bio 101

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. 3.4 nm 2 nm 0.34 nm G C A T T A P P P P C G G C Complementary base pairing Sugar hydrogen bonds sugar-phosphate backbone

5. Griffith’s Transformation Experiment Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. capsule Injected live S strain has capsule and causes mice to die. a. b. Injected live R strain has no capsule and mice do not die. c. Injected heat- killed S strain does not cause mice to die. d. Injected heat-killed S strain plus live R strain causes mice to die. Live S strain is withdrawn from dead mice.

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8. Transformation of Organisms A normal canola plant (left) and a transgenic canola plant expressing GFP (right) under a fluorescent light. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (Bacteria): © Martin Shields/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Jellyfish): © R. Jackman/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Pigs): Courtesy Norrie Russell, The Roslin Institute; (Mouse): © Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Plant): © Dr. Neal Stewart

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12. Nucleotide Composition of DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. O N N CH CH C C NH 2 cytosine (C) 3 C C 2 C 1 O HO P O O H H H H H OH CH 3 O HN N C CH C C O HO P O O H H H H H OH HN N N C CH O C C C N H 2 N C 2 C 2 C 1 C 1 O HO P O O guanine (G) phosphate H H H H H OH N N N HC CH NH 2 C C C N 4 3 C 2 C 1 5 O O O O O O H H H H H OH c. Chargaf f ’ s data DN A Composition in V arious Species (%) Species Homo sapiens (human) Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) Zea mays (corn) Neurospora crassa (fungus) Escherichia coli (bacterium) Bacillus subtilis (bacterium) 31.0 27.3 25.6 23.0 24.6 28.4 31.5 27.6 25.3 23.3 24.3 29.0 19.1 22.5 24.5 27.1 25.5 21.0 18.4 22.5 24.6 26.6 25.6 21.6 A T G C a. Purine nucleotides b. Pyrimidine nucleotides nitrogen-containing base sugar = deoxyribose thymine (T) adenine (A) HO P O CH 2 5 CH 2 5 CH 2 5 CH 2 C 4 C 4 C 4 C C 3 C 3 C

13. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

14. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

16. Watson/Crick Model of DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Kenneth Eward/Photo Researchers, Inc.; d: © A. Barrington Brown/Photo Researchers, Inc. P P P P c. b. complementary base sugar-phosphate backbone 3.4 nm 2 nm 0.34 nm P P S S 4 5 end 3 end 1 1 2 3 2 3 5 4 5 C G G C C G T T A A C G a. d. d. 5 end sugar hydrogen bonds

18. X-Ray Diffraction of DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. X-ray beam b. c. Rosalind Franklin diffraction pattern Crystalline DNA diffracted X-rays a.

20. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

21. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

22. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

24. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

25. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

27. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

28. Semiconservative Replication of DNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. region of parental DNA double helix G G G T A A C C 3' 5' A T C G A T A G G C C G A region of replication: new nucleotides are pairing with those of parental strands region of completed replication daughter DNA double helix old strand new strand daughter DNA double helix old strand new strand C C A A T T G G T A T A C G A T A T A C G A T A T A T A C G C G A G T A C G C G A

29. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

30. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

31. Science Focus: Aspects of DNA Replication G C A T T G C G C A P P P P P P P P P P P P is attached here OH CH 2 C C C C H H H H H OH OH O base is attached here 5  end 3  end 5  end template strand Direction of replication new strand Deoxyribose molecule RNA primer 3  3  5  3  5  5  parental DN A helix helicase at replication fork leading new strand template strand template strand lagging strand DN A polymerase DNA polymerase DNA ligase Okazaki fragment Replication fork introduces complications 5 7 6 4 3 2 1 DNA polymerase attaches a new nucleotide to the 3 carbon of the previous nucleotide. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5  4  3  2  1  3  end 3 

33. Replication: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. origin replication is occurring in two directions replication is complete replication fork replication bubble a. Replication in prokaryotes parental strand daughter strand new DNA duplexes b. Replication in eukaryotes

37. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

38. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. nontemplate strand 3' 5' A G G G A C C C C T C G C T G G G G 5' 3' template strand transcription in nucleus 3' 5' mRN DNA A G G G A C C C C codon 1 codon 2 codon 3 polypeptide translation at ribosome N N N C C C C C C R 1 R 2 R 3 Serine Aspartate Proline O O O

40. Structure of RNA G U A C S S S S P P P P ribose G U base is uracil instead of thymine A C one nucleotide Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

41. RNA vs. DNA structure

44. Messenger RNA Codons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Second Base Third Base First Base U C G A U C A G UUU phenylalanine UCU serine UAU tyrosine UGU cysteine UUC phenylalanine UCC serine UAC tyrosine UGU cysteine UCA serine UUA leucine UCG serine UUG leucine UGG tryptophan UGA stop UAA stop UAG stop U C A G CUU leucine CUC leucine CUA leucine CUG leucine CCU proline CCC proline CCA proline CCG proline CAC histidine CAA glutamine CAG glutamine CAU histidine CGA arginine CGG arginine CGU arginine CGC arginine U C A G AUG ( start ) methionine AUU isoleucine AUC isoleucine AUA isoleucine ACU threonine ACC threonine ACA threonine ACG threonine AAU asparagine AAC asparagine AAA lysine AAG lysine AGU serine AGC serine AGA arginine AGG arginine U C A G GUU valine GUC valine GUA valine GUG valine GCU alanine GCC alanine GCA alanine GCG alanine GAU aspartate GAC aspartate GAA glutamate GAG glutamate GGU glycine GGC glycine GGA glycine GGG glycine U C A G

46. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

48. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

49. Transcription Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. nontemplate strand template strand 5' C C G T A A T G C A A C G T C T C U G G A C C A C A T G G C RNA polymerase DNA template strand mRNA transcript C G C A T C G T A to RNA processing 3' 3' 5'

50. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

51. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

52. RNA Polymerase © Oscar L. Miller/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. 200m b. spliceosome DNA RNA polymerase RNA transcripts

56. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

57. Messenger RNA Processing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. exon intron intron exon exon DNA transcription exon intron intron exon exon 5' 3' pre-mRNA exon exon exon intron intron cap poly-A tail 5' 3' exon exon exon spliceosome cap poly-A tail pre-mRNA splicing intron RNA 5' 3' cap poly-A tail mRNA nuclear pore in nuclear envelope nucleus cytoplasm 5' 3'

58. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

62. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

63. Structure of tRNA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. amino acid leucine 3 5 Hydrogen bonding anticodon mRNA 5' codon 3' b. anticodon end amino acid end

65. Ribosomal Structure and Function Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy Alexander Rich large subunit small subunit a. Structure of a ribosome tRNA binding sites outgoing tRNA 3 5 mRNA b. Binding sites of ribosome polypeptide incoming tRNA incoming tRNA c. Function of ribosomes d. Polyribosome

68. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

69. Steps in Translation: Initiation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA; an initiator tRNA pairs with the mRNA start codon AUG. The large ribosomal subunit completes the ribosome. Initiator tRNA occupies the P site. The A site is ready for the next tRNA. Initiation Met amino acid methionine initiator tRNA U A C A U G mRNA small ribosomal subunit 3' 5' P site A site E site Met large ribosomal subunit U A C A U G start codon 5' 3'

72. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

73. Steps in Translation: Elongation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A tRNA–amino acid approaches the ribosome and binds at the A site. Two tRNAs can be at a ribosome at one time; the anticodons are paired to the codons. Peptide bond formation attaches the peptide chain to the newly arrived amino acid. The ribosome moves forward; the “ empty” tRNA exits from the E site; the next amino acid–tRNA complex is approaching the ribosome. 1 2 3 4 Elongation peptide bond Met Ala Trp Ser Val U A C A U G G A C 3 3 C G anticodon tRNA asp U Met Ala Trp Ser Val U A C A U G G A C C U G Asp 6 U A C A U G G A C C U G Met Val Asp Ala Trp Ser peptide bond 6 3 U C A G A C C U G A U G U G G A C C Met Val Asp Ala Trp Ser Thr 6 3

75. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

76. Steps in Translation: Termination Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Termination The release factor hydrolyzes the bond between the last tRNA at the P site and the polypeptide, releasing them. The ribosomal subunits dissociate. 3 5 A G A U G A The ribosome comes to a stop codon on the mRNA. A release factor binds to the site. U A U A U G A stop codon 5' 3' Asp Ala Trp Val Glu release factor Ala Trp V al Asp Glu U C U

77. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

78. Summary of Gene Expression (Eukaryotes) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. TRANSCRIPTION 1. DNA in nucleus serves as a template for mRNA. 2. mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus. mRNA pre-mRNA DNA introns 3. mRNA moves into cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes. TRANSLATION mRNA large and small ribosomal subunits 3' nuclear pore 4. tRNAs with anticodons carry amino acids to mRNA. 5 peptide codon ribosome 3 U A A U C G 5 C C G G G C G C G C C C C G U A U A U A U U A A 6. During elongation, polypeptide synthesis takes place one amino acid at a time. 7. Ribosome attaches to rough ER. Polypeptide enters lumen, where it folds and is modified. 8. During termination, a ribosome reaches a stop codon; mRNA and ribosomal subunits disband. 5. During initiation, anticodon-codon complementary base pairing begins as the ribosomal subunits come together at a start codon. amino acids anticodon tRNA C U A 3' 5

79. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

81. Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosome Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Nucleosomes (“beads on a string”) b. 30-nm fiber c. Radial loop domains d. Heterochromatin e. Metaphase chromosome 1. Wrapping of DNA around histone proteins. 4. Tight compaction of radial loops to form heterochromatin. 3. Loose coiling into radial loops. 2. Formation of a three-dimensional zigzag structure via histone H1 and other DNA-binding proteins. 5. Metaphase chromosome forms with the help of a protein scaffold. 2 nm 1 nm 300 nm 1,400 nm 700 nm 30 nm DNA double helix histones histone H1 nucleosome euchromatin

82. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

84. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b. 3.4 nm 2 nm 0.34 nm G C A T T A P P P P C G G C Complementary base pairing Sugar hydrogen bonds sugar-phosphate backbone