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Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing
1. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
The Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing
under Transaction Costs
Paolo Guasoni
(joint work with Miklós Rásonyi)
Boston University
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
2. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Overview
Model
Bid and Ask Prices in continuous time. Jumps allowed.
Theorem
(Robust No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk)
(Exists Strictly Consistent Price System)
Getting there: what is an admissible strategy?
Consequences
(RNFLVR) ⇒ Finite variation strategies.
No stochastic integrals.
Do we need a probability?
3. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Model
One risky and one risk-free asset.
Risk-free asset as numeraire.
Risky asset: Bid price St − κt , Ask price St + κt .
Prices may become negative.
Numeraire does matter.
Assumption
(Ω, F, (F)0≤t≤T , P) filtered probability space. Usual conditions.
(S, κ) càdlàg adapted locally bounded. κ ≥ 0.
4. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Simple Strategies
Definition
Simple strategy: θ predictable, θ0 = θT = 0, and:
∞
θσ n 1 + θσ n 1
θ= +
σn σn ,σn+1
n=1
(σn )n≥1 strictly increasing stopping times.
supn≥1 σn > T a.s., that is P(∪n≥1 {σn > T }) = 1.
Finite number of transactions. May depend on ω.
Doubling Strategies?
Left and Right Transactions.
5. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Left and Right Transactions
Right transaction at a stopping time σ and price (S ± κ)σ .
Trade “when market opens”. a
q
Left transaction at a predictable time σ and price (S ± κ)σ− .
q
Trade “before market closes”.
a
In general two transactions: a
q
a
Both right and left transactions considered simple.
6. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Cost
Definition
Cost of a simple strategy θ:
∞
(S + κ)σ− (θσn − θσ+ )+ + (S + κ)σn (θσn − θσn )+
C(θ) = +
n n−1
n=1
∞
(S − κ)σ− (θσn − θσ+ )− + (S − κ)σn (θσn − θσn )−
− +
n n−1
n=1
Purchases minus sales, for left and right transactions.
Terminal value V (θ) = −C(θ).
7. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
What is an Admissible Strategy?
Numeraire-free version. For some c > 0:
V (θ) ≥ −c(1 + ST )
Too loose:
Not the usual definition. Martingales vs. Local martingales.
Leverage without collateral. c(ST − S0 ) admissible.
Many banks still alive...
Naïve definition. For some c > 0:
V (θ1[0,t] ) ≥ −c for all t ∈ [0, T ]
Too strict:
Payoff space not closed. Forget separation arguments.
No leverage with markets closed.
All banks dead.
8. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Freeze, Wait, Close
You cannot trade your way out of losses.
Anytime, the broker can freeze the account, and wait for a
good time to close risky positions, for a bounded loss.
A simple strategy θ is admissible if and only if, after every
transaction, there exists a liquidation time.
Continuous prices (or totally inaccessible jumps):
for all t, there exists a stopping time t ≤ τ ≤ T such that
V (θ1[0,t] + θt 1 t,τ ) + x ≥ 0 for some x > 0.
Accessible jumps allowed:
Both freeze and liquidation either left or right. Four cases.
9. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Four Cases
Right Freeze and Right Close.
a q
q
a a
Right Freeze and Left Close.
a a
q
a q
Left Freeze and Right Close.
q q
a a
Left Freeze and Left Close.
q a
a q
10. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Freeze and Close, Left or Right
ˆ
Discrete filtration F = (F0 , Fσ− , Fσ1 , Fσ− , Fσ2 , . . . )
1 2
ˆˆ
(S, κ)n≥0 defined analogously.
ˆ
(θt )0≤t≤T induces (θn )n≥0 defined as
ˆ ˆˆ
θ = (0, θσ , θ + , θσ , θ + , . . . ). θ is F-adapted.
σ1 σ2
1 2
Definition
θ simple x-admissible if, for all k ≥ 0, there exists a liquidation
strategy k θ, such that:
ˆ ˆ
i) k θ = θ·∧k 1{·<λk } for some F-stopping time λk > k a.s.
(liquidation time).
ii) x + V (k θ) ≥ 0.
Reduces to frictionless definition for κ = 0.
11. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
No Simple Arbitrage
Definition
Simple arbitrage:
θ ∈ As such that P(V (θ) ≥ 0) = 1 and P(V (θ) > 0) > 0.
(NA-S):
θ ∈ As and P(V (θ) ≥ 0) = 1 implies that V (θ) = 0.
Proposition
If (NA-S) holds, then As = {θ ∈ As : x + V (θ) ≥ 0 a.s.}.
x
Admissibility of θ depends on final payoff only.
Key property to obtain closedness of admissible payoffs.
⊂ easy. ⊃ far less so.
12. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
The Frictionless Story
Frictionless markets: κ = 0.
(1) (NFLVR) for Simple Strategies
⇓
S is a semimartingale
⇓
Payoffs of general strategies as stochastic integrals θdS
(2) (NFLVR) for General Strategies
⇓
Equivalent Local Martingale Measure
“The use of general integrands however seems more
difficult to interpret and their use can be questioned in
economic models” (Delbaen and Schachemayer, 1994)
13. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Payoffs as Integrals
Frictionless payoffs: θdS stochastic integrals.
Approximations.
θ is x-admissible. (x + ε)-admissible θn with |θ − θn | < ε?
No, in general.
Model misspecifications.
If S and S are close, are dS and dS close?
θ θ
No, again.
Needs underlying probability. Why?
Troubling properties.
Only simple strategies concrete.
No probability in accounting.
14. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
(Robust) No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk
Definition
(S, κ) satisfies
i) (NFLVR) if, for any sequence (θn )n≥1 such that θn ∈ As 1/n
and V (θn ) converges a.s. to some limit V , then V = 0 a.s.
ii) (RNFLVR) if, there exists (S , κ ) satisfying (NFLVR), and
the bid-ask spread of (S , κ ) is within that of (S, κ):
inf (κt − κt − |St − St |) > 0 a.s.
t∈[0,T ]
(RNFLVR) ⇒ efficient friction: inft∈[0,T ] κt > 0 a.s.
Only simple strategies.
15. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
General Admissible Strategies
Definition
(θn )n≥1 ⊂ As converges admissibly to (θt )t∈[0,T ] :
θn ∈ As n
x+1/n for some x > 0, and θ converge to θ a.s.
Any such limit is an x-admissible strategy.
Ax : x-admissible strategies.
A := ∪x>0 Ax admissible strategies.
Cost C(θ) of θ ∈ A (limits in a.s. sense):
adm
C(θ) = ess inf lim inf C(θn ) : θn −→ θ
n→∞
x-admissible as limit of simple, almost x-admissible.
Cost of θ as the lowest cost of its simple approximations.
16. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Admissible implies Finite Variation
Proposition
If (RNFLVR) holds, any admissible strategy has finite variation.
Finite variation derived, not assumed.
Explicit expression for C(θ)?
Interpretation?
Properties?
17. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Predictable Stieltjes Integrals
Definition
S càdlàg. θ predictable finite variation. Integral:
Sdθ− − (θs − θs− )∆Ss
IT (S, θ) =
[0,T ] s≤T
Stieltjes integral plus correction term.
No probability.
Look at Sdθ, not θdS!
Why this definition?
18. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Simple Strategies
Proposition
∞
i) If θ = θ τn 1 + θ τn 1 predictable, then
+
τn τn ,τn+1
n=1
Sτ − (θτi − θτ − ) + Sτi (θτ + − θτi )
IT (S, θ) =
i
i i
τi ≤T τi <T
∗
ii) IT is linear both in S and in θ, and |IT (S, θ)| ≤ θ T ST
Consistent with simple strategies.
Robust for misspecifications.
19. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Convergence
Theorem
i) supn≥1 θn T < ∞.
θn → θ pointwise ⇒ I(S, θn ) → I(S, θ) pointwise.
ii) supn≥1 θn T < ∞ and S ≥ 0.
θn → θ pointwise ⇒ lim infn I(S, θn ) ≥ I(S, θ ) pointwise.
Lebesgue and Fatou properties...
...but for the integrator.
Still no probability.
20. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Approximations
Theorem
S càdlàg adapted locally bounded. θ predictable finite variation.
For all ε > 0 there exists a simple strategy:
∞
θσ n 1 + θσ n 1
θ= +
σn σn ,σn+1
n=0
satisfying θ ∈ PV , |θ − θ| ≤ ε, | Sdθ − Sdθ| ≤ ε and
θ ≤ θ pointwise on [0, T ] (outside a P-zero set).
If θ x-admissible, there exists (x + ε)-admissible θε .
Simple approximations for any finite variation strategy.
Approximation depends on probability.
21. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Compatible with Stochastic Integral
Proposition
θ predictable finite variation. S càdlàg semimartingale.
T T
Sdθ = θT ST − θ0 S0 − θdS,
0 0
Left: predictable Stieltjes integral.
Right: usual stochastic integral.
Linked by integration by parts.
22. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Representation for Cost
adm
Cost: C(θ) = ess inf lim infn→∞ C(θn ) : θn −→ θ
Explicit formula with predictable Stieltjes integrals:
C(θ) = Sdθ + κd θ
[0,T ] [0,T ]
Simple approximations with simple strategies.
For all ε > 0 there exists θε simple such that:
|θ − θε |, |C(θ) − C(θε )| < ε a.s.
Crucial consequence:
payoff space C = {V (θ) : θ ∈ A} − L0 Fatou closed.
+
Separation works. Kreps-Yan Theorem.
23. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
A Path Downhill
Understanding admissibility and value as main problems.
Kreps-Yan theorem: separating measure.
Sandwich martingale within bid and ask.
Well-known path
(Jouini-Kallal, Cherny, Choulli-Stricker)
New admissibility: supermartingale property?
24. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Consistent Price Systems
Definition
Strictly Consistent Price System (SCPS): pair (M, Q) of
probability Q equivalent to P and
Q-local martingale M within bid-ask spread:
inf (κt − |St − Mt |) > 0 a.s.
t∈[0,T ]
Consistent Price System (CPS) if inequality not strict.
Proposition
EQ [V (M,0) (θ)] ≤ 0 for any CPS (M, Q) and θ ∈ A.
Analogue of supermartingale property.
(SCPS) ⇒ (RNFLVR) clear.
25. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
From Separating Measure to CPS
Lemma
(Xt )t∈[0,T ] and (Yt )t∈[0,T ] be two càdlàg processes.
The following conditions are equivalent:
i) There exists a càdlàg martingale (Mt )t∈[0,T ] such that:
X ≤M≤Y a.s.
ii) For all stopping times σ, τ such that 0 ≤ σ ≤ τ ≤ T a.s.:
E [ Xτ | Fσ ] ≤ Yσ E [ Yτ | Fσ ] ≥ Xσ
and a.s.
ii) ⇒ i) delivers CPS from separating measure.
26. Outline Simple Strategies (RNFLVR) Predictable Stieltjes Integrals Consistent Price Systems
Conclusion
Bid and ask prices moving freely.
Value? Admissibility? Arbitrage? Finite Variation?
The Fundamental Theorem as a tool to understand.
Left and Right Transactions.
Admissibility: freeze, wait and close. Anytime.
Robust no free lunches and finite variation.
Thank You!