4. Hernia
• Abnormal protrusion of contents of a body
cavity through normal or abnormal
opening
• Constituents of hernia –
Hernial ring
Hernial sac
Hernial contents – Intestine, Omentum,
Urinary Bladder, etc.
5. Classification
Based on Location :
i) External hernia – Ventral H, Inguinal H,
Umbl. H, Perineal H
ii) Internal Hernia – Diaph. H
Based on functional alterations:
i) Reducible
ii) Irreducible – incarcerated H
strangulated H
6. Classification
III. Based on hernial contents
i) Enterocoele – intestines
ii) Epliplocoele – Omentum
iii) Reticulocoele – reticulum
iv) Vesiculocoele – urinary bladder
IV. Based on cause
i) Congenital – anatomical variations
ii) Acquired – trauma
8. Treatment:
• Reduction of contents and application of
bandages for 2-3 weeks
• Local infiltration of irritants
• Herniorrhaphy – suturing of hernial ring
• Hernioplasty – covering the gap
with mesh and suturing it
• Kelotomy – enlarging the hernial ring
9. Perineal hernia
• It is abnormal protrusion/ displacement of pelvic or
abdominal viscera through the weakened/ruptured
pelvic diaphragm into the region around the anus called
the perineum.
• It occurs when the perineal muscles separate, allowing
the rectal, pelvic or abdominal contents to displace.
• It is common in dog and un common in ruminants but
has been recorded in cattle and buffaloes
• This condition occurs secondary to a weakening of the
muscles
10. Pelvic diaphragm is composed of:
• Coccygeus muscle
• Levator ani muscle
• External anal sphincter muscles.
12. Etiology
• Cause of pelvic diaphragm weakening is poorly
understood but is believed to be associated with male
hormones
• Straining
• Congenital or acquired muscle weakness-tenesmus
• Atrophy
• Trauma
• Breed disposition – welsh corgies, boxers, boston
terriers,coolies
• Sex
• Tail docking
• Prostatic enlargement
13. Classifications of Perineal Hernia
• Based on Location
1. Unilateral
2. Bilateral
• Based on Position
1. Dorsal
2. Ventral
3. Sciatic or Caudal
Hernias
14. Hernial Contents and Hernial Sac
• Contents are contained in perineal fascia as perineal
peritonium is usaully intact so it forms the true sac
• Contents may include
1. Pelvic or retroperitneal fat
2. Peritonial fluid
3. A deviation, dilation or sacculation of the rectum
4. A rectal diverticulum
5. Prostrate gland
6. Urinary bladder
7. Small intestines
15. Diagnosis
• History
– Affected animals usually are presented for treatment because of
difficulty in defecation or urination
– Some owners notice swelling lateral to the anus
• Clinical signs
– Perineal swelling
– Constipation
– Dyschezia
– Tenesmus
– Rectal prolapse
– Stranguria
– Anuria
– Vomition
– Fecal incontenance
– Digital palpation of hernial ring
17. Biochemical analysis
• If urinary bladder is involved( stranguria,anurea)
1. Raised serum urea
2. Raised serum creatinine
3. Raised phosphate concentrations
4. Raised serum potassium concentrations- usually after
24 hrs. of obstruction.
18. Diagnostic Imaging
• Usually not required
• Ultrasonography can be done to ascertain the
presence of absence of small intestine, prostrate, U
bladder
• Positive contrast cytogram – U.B.
19. Surgico-medicinal management
• The goal of treatment is to relieve and prevent
constipation, dysuria and organ strangulation
1. Conservative management
• Causative factors should be corrected
• Normal defection sometimes can be maintained using
laxative , stool softeners , dietary changes , enema.
• High fibre diet
• Occasional enema or manual evacuation of faeces
20. Cont…..
2. Surgical management
• Herniorrhaphy should always be recommended.
• Castration is recommended during herniorrhaphy
because it has been reported to reduce recurrence
• Non castrated dogs have a recurrence rate 2.7
times greater than castrated dogs.
25. Prognosis after surgery
• Favourable- 15% reoccurance
• Antibiotics, stool softeners, high fibre diet shall be
given
• Elizabethan collar
• Dogs with bilateral hernia shall have one side
repaired at a time
26. CASE NO:- 1318
A Soft puffy swelling palpable of the left side in the perineal
region just below the base of tail
28. • History;
– Constipation
– Swelling on lateral side of anus from last 2 months
– Loss of appetite
• Clinical signs
– Perineal swelling
– Constipation
– Dyschezia
– Tenesmus
29. Diagnosis
Palpation of the affected site revealed
hernial ring
Based on history and clinical signs the case
was diagnosed as perineal hernia and
surgical intervention was advised
30. Premedication & Anaesthesia
• Atropine sulphate @ 0.04mg /kg b wt. i/m
• Diazepam @ 0.5mg/kg b wt. i/v
• Xylazine @ 2 mg/kg b wt. i/m
• Ketamine Hydrochloride @ 10 mg./kg b wt. i/v
41. Post operative care
• Ceftriaxone @ 20 mg/kg b wt. i/m for 3 days
• Melonex @ 0.5 mg/kg b wt. i/m for 3 days
• CPM @ 0.25mg/kg b wt i/m
for 3 days
• Liquid diet for 5 days