c20J

1. Results
DAY 1
Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with Potassium Hydrogen phthalate (KHP)
Weight table (of KHP)
Conical flask #1 0.3133g
Conical flask #2 0.2949g
Conical flask #3 0.2957g
Standardisation Titration Results
cm3 1 2 3
cm3 (Flask #2) (Flask #3) (Flask #1)
Final Burette Reading 14.68 30.49 45.90
Initial Burette Reading 0.27 14.68 30.49
Volume of NaOH used 14.41 15.81 15.41
R.M.M of KHP = 204.2gmol-1
Calculation of concentration of NaOH (for flask #1, titration 3)
1 mole of KHP = 204.2g
x mole of KHP = 0.3133g
x = 0.3133g/202.4gmol-1
x = 1.534 x 10-3 mole KHP
1 : 1 Mole Ratio
15.81cm3 of NaOH contains 1.534 x 10-3 mole
1000cm3 of NaOH contains (1000cm3 x 1.534x10-3mole)/15.81cm3
= 0.0970M
Calculated Concentrations for NaOH
Flask 1 0.0970M
Flask 2 0.0937M
Flask 3 0.1005M
AVERAGE 0.0971M
pH meter used – (#2) OAKTON pH/MV/oC meter
Calibration of instrument – Measurement of Buffers
Buffer solution pH measured
Buffer 4 4.03
5

2. Buffer 7 6.99
Buffer 10 10.01
Table of pH vs. NaOH volume used in Potentiometric Titration of Mixed Acid
∑ Volume used
pH BURETTE READING (ml) Volume used (ml) (ml)
Initial Volume Final Volume
1.38 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.36 0.69 1.71 1.02 1.02
1.34 1.71 2.69 0.98 2.00
1.36 2.69 3.71 1.02 3.02
1.38 3.71 4.72 1.01 4.03
1.42 4.72 5.70 0.98 5.01
1.46 5.70 6.73 1.03 6.04
1.50 6.73 7.75 1.02 7.06
1.56 7.75 8.68 0.93 7.99
1.61 8.68 9.69 1.01 9.00
1.67 9.69 10.70 1.01 10.01
1.76 10.70 11.71 1.01 11.02
1.86 11.71 12.79 1.08 12.10
1.99 12.79 13.81 1.02 13.12
2.16 13.81 14.71 0.90 14.02
2.48 14.71 15.72 1.01 15.03
2.94 15.72 16.68 0.96 15.99
3.37 16.68 17.74 1.06 17.05
3.62 17.74 18.69 0.95 18.00
3.81 18.69 19.70 1.01 19.01
3.96 19.70 20.72 1.02 20.03
4.09 20.72 21.79 1.07 21.10
4.20 21.79 22.80 1.01 22.11
4.29 22.80 23.73 0.93 23.04
4.39 23.73 24.75 1.02 24.06
4.48 24.75 25.73 0.98 25.04
4.57 25.73 26.79 1.06 26.10
4.65 26.79 27.80 1.01 27.11
4.74 27.80 28.75 0.95 28.06
4.84 28.75 29.72 0.97 29.03
4.94 29.72 30.71 0.99 30.02
5.05 30.71 31.79 1.08 31.10
5.18 31.79 32.80 1.01 32.11
5.33 32.80 33.82 1.02 33.13
5.49 33.82 34.70 0.88 34.01
5.76 34.70 35.79 1.09 35.10
6.39 35.79 36.88 1.09 36.19
11.25 36.88 38.21 1.33 37.52
11.55 38.21 39.15 0.94 38.46
11.73 39.15 40.13 0.98 39.44
6

3. 11.84 40.13 41.11 0.98 40.42
11.91 41.11 42.12 1.01 41.43
11.97 42.12 43.10 0.98 42.41
pH of solution vs. Volume of NaOH used
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
pH
Series1
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Volume of NaOH used
ph 2.93 ph 8.51
equivalenc
e volume 16.04 volume 36.11
DAY 2
pH meter used – (#2) OAKTON pH/MV/oC meter
Calibration of instrument – Measurement of Buffers
Buffer solution pH measured
Buffer 4 3.99
Buffer 7 7.00
Buffer 10 10.00
Note: The results of the standardization of NaOH carried out on day two were rejected due to random
errors that occurred during the process. The results obtained from day 1 were used.
7

4. Table of pH vs. NaOH volume used in Potentiometric Titration of Mixed Acid
Change in
BURETTE READING Volume ∑ Volume Change 1st 1st 2nd
pH (ml) used (ml) used (ml) in pH Derivative Derivative Derivative
Initial
Volume Final Volume
1.18 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
1.14 0.32 1.30 0.98 0.98 -0.04 -0.0408 -0.0408 -0.0416
1.14 1.30 2.31 1.01 1.99 0.00 0.0000 0.0408 0.0404
1.16 2.31 3.32 1.01 3.00 0.02 0.0198 0.0198 0.0196
1.17 3.32 4.32 1.00 4.00 0.01 0.0100 -0.0098 -0.0098
1.20 4.32 5.40 1.08 5.08 0.03 0.0278 0.0178 0.0165
1.23 5.40 6.35 0.95 6.03 0.03 0.0316 0.0038 0.0040
1.27 6.35 7.39 1.04 7.07 0.04 0.0385 0.0069 0.0066
1.30 7.39 8.31 0.92 7.99 0.03 0.0326 -0.0059 -0.0064
1.35 8.31 9.35 1.04 9.03 0.05 0.0481 0.0155 0.0149
1.39 9.35 10.31 0.96 9.99 0.04 0.0417 -0.0064 -0.0067
1.44 10.31 11.35 1.04 11.03 0.05 0.0481 0.0064 0.0062
1.51 11.35 12.35 1.00 12.03 0.07 0.0700 0.0219 0.0219
1.58 12.35 13.35 1.00 13.03 0.07 0.0700 0.0000 0.0000
1.67 13.35 14.38 1.03 14.06 0.09 0.0874 0.0174 0.0169
1.77 14.38 15.32 0.94 15.00 0.10 0.1064 0.0190 0.0202
1.90 15.32 16.35 1.03 16.03 0.13 0.1262 0.0198 0.0193
1.92 16.35 16.35 0.00 16.03 0.02 0.0000 -0.1262 0.0000
1.92 16.35 16.38 0.03 16.06 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.94 16.38 16.41 0.03 16.09 0.02 0.6667 0.6667 22.2222
1.94 16.41 16.48 0.07 16.16 0.00 0.0000 -0.6667 -9.5238
1.96 16.48 16.65 0.17 16.33 0.02 0.1176 0.1176 0.6920
1.96 16.65 16.71 0.06 16.39 0.00 0.0000 -0.1176 -1.9608
1.96 16.71 16.78 0.07 16.46 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.96 16.78 16.80 0.02 16.48 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.99 16.80 16.85 0.05 16.53 0.03 0.6000 0.6000 12.0000
1.99 16.85 16.92 0.07 16.60 0.00 0.0000 -0.6000 -8.5714
2.01 16.92 17.00 0.08 16.68 0.02 0.2500 0.2500 3.1250
2.01 17.00 17.05 0.05 16.73 0.00 0.0000 -0.2500 -5.0000
2.03 17.05 17.10 0.05 16.78 0.02 0.4000 0.4000 8.0000
2.03 17.10 17.20 0.10 16.88 0.00 0.0000 -0.4000 -4.0000
2.05 17.20 17.22 0.02 16.90 0.02 1.0000 1.0000 50.0000
2.07 17.22 17.30 0.08 16.98 0.02 0.2500 -0.7500 -9.3750
2.07 17.30 17.35 0.05 17.03 0.00 0.0000 -0.2500 -5.0000
2.09 17.35 17.42 0.07 17.10 0.02 0.2857 0.2857 4.0816
2.09 17.42 17.49 0.07 17.17 0.00 0.0000 -0.2857 -4.0816
2.13 17.49 17.53 0.04 17.21 0.04 1.0000 1.0000 25.0000
2.13 17.53 17.58 0.05 17.26 0.00 0.0000 -1.0000 -20.0000
2.14 17.58 17.61 0.03 17.29 0.01 0.3333 0.3333 11.1111
2.14 17.61 17.70 0.09 17.38 0.00 0.0000 -0.3333 -3.7037
2.16 17.70 17.80 0.10 17.48 0.02 0.2000 0.2000 2.0000
2.18 17.80 17.89 0.09 17.57 0.02 0.2222 0.0222 0.2469
2.18 17.89 17.92 0.03 17.60 0.00 0.0000 -0.2222 -7.4074
8

5. 2.21 17.92 17.96 0.04 17.64 0.03 0.7500 0.7500 18.7500
2.22 17.96 18.00 0.04 17.68 0.01 0.2500 -0.5000 -12.5000
2.24 18.00 18.05 0.05 17.73 0.02 0.4000 0.1500 3.0000
2.26 18.05 18.09 0.04 17.77 0.02 0.5000 0.1000 2.5000
2.29 18.09 18.19 0.10 17.87 0.03 0.3000 -0.2000 -2.0000
2.31 18.19 18.29 0.10 17.97 0.02 0.2000 -0.1000 -1.0000
2.32 18.29 18.31 0.02 17.99 0.01 0.5000 0.3000 15.0000
2.34 18.31 18.39 0.08 18.07 0.02 0.2500 -0.2500 -3.1250
2.36 18.39 18.41 0.02 18.09 0.02 1.0000 0.7500 37.5000
2.38 18.41 18.49 0.08 18.17 0.02 0.2500 -0.7500 -9.3750
2.40 18.49 18.52 0.03 18.20 0.02 0.6667 0.4167 13.8889
2.42 18.52 18.59 0.07 18.27 0.02 0.2857 -0.3810 -5.4422
2.44 18.59 18.68 0.09 18.36 0.02 0.2222 -0.0635 -0.7055
2.47 18.68 18.79 0.11 18.47 0.03 0.2727 0.0505 0.4591
2.49 18.79 18.81 0.02 18.49 0.02 1.0000 0.7273 36.3636
2.52 18.81 18.85 0.04 18.53 0.03 0.7500 -0.2500 -6.2500
2.54 18.85 18.90 0.05 18.58 0.02 0.4000 -0.3500 -7.0000
2.58 18.90 18.99 0.09 18.67 0.04 0.4444 0.0444 0.4938
2.61 18.99 19.03 0.04 18.71 0.03 0.7500 0.3056 7.6389
2.64 19.03 19.08 0.05 18.76 0.03 0.6000 -0.1500 -3.0000
2.67 19.08 19.15 0.07 18.83 0.03 0.4286 -0.1714 -2.4490
2.71 19.15 19.23 0.08 18.91 0.04 0.5000 0.0714 0.8929
2.74 19.23 19.30 0.07 18.98 0.03 0.4286 -0.0714 -1.0204
2.76 19.30 19.38 0.08 19.06 0.02 0.2500 -0.1786 -2.2321
2.79 19.38 19.40 0.02 19.08 0.03 1.5000 1.2500 62.5000
2.80 19.40 19.45 0.05 19.13 0.01 0.2000 -1.3000 -26.0000
2.83 19.45 19.50 0.05 19.18 0.03 0.6000 0.4000 8.0000
2.87 19.50 19.58 0.08 19.26 0.04 0.5000 -0.1000 -1.2500
2.92 19.58 19.65 0.07 19.33 0.05 0.7143 0.2143 3.0612
2.94 19.65 19.70 0.05 19.38 0.02 0.4000 -0.3143 -6.2857
2.96 19.70 19.75 0.05 19.43 0.02 0.4000 0.0000 0.0000
2.99 19.75 19.80 0.05 19.48 0.03 0.6000 0.2000 4.0000
3.04 19.80 19.98 0.18 19.66 0.05 0.2778 -0.3222 -1.7901
3.07 19.98 20.04 0.06 19.72 0.03 0.5000 0.2222 3.7037
3.10 20.04 20.12 0.08 19.80 0.03 0.3750 -0.1250 -1.5625
3.12 20.12 20.20 0.08 19.88 0.02 0.2500 -0.1250 -1.5625
3.14 20.20 20.22 0.02 19.90 0.02 1.0000 0.7500 37.5000
3.16 20.22 20.27 0.05 19.95 0.02 0.4000 -0.6000 -12.0000
3.20 20.27 20.35 0.08 20.03 0.04 0.5000 0.1000 1.2500
3.22 20.35 20.40 0.05 20.08 0.02 0.4000 -0.1000 -2.0000
3.22 20.40 20.43 0.03 20.11 0.00 0.0000 -0.4000 -13.3333
3.25 20.43 20.50 0.07 20.18 0.03 0.4286 0.4286 6.1224
3.27 20.50 20.54 0.04 20.22 0.02 0.5000 0.0714 1.7857
3.30 20.54 20.62 0.08 20.30 0.03 0.3750 -0.1250 -1.5625
3.30 20.62 20.69 0.07 20.37 0.00 0.0000 -0.3750 -5.3571
3.33 20.69 20.74 0.05 20.42 0.03 0.6000 0.6000 12.0000
3.34 20.74 20.79 0.05 20.47 0.01 0.2000 -0.4000 -8.0000
3.37 20.79 20.85 0.06 20.53 0.03 0.5000 0.3000 5.0000
3.39 20.85 20.91 0.06 20.59 0.02 0.3333 -0.1667 -2.7778
3.41 20.91 21.00 0.09 20.68 0.02 0.2222 -0.1111 -1.2346
3.44 21.00 21.05 0.05 20.73 0.03 0.6000 0.3778 7.5556
9

6. 3.44 21.05 21.15 0.10 20.83 0.00 0.0000 -0.6000 -6.0000
3.46 21.15 21.19 0.04 20.87 0.02 0.5000 0.5000 12.5000
3.49 21.19 21.29 0.10 20.97 0.03 0.3000 -0.2000 -2.0000
3.51 21.29 21.34 0.05 21.02 0.02 0.4000 0.1000 2.0000
3.53 21.34 21.42 0.08 21.10 0.02 0.2500 -0.1500 -1.8750
3.53 21.42 21.49 0.07 21.17 0.00 0.0000 -0.2500 -3.5714
3.55 21.49 21.53 0.04 21.21 0.02 0.5000 0.5000 12.5000
3.59 21.53 21.68 0.15 21.36 0.04 0.2667 -0.2333 -1.5556
3.61 21.68 21.78 0.10 21.46 0.02 0.2000 -0.0667 -0.6667
3.61 21.78 21.80 0.02 21.48 0.00 0.0000 -0.2000 -10.0000
3.63 21.80 21.85 0.05 21.53 0.02 0.4000 0.4000 8.0000
3.63 21.85 21.90 0.05 21.58 0.00 0.0000 -0.4000 -8.0000
3.65 21.90 21.99 0.09 21.67 0.02 0.2222 0.2222 2.4691
3.65 21.99 22.01 0.02 21.69 0.00 0.0000 -0.2222 -11.1111
3.67 22.01 22.10 0.09 21.78 0.02 0.2222 0.2222 2.4691
3.69 22.10 22.19 0.09 21.87 0.02 0.2222 0.0000 0.0000
3.69 22.19 22.25 0.06 21.93 0.00 0.0000 -0.2222 -3.7037
3.71 22.25 22.31 0.06 21.99 0.02 0.3333 0.3333 5.5556
3.73 22.31 22.40 0.09 22.08 0.02 0.2222 -0.1111 -1.2346
3.75 22.40 22.50 0.10 22.18 0.02 0.2000 -0.0222 -0.2222
3.77 22.50 22.61 0.11 22.29 0.02 0.1818 -0.0182 -0.1653
3.77 22.61 22.70 0.09 22.38 0.00 0.0000 -0.1818 -2.0202
3.80 22.70 22.79 0.09 22.47 0.03 0.3333 0.3333 3.7037
3.93 22.79 23.80 1.01 23.48 0.13 0.1287 -0.2046 -0.2026
4.07 23.80 24.82 1.02 24.50 0.14 0.1373 0.0085 0.0084
4.20 24.82 25.90 1.08 25.58 0.13 0.1204 -0.0169 -0.0156
4.32 25.90 26.99 1.09 26.67 0.12 0.1101 -0.0103 -0.0094
4.41 26.99 27.89 0.90 27.57 0.09 0.1000 -0.0101 -0.0112
4.50 27.89 28.90 1.01 28.58 0.09 0.0891 -0.0109 -0.0108
4.60 28.90 29.91 1.01 29.59 0.10 0.0990 0.0099 0.0098
4.70 29.91 30.91 1.00 30.59 0.10 0.1000 0.0010 0.0010
4.80 30.91 31.93 1.02 31.61 0.10 0.0980 -0.0020 -0.0019
4.90 31.93 32.91 0.98 32.59 0.10 0.1020 0.0040 0.0041
5.00 32.91 33.89 0.98 33.57 0.10 0.1020 0.0000 0.0000
5.12 33.89 34.90 1.01 34.58 0.12 0.1188 0.0168 0.0166
5.26 34.90 35.91 1.01 35.59 0.14 0.1386 0.0198 0.0196
5.42 35.91 36.91 1.00 36.59 0.16 0.1600 0.0214 0.0214
5.65 36.91 37.95 1.04 37.63 0.23 0.2212 0.0612 0.0588
5.98 37.95 38.90 0.95 38.58 0.33 0.3474 0.1262 0.1329
6.00 38.90 39.00 0.10 38.68 0.02 0.2000 -0.1474 -1.4737
6.02 39.00 39.05 0.05 38.73 0.02 0.4000 0.2000 4.0000
6.05 39.05 39.10 0.05 38.78 0.03 0.6000 0.2000 4.0000
6.07 39.10 39.12 0.02 38.80 0.02 1.0000 0.4000 20.0000
6.12 39.12 39.21 0.09 38.89 0.05 0.5556 -0.4444 -4.9383
6.15 39.21 39.25 0.04 38.93 0.03 0.7500 0.1944 4.8611
6.18 39.25 39.30 0.05 38.98 0.03 0.6000 -0.1500 -3.0000
6.21 39.30 39.36 0.06 39.04 0.03 0.5000 -0.1000 -1.6667
6.28 39.36 39.41 0.05 39.09 0.07 1.4000 0.9000 18.0000
6.37 39.41 39.51 0.10 39.19 0.09 0.9000 -0.5000 -5.0000
6.47 39.51 39.60 0.09 39.28 0.10 1.1111 0.2111 2.3457
6.60 39.60 39.71 0.11 39.39 0.13 1.1818 0.0707 0.6428
10

7. 6.77 39.71 39.81 0.10 39.49 0.17 1.7000 0.5182 5.1818
7.23 39.81 39.99 0.18 39.67 0.46 2.5556 0.8556 4.7531
8.28 39.99 40.09 0.10 39.77 1.05 10.5000 7.9444 79.4444
10.16 40.09 40.19 0.10 39.87 1.88 18.8000 8.3000 83.0000
11.07 40.19 40.31 0.12 39.99 0.91 7.5833 -11.2167 -93.4722
11.35 40.31 40.39 0.08 40.07 0.28 3.5000 -4.0833 -51.0417
11.45 40.39 40.41 0.02 40.09 0.10 5.0000 1.5000 75.0000
11.59 40.41 40.50 0.09 40.18 0.14 1.5556 -3.4444 -38.2716
11.66 40.50 40.55 0.05 40.23 0.07 1.4000 -0.1556 -3.1111
11.73 40.55 40.60 0.05 40.28 0.07 1.4000 0.0000 0.0000
11.81 40.60 40.68 0.08 40.36 0.08 1.0000 -0.4000 -5.0000
11.89 40.68 40.75 0.07 40.43 0.08 1.1429 0.1429 2.0408
11.93 40.75 40.80 0.05 40.48 0.04 0.8000 -0.3429 -6.8571
11.97 40.80 40.83 0.03 40.51 0.04 1.3333 0.5333 17.7778
12.00 40.83 40.90 0.07 40.58 0.03 0.4286 -0.9048 -12.9252
12.04 40.90 40.99 0.09 40.67 0.04 0.4444 0.0159 0.1764
12.10 40.99 41.05 0.06 40.73 0.06 1.0000 0.5556 9.2593
12.15 41.05 41.15 0.10 40.83 0.05 0.5000 -0.5000 -5.0000
12.19 41.15 41.20 0.05 40.88 0.04 0.8000 0.3000 6.0000
12.22 41.20 41.30 0.10 40.98 0.03 0.3000 -0.5000 -5.0000
12.54 41.30 42.20 0.90 41.88 0.32 0.3556 0.0556 0.0617
12.71 42.20 43.11 0.91 42.79 0.17 0.1868 -0.1687 -0.1854
12.83 43.11 44.10 0.99 43.78 0.12 0.1212 -0.0656 -0.0663
12.93 44.10 45.12 1.02 44.80 0.10 0.0980 -0.0232 -0.0227
12.99 45.12 45.99 0.87 45.67 0.06 0.0690 -0.0291 -0.0334
Graph of pH vs. volume of NaOH used
14.00
12.00
Volume of NaOH used (ml)
10.00
8.00
Series1
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
pH
equivalence volume volume
11

8. 18.68 39.83
ph 2.63 ph 9.12
1st derivative plot - weak acid
20.0000
15.0000
10.0000 Series1
5.0000
0.0000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
-5.0000
1st Derivative plot - strong acid
1.6000
1.4000
1.2000
1.0000
0.8000 Series1
pH
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
-0.2000
Volume used (ml)
12

9. 2nd derivative plot - weak acid
100
50
derivative
0
Series1
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
-50
-100
-150
Volume (ml)
2nd derivative weak acid
volume 39.93
2nd derivative plot - strong acid
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
derivative
20.00 Series1
10.00
0.00
-10.000.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
-20.00
-30.00
-40.00
Volume (ml)
2nd derivative strong acid
volume 19.105
Table showing pH, Volume of NaOH used and Gran Plot parameters
pH BURETTE READING (ml) Volume ∑ Volume 10^-pH (Vs + vt*10^-pH
used (ml) used (ml) Vt)*10^-
13

10. pH
Initial Final
Volume Volume
1.18 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0661 1.651734 0
1.14 0.32 1.30 0.98 0.98 0.0724 1.882085 0.0709947
1.14 1.30 2.31 1.01 1.99 0.0724 1.955253 0.1441628
1.16 2.31 3.32 1.01 3.00 0.0692 1.937127 0.2075493
1.17 3.32 4.32 1.00 4.00 0.0676 1.960641 0.2704332
1.20 4.32 5.40 1.08 5.08 0.0631 1.89792 0.3205263
1.23 5.40 6.35 0.95 6.03 0.0589 1.827182 0.3550727
1.27 6.35 7.39 1.04 7.07 0.0537 1.722261 0.3796815
1.30 7.39 8.31 0.92 7.99 0.0501 1.653417 0.4004486
1.35 8.31 9.35 1.04 9.03 0.0447 1.520064 0.4033553
1.39 9.35 10.31 0.96 9.99 0.0407 1.425424 0.4069729
1.44 10.31 11.35 1.04 11.03 0.0363 1.30817 0.4004751
1.51 11.35 12.35 1.00 12.03 0.0309 1.144336 0.3717625
1.58 12.35 13.35 1.00 13.03 0.0263 1.000291 0.3427239
1.67 13.35 14.38 1.03 14.06 0.0214 0.835088 0.3005975
1.77 14.38 15.32 0.94 15.00 0.017 0.679297 0.2547365
1.90 15.32 16.35 1.03 16.03 0.0126 0.516537 0.2018057
1.92 16.35 16.35 0.00 16.03 0.012 0.493289 0.192723
1.92 16.35 16.38 0.03 16.06 0.012 0.49365 0.1930837
1.94 16.38 16.41 0.03 16.09 0.0115 0.471776 0.1847379
1.94 16.41 16.48 0.07 16.16 0.0115 0.47258 0.1855416
1.96 16.48 16.65 0.17 16.33 0.011 0.453174 0.1790549
1.96 16.65 16.71 0.06 16.39 0.011 0.453832 0.1797128
1.96 16.71 16.78 0.07 16.46 0.011 0.4546 0.1804803
1.96 16.78 16.80 0.02 16.48 0.011 0.454819 0.1806996
1.99 16.80 16.85 0.05 16.53 0.0102 0.424974 0.1691503
1.99 16.85 16.92 0.07 16.60 0.0102 0.42569 0.1698666
2.01 16.92 17.00 0.08 16.68 0.0098 0.407312 0.1630032
2.01 17.00 17.05 0.05 16.73 0.0098 0.407801 0.1634918
2.03 17.05 17.10 0.05 16.78 0.0093 0.389914 0.1566001
2.03 17.10 17.20 0.10 16.88 0.0093 0.390847 0.1575333
2.05 17.20 17.22 0.02 16.90 0.0089 0.373434 0.1506214
2.07 17.22 17.30 0.08 16.98 0.0085 0.357308 0.1445232
2.07 17.30 17.35 0.05 17.03 0.0085 0.357733 0.1449488
2.09 17.35 17.42 0.07 17.10 0.0081 0.342202 0.138994
2.09 17.42 17.49 0.07 17.17 0.0081 0.342771 0.139563
2.13 17.49 17.53 0.04 17.21 0.0074 0.312907 0.1275795
2.13 17.53 17.58 0.05 17.26 0.0074 0.313278 0.1279501
2.14 17.58 17.61 0.03 17.29 0.0072 0.306364 0.125255
2.14 17.61 17.70 0.09 17.38 0.0072 0.307016 0.125907
2.16 17.70 17.80 0.10 17.48 0.0069 0.29389 0.1209321
2.18 17.80 17.89 0.09 17.57 0.0066 0.281257 0.1160838
2.18 17.89 17.92 0.03 17.60 0.0066 0.281455 0.116282
2.21 17.92 17.96 0.04 17.64 0.0062 0.262916 0.1087674
2.22 17.96 18.00 0.04 17.68 0.006 0.257172 0.1065325
14

11. 2.24 18.00 18.05 0.05 17.73 0.0058 0.245885 0.1020255
2.26 18.05 18.09 0.04 17.77 0.0055 0.235039 0.0976534
2.29 18.09 18.19 0.10 17.87 0.0051 0.219864 0.0916483
2.31 18.19 18.29 0.10 17.97 0.0049 0.210458 0.0880133
2.32 18.29 18.31 0.02 17.99 0.0048 0.205763 0.0861056
2.34 18.31 18.39 0.08 18.07 0.0046 0.196868 0.0825958
2.36 18.39 18.41 0.02 18.09 0.0044 0.188095 0.0789657
2.38 18.41 18.49 0.08 18.17 0.0042 0.179963 0.0757452
2.40 18.49 18.52 0.03 18.20 0.004 0.171982 0.0724555
2.42 18.52 18.59 0.07 18.27 0.0038 0.164508 0.0694606
2.44 18.59 18.68 0.09 18.36 0.0036 0.157431 0.0666611
2.47 18.68 18.79 0.11 18.47 0.0034 0.147296 0.0625845
2.49 18.79 18.81 0.02 18.49 0.0032 0.140731 0.0598325
2.52 18.81 18.85 0.04 18.53 0.003 0.131459 0.0559597
2.54 18.85 18.90 0.05 18.58 0.0029 0.125686 0.0535853
2.58 18.90 18.99 0.09 18.67 0.0026 0.114864 0.0491071
2.61 18.99 19.03 0.04 18.71 0.0025 0.107295 0.0459276
2.64 19.03 19.08 0.05 18.76 0.0023 0.100248 0.0429767
2.67 19.08 19.15 0.07 18.83 0.0021 0.093707 0.0402578
2.71 19.15 19.23 0.08 18.91 0.0019 0.085618 0.0368716
2.74 19.23 19.30 0.07 18.98 0.0018 0.08003 0.0345379
2.76 19.30 19.38 0.08 19.06 0.0017 0.076568 0.0331225
2.79 19.38 19.40 0.02 19.08 0.0016 0.071489 0.0309441
2.80 19.40 19.45 0.05 19.13 0.0016 0.069941 0.030319
2.83 19.45 19.50 0.05 19.18 0.0015 0.065347 0.0283693
2.87 19.50 19.58 0.08 19.26 0.0013 0.059705 0.025981
2.92 19.58 19.65 0.07 19.33 0.0012 0.053296 0.0232398
2.94 19.65 19.70 0.05 19.38 0.0011 0.050955 0.0222512
2.96 19.70 19.75 0.05 19.43 0.0011 0.048717 0.0213046
2.99 19.75 19.80 0.05 19.48 0.001 0.045516 0.0199337
3.04 19.80 19.98 0.18 19.66 0.0009 0.04073 0.0179301
3.07 19.98 20.04 0.06 19.72 0.0009 0.038063 0.0167844
3.10 20.04 20.12 0.08 19.80 0.0008 0.035586 0.0157277
3.12 20.12 20.20 0.08 19.88 0.0008 0.034045 0.0150805
3.14 20.20 20.22 0.02 19.90 0.0007 0.032527 0.0144163
3.16 20.22 20.27 0.05 19.95 0.0007 0.031098 0.013802
3.20 20.27 20.35 0.08 20.03 0.0006 0.028412 0.0126381
3.22 20.35 20.40 0.05 20.08 0.0006 0.027163 0.0120994
3.22 20.40 20.43 0.03 20.11 0.0006 0.027181 0.0121175
3.25 20.43 20.50 0.07 20.18 0.0006 0.025407 0.011348
3.27 20.50 20.54 0.04 20.22 0.0005 0.024285 0.0108588
3.30 20.54 20.62 0.08 20.30 0.0005 0.022704 0.0101741
3.30 20.62 20.69 0.07 20.37 0.0005 0.022739 0.0102092
3.33 20.69 20.74 0.05 20.42 0.0005 0.021245 0.0095512
3.34 20.74 20.79 0.05 20.47 0.0005 0.020784 0.0093566
3.37 20.79 20.85 0.06 20.53 0.0004 0.019422 0.0087577
3.39 20.85 20.91 0.06 20.59 0.0004 0.018572 0.008388
3.41 20.91 21.00 0.09 20.68 0.0004 0.017772 0.0080455
15

12. 3.44 21.00 21.05 0.05 20.73 0.0004 0.016604 0.0075266
3.44 21.05 21.15 0.10 20.83 0.0004 0.01664 0.0075629
3.46 21.15 21.19 0.04 20.87 0.0003 0.015905 0.0072364
3.49 21.19 21.29 0.10 20.97 0.0003 0.014876 0.0067858
3.51 21.29 21.34 0.05 21.02 0.0003 0.014222 0.0064958
3.53 21.34 21.42 0.08 21.10 0.0003 0.013605 0.0062271
3.53 21.42 21.49 0.07 21.17 0.0003 0.013626 0.0062477
3.55 21.49 21.53 0.04 21.21 0.0003 0.013024 0.0059778
3.59 21.53 21.68 0.15 21.36 0.0003 0.011916 0.0054904
3.61 21.68 21.78 0.10 21.46 0.0002 0.011405 0.0052678
3.61 21.78 21.80 0.02 21.48 0.0002 0.011409 0.0052727
3.63 21.80 21.85 0.05 21.53 0.0002 0.010908 0.0050471
3.63 21.85 21.90 0.05 21.58 0.0002 0.010919 0.0050588
3.65 21.90 21.99 0.09 21.67 0.0002 0.010448 0.0048513
3.65 21.99 22.01 0.02 21.69 0.0002 0.010453 0.0048558
3.67 22.01 22.10 0.09 21.78 0.0002 0.010001 0.0046565
3.69 22.10 22.19 0.09 21.87 0.0002 0.00957 0.0044653
3.69 22.19 22.25 0.06 21.93 0.0002 0.009582 0.0044775
3.71 22.25 22.31 0.06 21.99 0.0002 0.009162 0.0042877
3.73 22.31 22.40 0.09 22.08 0.0002 0.008767 0.0041115
3.75 22.40 22.50 0.10 22.18 0.0002 0.00839 0.0039442
3.77 22.50 22.61 0.11 22.29 0.0002 0.008031 0.0037854
3.77 22.61 22.70 0.09 22.38 0.0002 0.008046 0.0038007
3.80 22.70 22.79 0.09 22.47 0.0002 0.007523 0.0035613
3.93 22.79 23.80 1.01 23.48 0.0001 0.005696 0.0027587
4.07 23.80 24.82 1.02 24.50 0.0001 0.004213 0.0020853
4.20 24.82 25.90 1.08 25.58 0.0001 0.003191 0.001614
4.32 25.90 26.99 1.09 26.67 0.0000 0.002473 0.0012765
4.41 26.99 27.89 0.90 27.57 0.0000 0.002045 0.0010726
4.50 27.89 28.90 1.01 28.58 0.0000 0.001694 0.0009038
4.60 28.90 29.91 1.01 29.59 0.0000 0.001371 0.0007433
4.70 29.91 30.91 1.00 30.59 0.0000 0.001109 0.0006104
4.80 30.91 31.93 1.02 31.61 0.0000 0.000897 0.000501
4.90 31.93 32.91 0.98 32.59 0.0000 0.000725 0.0004103
5.00 32.91 33.89 0.98 33.57 0.0000 0.000586 0.0003357
5.12 33.89 34.90 1.01 34.58 0.0000 0.000452 0.0002623
5.26 34.90 35.91 1.01 35.59 0.0000 0.000333 0.0001956
5.42 35.91 36.91 1.00 36.59 0.0000 0.000234 0.0001391
5.65 36.91 37.95 1.04 37.63 0.0000 0.00014 8.424E-05
5.98 37.95 38.90 0.95 38.58 0.0000 6.66E-05 4.04E-05
6.00 38.90 39.00 0.10 38.68 0.0000 6.37E-05 3.868E-05
6.02 39.00 39.05 0.05 38.73 0.0000 6.09E-05 3.699E-05
6.05 39.05 39.10 0.05 38.78 0.0000 5.68E-05 3.456E-05
6.07 39.10 39.12 0.02 38.80 0.0000 5.43E-05 3.302E-05
6.12 39.12 39.21 0.09 38.89 0.0000 4.85E-05 2.95E-05
6.15 39.21 39.25 0.04 38.93 0.0000 4.53E-05 2.756E-05
6.18 39.25 39.30 0.05 38.98 0.0000 4.23E-05 2.575E-05
6.21 39.30 39.36 0.06 39.04 0.0000 3.95E-05 2.407E-05
16

13. 6.28 39.36 39.41 0.05 39.09 0.0000 3.36E-05 2.052E-05
6.37 39.41 39.51 0.10 39.19 0.0000 2.74E-05 1.672E-05
6.47 39.51 39.60 0.09 39.28 0.0000 2.18E-05 1.331E-05
6.60 39.60 39.71 0.11 39.39 0.0000 1.62E-05 9.894E-06
6.77 39.71 39.81 0.10 39.49 0.0000 1.1E-05 6.706E-06
7.23 39.81 39.99 0.18 39.67 0.0000 3.81E-06 2.336E-06
8.28 39.99 40.09 0.10 39.77 0.0000 3.4E-07 2.09E-07
10.16 40.09 40.19 0.10 39.87 0.0000 0.0000 3E-09
11.07 40.19 40.31 0.12 39.99 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.35 40.31 40.39 0.08 40.07 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.45 40.39 40.41 0.02 40.09 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.59 40.41 40.50 0.09 40.18 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.66 40.50 40.55 0.05 40.23 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.73 40.55 40.60 0.05 40.28 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.81 40.60 40.68 0.08 40.36 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.89 40.68 40.75 0.07 40.43 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.93 40.75 40.80 0.05 40.48 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11.97 40.80 40.83 0.03 40.51 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.00 40.83 40.90 0.07 40.58 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.04 40.90 40.99 0.09 40.67 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.10 40.99 41.05 0.06 40.73 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.15 41.05 41.15 0.10 40.83 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.19 41.15 41.20 0.05 40.88 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.22 41.20 41.30 0.10 40.98 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.54 41.30 42.20 0.90 41.88 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.71 42.20 43.11 0.91 42.79 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.83 43.11 44.10 0.99 43.78 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.93 44.10 45.12 1.02 44.80 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
12.99 45.12 45.99 0.87 45.67 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
17

14. Gran Plot - Strong acid
1.4
1.2
y = -0.158x + 3.0545
2
1 R = 0.9997
0.8
Gran parameter
Series1
0.6
Linear (Series1)
0.4
0.2
0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
-0.2
Volume (ml)
Volume = 19.33ml
Gran Plot - Weak acid
0.0012
0.001
y = -0.0002x + 0.0023
0.0008
R2 = 0.9974
0.0006
Gran parameter
Series1
0.0004
Linear (Series1)
0.0002
0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
-0.0002
-0.0004
Volume (ml)
18

15. Volume = 15.72ml
19

16. Table showing equivalence points obtained from the graphs above for both the weak and strong acid
pH Graph (day 1) pH Graph (day 2) 1st derivative 2nd derivative Gran Plot
Strong acid 16.04 18.68 18.53 19.105 19.33
Weak acid 36.11 39.83 22.38 22.45 15.72
Sample calculation of Concentration of Acid
∗ Concentration of Strong Acid – HCl
2nd derivative
1dm3 NaOH = 0.0971M NaOH
19.105ml NaOH = 19.105ml/1000ml * 0.0971mole
= 1.8551 x 10-3 mole NaOH
1:1 mole ratio
25ml (pipetted) HCl = 1.8551 x 10-3 mole
1000ml HCl = (1000ml * 1.8551 x 10-3 mole)/25ml
= 0.074M HCl
∗ Concentration of Weak Acid – CH3COOH
2nd derivative
1dm3 NaOH = 0.0971M NaOH
22.45ml NaOH = 22.45ml/1000ml * 0.0971mole
= 2.1799 x 10-3 mole NaOH
1:1 mole ratio
25ml (pipetted) CH3COOH = 2.1799 x 10-3 mole
1000ml HCl = (1000ml * 2.1799 x 10-3 mole)/25ml
= 0.087M CH3COOH
Table Showing the Calculated Concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid and Acetic Acid Obtained
From the Average Concentration and Equivalence Volume of the Sodium Hydroxide
Ph Graph Ph Graph 1st Derivative 2nd Derivative Gran Plot
(Day 1) (Day 2)
[HCl] 0.062 0.073 0.072 0.074 0.075
[Acetic Acid] 0.140 0.155 0.087 0.087 0.061
20