14. HISTORY
A CENTURY OF INVESTIGATIONS
Paul Range discovered the SAB in 1912
Irrigation Department drilled in the 1920s
Frommurze investigated in the 1930s
DWA drilled after World War II
K. Schalk investigated a cloud break in 1960
H. Martin researched for the Coal Commission
(1961)
Oil and Coal exploration (1960s – 1980s)
Geochemistry, Geohydrology, Isotopes (CSIR,
Tredoux, Kirchner & Vogel (1965-1982)
J. Nawrowski explored Abstraction and Irrigation
(1980s - 1990s)
JICA – PCI SE Kalahari Groundwater Evaluation
and Management Plan (2002)
J. Kirchner: IAEA RAF 8/029 (Isotope studies,
18. N-S SECTION BY ROY MILLER
ALONG BOTSWANA BORDER (2001)
GEOLOGY
19. Sand, gravel, calcrete
Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes)
Basalt W
Dolerite (W at U & L contacts)
Varicoloured sandstone, shale,
yellow shale, coal, black shale W
W
Grey shale
Yellow shale
Whitehill;
black shale, black
limestone
Grey shale
U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W
U coal, black shale
M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W
L coal, black shale
L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W
U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W?
U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated
Mukorob shale, grey to black
U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W
U Nossob sandstone; fine grained
U Nossob siltstone-shale
L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W
L Nossob sandstone; fine grained
L Nossob siltstone-shale
Mudstone, grey, with dropstones
Tillite
U Nama - Red sandstone, shale
L Nama – grey shales, sandstones
Kamtsas – pink arkoses
KALKRAND
(Jurassic to Triassic)
RIETMOND
(Permian)
AUOB
(Permian)
MUKOROB
(Permian)
NOSSOB
(Permian)
DWYKA
(Carboniferous)
PRE-KAROO
(Cambrian)
K
A
R
O
O
KALAHARI
(Tertiary to Quaternary)
GEOLOGY
NINE
AQUIFERS
INSTEAD OF
ONE:
20. Sand, gravel, calcrete
Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes)
Basalt W
Dolerite (W at U & L contacts)
Varicoloured sandstone, shale,
yellow shale, coal, black shale W
W
Grey shale
Yellow shale
Whitehill;
black shale, black
limestone
Grey shale
U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W
U coal, black shale
M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W
L coal, black shale
L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W
U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W?
U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated
Mukorob shale, grey to black
U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W
U Nossob sandstone; fine grained
U Nossob siltstone-shale
L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W
L Nossob sandstone; fine grained
L Nossob siltstone-shale
Mudstone, grey, with dropstones
Tillite
U Nama - Red sandstone, shale
L Nama – grey shales, sandstones
Kamtsas – pink arkoses
KALKRAND
(Jurassic to Triassic)
RIETMOND
(Permian)
AUOB
(Permian)
MUKOROB
(Permian)
NOSSOB
(Permian)
DWYKA
(Carboniferous)
PRE-KAROO
(Cambrian)
K
A
R
O
O
KALAHARI
(Tertiary to Quaternary)
GEOLOGY
KALAHARI
BASALT
NEU LOORE
RIETMOND
AUOB
MUKOROB
NOSSOB
TEN
AQUIFERS
INSTEAD OF
ONE:
27. HYDROGEOLOGY
WATER QUALITY MAP
TD
S SO
4 NO
3 F
The South West Africa Steering Committee for Water
Research initiated a Water Quality Map Project in the
second half of the 1960s. In the SAB about 4000 water
points were sampled and other borehole and water use
information collected.
31. SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO
SAR ratios of artesian and
subartesian boreholes
Generally better quality in the
western (Cisnossob) half of the
basin
HYDROGEOLOGY
34. WATER LEVEL MONITORING
1182 coordinates of Water-level
Monitoring boreholes were captured in an
M/S Access file during the Quantification
Project (the file is attached to GRIM).
It contains more than 1.1 Mio water levels
measured between July 1907 and
January 2011.
I addition to that numerous water-level
recorder charts are stored in
Geohydrology’s Record Room
HYDROGEOLOGY
35. ABSTRACTION DATA
Abstraction data are available for the
NamWater schemes (Aranos,
Leonardville, Stampriet, Gochas and
Kries)
Some production data may be found in
the files of DWA Law Administration
Bases on farm size, carrying capacity the
abstraction for stock watering can be
calculated.
Some info is in the 2001 Hydrocensus
files
HYDROGEOLOGY
36. AQUIFER PARAMETERS
During the JICA project 1999 to 2002
boreholes into Kalahari; Auob; and Nossob
aquifers were drilled at 13 sites. From
pumping tests of these holes, T- and S-
values are available
Values from older observation holes at
Olifantswater W; Tugela and Galton are also
on record.
Some holes drilled by DWA during the JICA
and IAEA projects have also been pump
tested.
Vogel had the permeability of a core sample
determined.
HYDROGEOLOGY
38. Schalk (1960) calculated the amount
of water that infiltrated after the
cloudburst as approximately:
Q = 100 * 106 [m3]
but did not estimate the proportion
that might have reached the artesian
aquifers.
The artesian water abstraction then
was estimated at
44 000 m3/d or 16 * 106 [m3/a]
SAB RECHARGE (SCHALK)
39. Vogel et al. (1982) applied Darcy’s Law:
Q = kD * b * i [m3/d]
using an average gradient i = 1/1000, an
average transmissivity kD = 11.3 m2/d
and an aquifer width b = 55 km above
Stampriet. This resulted in an average
annual recharge rate for the Stampriet
surrounding of:
Q = 0.68 * 106 [m3/a]
SAB RECHARGE (VOGEL ET AL.)
40. We do have such events from time to time
Mariental flood 2006
42. PCI (2002) have calculated the combined
recharge for all three aquifers using
different approaches:
1. Modeling (a)1): 21 * 106 [m3/a]
2. Modeling (b): 87 * 106 [m3/a]
3. Water Balance (a): 105 * 106 [m3/a]
4. Water Balance (b): 341 * 106 [m3/a]
5. Water Balance (c): 1 550 * 106 [m3/a]
The 4 to 15 times varying values allow not
to decide on a correct mean recharge rate.
SAB RECHARGE (PCI)
1) Modeling 1: ordinary year; 2: 1:50 year. Balance excluding losses (a): ordinary year
CMBM, (b): 1:50 year CMBM, (c): 1:50 year assuming normal transpiration, withdrawal
& groundwater flow
44. LEGALASPECTS
LEGISLATION: WATER ACT
Water Resources Management Act (2013)
Water Resources Management Act (2004)
Water Act (1956)
Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (1993)
NamWater Act (1997)
National Water Policy White Paper (2000)
Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (2008)
The Water Acts of 2004 and 2013 have been
promulgated but not enacted. The Water Act of 1956
is still applicable.
OTHER LEGAL AND POLICY DOCUMENTATION
45. LEGALASPECTS
GROUNDWATER CONTROL AREAS
Amongst others the Stampriet Artesian
Basin (SAB) is a Groundwater Control Area.
Regulations require that:
A permit is obtained to drill a borehole.
• If drilled into the artesian aquifer the
borehole must be cased and the casing
be sealed in the overlying aquiclude.
A permit is furthermore required for
irrigation of areas > 1 ha.
• If the permit is granted monthly
abstraction quantities must be
supplied to Water Affairs.
47. LEGALASPECTS
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
Many farmers tend not to comply fully with
the regulations:
Boreholes are drilled or deepened
without a permit
Casing requirements are not complied
with
Abstraction readings are not supplied
48. In order for the GROWAS database to get up to date, a
closer cooperation with the farmers is crucial and recent visits
show that most of the irrigation farmers are not fully informed
about the rules and regulations concerning their irrigation
abstraction permit or mislead by the former owners of the
former neighbors. Field investigations and the direct
interaction with farmers . . are appreciated by almost all
farmers. Many of the farmers visited in the Upper Hardap
Region had no idea of a WW number belonging to their
boreholes and had no platelets attached to the boreholes.
•Through common hearsay by farmer visited on this area it seems that there
has been a (Foul Worm) in the whole process from the beginning and that
many feel that the current water committee in this area favors some above
others and turn the irrigation quotas of those not in their favor down.
•Some farmers told us that abstraction returns in the Stampriet area are up to
80% bias.
•Prosopis trees seem to be a big problem on most farms as they can take up
to 70 liters of water per hour
LEGALASPECTS
FROM A TECHNICIAN REPORT:
49. LEGALASPECTS
LEGISLATION: RESEARCH
In 2004 an Act was promulgated that
regulates a.o. research activities.
Regulations were enacted in 2011.
According to the Act it is unlawful to do any
research in Namibia unless an application
has been made to the
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON
RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
and the Commission has given their
approval.
50. SOCIO-ECONOMICS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Carlsson et al., 2009: Review of the Molopo-
Nossob Basin:
Population
Labour force
Household income
Settlement programs
Gross Domestic Products
Mining, Industry, Tourism,
Trade, Infrastructure,
Inflation and Finances
Economic activity centres
Aids
Effects on humans from TDS
JICA, 2002: Study of the groundwater potential
and management plan in the southeast Kalahari
(Stampriet) Artesian Basin in Namibia:
51. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS
IMPACTS ON AQUIFER SYSTEM
1. Impacts on Recharge
1. Dams
2. Bush encroachment
2. Impacts on Water Quality
1. Nitrate pollution
2. Irrigation return flow
3. Impact of Abstraction
52. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS
IMPACTS ON RECHARGE
1. DAMS
The alluvial aquifer(s) along the Nossob Rivers are
mainly affected.
1. Farm Dams in the upper reaches of the Black
Nossob River reduce the run-off.
2. The Daan Viljoen Dam together with the Tilda
Viljoen Dam at Gobabis have the same effect
3. The Otjivero Dam in the White Nossob River near
Omitara also reduces recharge of the alluvial
aquifer.
54. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS
IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY
1. Nitrate pollution
During data processing of the CSIR water quality
data
Gideon Tredoux and Jürgen Kirchner noticed that
statistically water samples from the oldest boreholes
showed higher nitrate concentration than those from
younger boreholes.
As farmers generally have their kraals and stock
watering troughs next to the boreholes we concluded
that the higher nitrate could be ascribed to wetted
dung by overflowing reservoir and troughs.
2. Irrigation return flow
Artificial fertiliser might also be a cause for concern.
55. Water quality changes over two to three decadesBorehol
e No.
WW Farm °S °E
Aquife
r Dates EC mS/m % change
874 R202 24.36940 18.68330 A
13-05-1965 72
+23.6
25-03-2000 89
1100 R118 24.57100 18.33810 A
09-06-1965 73
+27.4
10-10-2000 93
2302 R346 24.97435 19.10679 K
18-03-1968 205
+25.9
15-11-2000 258
5943 R128 24.14992 18.47790 A
21-07-1969 55
+10.9
04-11-2000 61
9105 R499 25.01740 19.93333 A
03-04-1967 202
+18.3
06-11-2000 239
9658 L618 23.56300 18.96990 R
04-09-1968 69
+10.1
21-03-2000 76
11314 R533 24.67171 19.56467 A
03-08-1971 155
+0.6
06-11-2000 156
12914 L957 23.32820 19.91860 N
16-10-1971 130
+34.6
18-03-2000 175
23169 L330 23.37930 19.58720 K
17-08-1978 109
+37.6
17-03-2000 150
23334 L330 23.14550 19.55690 R
29-08-1978 54
+18.5
17-03-2000 64
56. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS
IMPACT OF ABSTRACTION
When drilled after World War II the lowermost free-
flowing boreholes along the Auob River were on the
farms Wildmoor and Kalverhok upstream of Gochas.
These boreholes have stopped flowing a long time
ago.
In the areas upstream water levels have, however
always recovered again after extraordinary rainfall
events.
In the long run abstraction (plus leakage) and
recharge appear to be in equilibrium.
.
57. 185 Entries under STAMPRIET ARTESIAN BASIN with 62 attached documents
THE GRIM META-DATABASE CONTAINS
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66. ABSTRACTION
ESTIMATES
Model incorporates abstraction from irrigation farmers,
NamWater production wells as well as abstraction for
domestic and stock watering purposes based on the
JICA final report and recent (end of 2004) permit
allocations (DWA).
Abstraction:
Irrigation/NamWater 9.9 Mm3/a (DWA Records)
Localised (Point) Abstraction
Domestic/Stockwatering 7.7 Mm3/a (0.12 mm/a)
(JICA Study)
Evenly Distributed Abstraction
67. CALIBRATION POINTS
Area: 70,000 km2
FARM No. GEOLOGY START
Boomplaas M1 Auob 01.07.1970
Gomchanas M2 Auob 17.01.1974
Olifantswater West M6 Auob 11.07.1977
Spes Bona S1 Auob 28.01.1978
Olifantswater West M3 U Rietm 09.07.1985
Olifantswater West M4 Kalahari 09.07.1985
Olifantswater West M5 Auob 09.07.1985
Olifantswater West M7 K&R&A 09.07.1985
Olifantswater West M8 K&R&A 09.07.1985
Tugela S2 K&A&N 10.07.1985
Tugela S3 K&A&N 10.07.1985
Tugela S4 K&A 10.07.1985
Tugela S7 Kalahari 10.07.1985
68. The model
accurately simulates the general groundwater flow pattern
within the SAB.
provide a reasonable (transient) calibration of the long-term
changes in groundwater levels since 1970.
The model does not
achieve accuracy of <10m in the predicted groundwater levels
within large portions of the basin.
accurately predict the occurrence of artesian conditions.
provide a reliable prediction of short-term (month to month)
variations in the groundwater levels.
incorporate the Nossob Aquifer & the Neu Loore Fm.
distinguish between the 5 individual units within the Auob Fm.
consider spatial variability in hydraulic properties within the
Kalahari sediments.
DISCUSSION (1)
69. DISCUSSION (2)
Results indicate that most years contribute little or nothing to
recharge whereas a few exceptional rainfall years may replenish the
systems for years to come.
During the last 35 years substantial recharge occurred only three
times, namely during the rainy season of the years 1974, 1976 and
2000.
Need to revise conceptual model based on new findings
Need to recalibrate numerical model based on new calibration data
72. y = 5.45x - 12.02
-70.0
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
-10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0
Oxygen-18, per mil
Deuterium,permil
Kalahari
Basalt
Rietmond
y = 5.45x - 12.02
-70.0
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
-10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 0.0
Oxygen-18, per mil
Deuterium,permil
Kalahari
Basalt
Rietmond
Auob
Nossob
MWL
Linear (Kalahari)
Global Meteoric Water Line
73.
74. Sand, gravel, calcrete
Calcrete-cemented conglomerate W (= water strikes)
Basalt W
Dolerite (W at U & L contacts)
Varicoloured sandstone, shale,
yellow shale, coal, black shale W
W
Grey shale
Yellow shale
Whitehill;
black shale, black
limestone
Grey shale
U Ss; coarse grained; medium to fine grained (A5) W
U coal, black shale
M Ss; medium to fine grained (A3) W
L coal, black shale
L Ss; coarse grained; med. to fine grained (A1) W
U Muk. sandstone; medium to fine grained W?
U Muk. sandstone-siltstone-shale, bioturbated
Mukorob shale, grey to black
U Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W
U Nossob sandstone; fine grained
U Nossob siltstone-shale
L Nossob sandstone; medium to coarse W
L Nossob sandstone; fine grained
L Nossob siltstone-shale
Mudstone, grey, with dropstones
Tillite
U Nama - Red sandstone, shale
L Nama – grey shales, sandstones
Kamtsas – pink arkoses
KALKRAND
(Jurassic to Triassic)
RIETMOND
(Permian)
AUOB
(Permian)
MUKOROB
(Permian)
NOSSOB
(Permian)
DWYKA
(Carboniferous)
PRE-KAROO
(Cambrian)
K
A
R
O
O
KALAHARI
(Tertiary to Quaternary)
DISCUSSION
The Kalahari is
compartmentalised.
The concept of a continuous
uniform Stampriet aquifer is a
simplification.
Even a uniform trippel-aquifer
system isn’t applicable
The thickness of the
underlying up to 8 aquifers
varies between zero and a
Rainfall/Recharg
e
works for vertically recharged aquifers
only. Mean Rainfall in the NE
is about 400 mm/a and
in the SW about 200
mm/a.
75. DISCUSSION
A further problem is that the artesian aquifers in
the Transnossob have not been recharged
since the last Pluvial.
Water-level
contours there
reflect rather
the
transmissivity
(lower at higher
elevations) and
not recent
recharge areas.
