39. body wall (exoskeleton) strong membrane (extension of wall) wing veins Fig. 13-9c2, p.202 Morphological Convergence
40. Limbs with 5 digits wings birds crocodiles Humans bats Insects wings wings The evolutionary tree diagram shows that wings evolved independently in three separate lineages that bled to bats, birds and insects.
53. raccoon red panda giant panda spectacled bear sloth bear sun bear Asiatic black bear American black bear brown bear polar bear An example of how biochemical comparisons can assist in constructing and refining the evolutionary trees. Red pandas, giant pandas and brown bears was constructed using sequence Comparisons of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Findings indicated that red panda maybe more closely related to skunks, weasels and otter rather than to raccoons.
58. grown in water grown on land Differences in form between two plants of the same species Saggitaria sagittifolia . The leaf shapes are responses to different conditions in the environment, not the differences in the genes
83. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 A few individuals of a species on the mainland reach isolated island 1. Speciation follows genetic divergence in a new habitat. Later in time, a few individuals of the new species colonize nearby island 2. In this new habitat, speciation follows genetic divergence. Speciation may also follow colonization of islands 3 and 4. And it may follow invasion of island 1 by genetically different descendents of the ancestral species. 3 4
90. Possible Evolution of Wheat Figure 18.9 Page 299 Triticum monococcum (einkorn) T. aestivum (one of the common bread wheats) Unknown species of wild wheat T. turgidum (wild emmer) T. tauschii (a wild relative) 42AABBDD 14AA 14BB 14AB 28AABB 14DD X X cross-fertilization, followed by a spontaneous chromosome doubling
112. Levels of taxon Kingdom largest group sharing common features Phylum Subdividision of kingdom; contain large number of organism that have one / two fundamental features Class Group of orders within a phylum Order Group of related families Family Group of related genera Genus Group of similar and closely-related species Species Group of individuals which share a large number of features and capable of inbreeding to produce fertile offspring
120. Taxonomy of a selected plant species. Note that the Kingdoms have a great deal more types of creatures in them than do species.
121.
122. Examples of Classification Plantae Juniperus J. occidentalis Cupressaceae Cuoniferales Coniferopsida Coniferophyta Plantae Vanilla V. planifolia Orchidaceae Asparagales Monocotyledonae Anthophyta western juniper vanilla orchid housefly human Kingdom Genus Species Family Order Class Phylum Animalia Musca M. domestica Muscidae Diptera Insecta Anthropoda Animalia Homo H. sapiens Hominidae Primates Mammalia Chordata
132. Evolutionary Trees ancestral stock species 1 species 2 species 3 Summarize information about relationships among groups branch point (time of genetic divergence, speciation under way) suspected branching
144. Make a Venn diagram to place the 8 animals in groups to illustrate those characteristics which different animals have in common. chimp human chimpanzee Amphioxus : no back bone Lamprey : has backbone Sunfish : has jaws Lizard : has amniotic egg Bear: has mammary glands Newt : has four limbs
