have a constant fear of social
situations for fear of embarrassment.
 Symptoms of anxiety may be experienced when an
individual is exposed to social situations, these can
include physical symptoms such as blushing and
diarrhoea.

35. Panic disorder
 An individual with a panic disorder will suffer from
recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack
is an episode of intense fear or anxiety that consists of
the following symptoms:
ƒPalpitations ƒSweating, trembling, shaking ƒ
Sensations of shortness of breath leading to
hyperventilation and sensations of choking, chest
pain, nausea, dizziness and paraesthesiae ƒ
Derealization – a feeling as if everyone around you is
unreal ƒDepersonalization – a feeling of being
detached from oneself ƒFear of losing control or dying

36. Obsessive – compulsive disorder
 Obsessions- Stereotypical and purposeless words,
phrases and thoughts that an individual finds difficult
to control or put out of his/her mind.
 Compulsions- Senseless and repeated rituals

37. Post traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
 PTSD involves the development of a characteristic set
of psychological symptoms that occur following
exposure to a serious traumatic event that involved
actual or threatened injury or death to the self, or
others.

38.  Initially, the individual will re-experience the event in
the form of recurrent or intrusive thoughts, images,
dreams or perceptions.
 Following this they will actively avoid stimuli that will
remind them of the event, and may at this stage feel a
sense of detachment from others. Finally, they may
experience symptoms of increased arousal such as
irritability, poor concentration, sleep disturbance and
hyper vigilance.