6. Percent of Total Pollution Caused by Transportation CO = carbon monoxide NOx = oxides of nitrogen VOCs = volatile organic compounds CO 2 = carbon dioxide 2 CO Particulates VOCs x NO CO Source: EPA, 1997 77% 49% 40% 24% 31%
7. Number of People in Counties with Unacceptable Air Quality in 1997
8. CO Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road Vehicles Metal Processing Fuel Combustion - Other All Other Miscellaneous Non-Road Engines and Vehicles
9. Nitrogen Oxide (No x ) Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road Vehicles Fuel Combustion: Other All Other Non-Road Engines and Vehicles Fuel Combustion: Industrial Fuel Combustion : Utility
10. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road Vehicles Storage and Transport All Other Non-Road Engines and Vehicles Solvent Utilization
11. Particulate Matter Emissions by Source in 1997 On-Road and Non-Road Engines and Vehicles Other Industrial Processes Fuel Combustion: Other All Other Fuel Combustion: Industrial Fuel Combustion : Utility
14. Energy Sources for Generation of Electricity Coal 56% Petroleum 2% Natural Gas 9% Hydroelectric 11% Nuclear 22%
15. Comparison of Emissions Alternative Fuel Emission Comparison a Grams/mile Vehicle Volatile Organic Gases CO No x Exhaust Evaporative Total Gas 0.35 0.04 0.39 1.40 0.66 Methanol 0.25 0.09 0.34 1.00 0.45 LPG 0.20 0 0.20 1.40 0.27 CNG 0.19 0 0.19 0.10 0.44 Electricity* 0.006 0 0.006 0.008 0.07 a Source--CARB Report, May 1989 *Estimate of power plant emissions from Los Angeles Basin electricity generation
22. Characteristics of an Electric Vehicle Battery Battery Performance Characteristic Energy density Power density Life of the battery Battery cost How Measured Whrs/Kg W/Kg Cycles Years $/KWhr What Is Affected Driving range Acceleration and hill climbing Battery replacement period and life cycle cost Vehicle purchase price Battery replacement cost
23. Comparison of Electric Motors AC Motor Single speed transmission Light weight Less expensive 95% efficiency at full load More expensive controller Motor/controller/inverter is more expensive DC Motor Multi-speed transmission Heavier for same power Higher cost 85-89% efficiency at full load Simple controller Motor/controller - lower cost
24. Diagram of Home Refueling Vehicle EV Supply Equipment Wiring in garage or carport Electrical service
36. An Electric Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller) Fuel (batteries) Regenerative Brakes (energy returns to batteries)
37. A Gasoline Car Transmission Power Unit (internal combustion engine) Fuel (gasoline)
38. Series Hybrid Electric Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller) Fuel (batteries) Auxiliary Unit Fuel Auxiliary Power Unit Regenerative Brakes Generator
39. Parallel Hybrid Electric Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller) Fuel (batteries) Auxiliary Unit Fuel Auxiliary Power Unit Regenerative Brakes
40. Combination Hybrid Car Transmission Power Unit (motor/controller/generator) Fuel (batteries) Auxiliary Unit Fuel Auxiliary Power Unit Regenerative Brakes Generator