2. Introduction
The British government moved
toward greater democracy through
evolution rather than revolution.
•In the 1800s, Britain had a limited
constitutional monarchy
•The Cabinet led by the Prime Minister held
most of the executive power
•Parliament held legislative power
•The House of Commons represented the
people, but middle and working class
citizens had no voting rights until the 1800s House of Commons

3. Electoral Reforms
• Factory workers, farm laborers, and the
middle class began to demand that they
receive a greater political voice in the
early 1800s.
• Whigs- liberal minority party that
supported voting rights for more people
and fair apportion (divide and share) of
electoral districts
• Tories- conservative party that opposed
the ideas of the Whigs
• -1832- Whigs forced the king to announce
that he would create as many new lords as
necessary to give the reform bill a
majority in the House of Lords, but the
lords gave in and passed the bill “Whig and Tory” by Walter
Dendy Sadler

4. Reform Movements
• The Reform Act of 1832 lowered the property qualifications
for voting, and gave more middle-class males the right to
vote, but took representation rights away from areas that
had declined in population
• Industrial and farm workers remained disenfranchised
(deprived of the right to vote)
• the Chartists (reform group of the working class) wrote A
People’s Charter, which demanded voting rights for all
adult men, a secret ballot, salaries for members of
Parliament, and equal electoral districts
• Anti-Corn Law League eventually had Parliament repeal the
Corn Law, which had forced the middle class to pay higher
wages to workers
• After 1832 the Tory and Whig parties began to change into
the modern Conservative and Liberal parties
• Aristocracy supported the Conservative party
• Industrial and commercial classes supported the Liberal
party

5. 1
Reforming Parliament
In 1815, Britain was a constitutional monarchy. Yet, it was far from democratic:
• Less than five percent of the people had the right to vote.
• Wealthy nobles and squires dominated politics.
• The House of Lords could veto any bill passed by the House of Commons.
• Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants could not vote or serve in Parliament.
• Populous new cities had no seats in Parliament, while rural towns with few or
no voters still sent members to Parliament.
• In 1832, Parliament finally passed the Great Reform Act.
• It redistributed seats in the House of Commons.
• It enlarged the electorate by granting suffrage to more men.

6. Political Leadership
• Prime Ministers William Gladstone and
Benjamin Disraeli served under Queen
Victoria.
“An 1867 political cartoon depicts Disraeli as
Abanazer from the pantomime version of
Aladdin offering Queen Victoria an imperial
crown in exchange for a royal one.
Disraeli cultivated a public image of himself as
an Imperialist with grand gestures such as
conferring on Queen Victoria the title ‘Empress
of India’. “
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli#Imperialism

7. Queen Victoria
• Came to the throne in 1837 at
the age of 18
• Reigned for 64 years, the
longest monarchy in British
history
• First Empress of India at the
British Raj, or period of British
colonial rule in India
• Granddaughter of George III of
the Hanoverian Dynasty
• Preceded by William IV, and
succeeded by Edward VII

8. 1
The Victorian Age
From 1837 to 1901, the greatest symbol in British life was Queen
Victoria. Although she exercised little real political power, she set
the tone for what is now called the Victorian age.
• Victoria embodied the values of
duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability.
She embraced a strict code of morals and manners.
• Under Victoria, the British middle class — and
growing numbers of the working class — felt great
confidence in the future. That confidence grew as
Britain expanded its already huge empire.

9. 1
A New Era in British Politics
In the 1860s, the old political parties regrouped under
new leadership:
• The Tories became the Conservative
party, led by Benjamin Disraeli.
• The Whigs evolved into the Liberal
party, led by William Gladstone.
In the late 1800s, these two parties pushed little by
little for suffrage to be extended. By century’s
end, almost-universal male suffrage had been achieved.
In 1911, a Liberal government passed measures to limit
the power of the House of Lords. In time, the House of
Lords would become a largely ceremonial body, while
the elected House of Commons would reign supreme.

10. William Gladstone
“The Great Ministry”
• Liberal, created a civil
service based on
examinations, Education
Act of 1870 divided
country into local districts
• Created a secret
ballot, Redistribution Act
of 1885 divided Britain
into equal electoral
districts

11. Benjamin Disraeli
• Conservative, believed in
preserving aristocratic
traditions while adopting
democratic reforms
• Reform Bill of 1867
extended the vote to all
male homeowners and
most men who rented
property (including many
working-class)

12. Growth of Democracy
Rise of Labor
• In the late 1800s labor unions
grew stronger and socialism
gained followers
• The Fabians promoted social
justice and wanted to peacefully
create a Socialist government The Fabian Crest
• The Labour Party represented
the working class and promoted
old-age pensions, minimum
wage, unemployment
assistance, and health and
unemployment insurance
A 1940s Labour Party poster

13. A Constitutional Crisis
• The conservative House of Lords lost power
with the 1911 Parliament Act that passed the
House of Commons’ call for higher taxes
Women Demand Greater
Rights
• 1850s- women’s rights activists fought to win
property rights for married women, which led
to the passage of the Married Women’s
Property Acts of 1870 and 1882
• 1903- Emmeline Pankhurst founded the
Women’s Social and Political Union
(WSPU), which led suffragettes in voting rights
campaigns and succeed in winning voting
rights for women over 21
Emmeline Pankhurst
being arrested

14. 2
Social and Economic Reforms
During the early and mid-1800s, Parliament passed a wide variety of important new
laws.
• In 1807, Britain became the first leading European
power to outlaw the slave trade. In 1833, Parliament
passed a law banning slavery in all British colonies.
• Laws were passed to reduce the number of capital
offenses and end public hanging. Additional reforms
improved prison conditions and outlawed
imprisonment for debt.
• Some British tariffs were repealed in the 1820s.
• In 1846, Parliament finally agreed to repeal the
Corn Laws, which imposed high tariffs on imported
grain.

15. 2
Reforms for the Working Class
By the early 1900s, Parliament gradually passed a series of reforms designed to
help the workers whose labor supported the new industrial society.
• Parliament passed laws to regulate the conditions in factories and mines.
• Government and business leaders slowly accepted worker organizations.
Workers won higher wages and shorter hours.
• Social reforms were enacted to benefit the working class. These
included improved public health and housing for workers, free
elementary education for all children, and protection for the poor and
disadvantaged.

16. 2
Votes for Women
In Britain, as elsewhere, women struggled for the right to vote against strong
opposition.
• Suffragists led by Emmeline Pankhurst used
aggressive tactics and sometimes resorted
to violent protest.
• Many middle-class women disapproved of
such radical actions. Yet they, too, spoke
up in increasing numbers.
• Some women, including Queen
Victoria, opposed suffrage altogether.
• Despite these protests, Parliament refused
to grant women’s suffrage. Not until 1918
did Parliament finally grant suffrage to
women over age 30. Younger women did
not win the right to vote for another
decade.

18. 2
The Irish Question
The Irish never accepted English rule:
• They resented English settlers, especially
absentee landlords.
• Many Irish peasants lived in poverty while
paying high rents to landlords living in England.
• The Irish, most of whom were Catholic, were
forced to pay tithes to the Church of England.
Irish nationalists campaigned for freedom and justice.
In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop, causing a
terrible famine called the “Great Hunger.” At least one
million Irish died while the British continued to ship healthy
crops outside Ireland. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish
bitterness that still exists today.
The Irish struggled for years to achieve home rule, or
local self-government. However, Parliament did not
pass a home rule bill until 1914. It then delayed
putting the new law into effect until after World War I.

19. Potato Famine in Ireland
• 1840s- “Great Hunger” potato
famine struck Ireland, but Britain
sent inadequate aid to the
Irish, and many emigrated to the
US, Canada, and Australia
• Charles Stewart Parnell (Irish-born
to a Protestant family) led
nationalists in hope of home rule
(self-government)
• Gladstone tried to pass legislation
for Irish home rule, but it split the
Liberal party and was defeated
• 1914- Parliament passed home
rule bill, but it never went into
effect

21. Irish immigrants
looking for work in
the United States
often faced signs
reading “No Irish
need apply.”

22. Review
1. Group that promoted social justice and wanted to peacefully create a
Socialist government
a) Tories
b) Fabians
c) Whigs
d) Labour Party
2. British Prime Minister William Gladstone
a) was a liberal who created a civil service system based on examinations
b) was a conservative who believed in preserving the traditions of the
aristocracy
c) was a Fabian who wanted to create a Socialist government
d) was a fervent supporter of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
3. Which of the following was NOT a problem concerning the Irish?
a) A potato famine caused starvation
b) English and Scottish Protestants rented the land at high prices
c) They were engaged in a violent civil war
d) They wanted to rule the country independently from Great Britain

23. Review
1. Group that promoted social justice and wanted to peacefully create a
Socialist government
a) Tories
b) Fabians
c) Whigs
d) Labour Party
2. British Prime Minister William Gladstone
a) was a liberal who created a civil service system based on examinations
b) was a conservative who believed in preserving the traditions of the
aristocracy
c) was a Fabian who wanted to create a Socialist government
d) was a fervent supporter of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
3. Which of the following was NOT a problem concerning the Irish?
a) A potato famine caused starvation
b) English and Scottish Protestants rented the land at high prices
c) They were engaged in a violent civil war
d) They wanted to rule the country independently from Great Britain

24. Bibliography
• Farah, Mounir A., and Andrea Berens Karls. World
History: The Human Experience The Modern Era. New
York: Glencoe/Mcgraw-Hill, 1999. Print.
• Wikipedia. Web. 12 Dec. 2009.
<http://www.wikipedia.com>.
• "Images." Google. Web. 12 Dec. 2009.
<http://www.google.com/images>.

25. Chapter 14 Section 2
By: Julie Krecko

26. 1852- New
1760- influx of 1770- First 1838- Lord Zealand 1870-
British Europeans Durham becomes a 1867- North Province of
immigrants to settle New investigates self-governing American Act Manitoba is
Canada Zealand Canada colony passed. formed
1763- British 1791- British Mid-1800s- 1860- A gold 1869- Canada 1871- British
gained passed the Canada is rush brought added the Columbia
control of Constitutional British immigrants to Northwest becomes a
Quebec Act of 1791 colonies and Territory province
Australia
government.

27. 1873- Prince 1890s- New
Edward Island Zealand carries out 1905- Saskatchewan and
joins Canada social reforms Alberta join Canada
Late 1800s- Australia 1901- Parliament 1907- New Zealand becomes
is made up of 6 makes Australia a a dominion with the British
provinces dominion Empire

28. • Mid 1800’s Canada was
• In 1867 the British Parliament passed
one part the British North American Act and
French, another established Canada as a dominion. The
immigrant British and a voters elected their first parliament and
third part descendants prime minister, John A. Macdonald.
of the Loyalists. • At first the Dominion of Canada
consisted of four provinces in the
southeast, extending from the Great
Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, in
1869 the dominion acquired the
Northwest Territory.
• Most of the Northwest Territory was
populated by Native Americans and
European and American fur traders.

29. • Divided Quebec into two colonies: Lower Canada
and Upper Canada.
• Lower Canada
– French speaking
• Upper Canada
– English speaking
• Each colony had an assembly whose laws were
subject to veto by the British government.
• By the late 1830’s, the French began to feel
threatened by the English-speaking people.

30. Lord Durham was sent
to Canada in 1838 to
investigate the uprisings
between upper and
lower Canada. He wrote
the “Report on Affairs
of British North
America” in 1839 in
which he recommended
a self-government and
legislative union in
Canada.
Lord Durham was married
twice, first to Lady Harriet in
1812 and second, to Lady Grey
in 1816.
Durham died in 1840 at
the age of 48 and was
succeeded by his son
George.

31. The First Prime
Minister and second
longest serving of
Canada.
John was born in
Glasgow, Scotland and his
family emigrated to Canada
in 1820. He became a
lawyer in Kingston, Ontario
in 1836.
Macdonald died
June 6, 1891.

32. 3
Canada, 1867–1914

33. 3
How Did Canada Achieve Self-Rule?
Canada’s first European rulers were French.
When France lost Canada to Britain in 1763, thousands of French-speaking
settlers remained.
In 1791 Britain passed the Canada Act, which created two provinces: English-
speaking Upper Canada and French-speaking Lower Canada.
During the 1800s, unrest grew in both colonies.
In 1839, the Durham Report called for the two Canadas to be reunited and given
control over their own affairs.
In 1840, Parliament passed the Act of Union, a major step toward self-
government.
As Canada expanded westward, John Macdonald and George Étienne Cartier
urged confederation, or unification, of all Canada’s provinces.
Britain passed the British North America Act of 1867, creating the Dominion of
Canada. It united four provinces into a dominion, or self-governing nation. Six
additional provinces later joined the union.

34. Geography of Australia and New Zealand
3

35. • Australia was initially established as a
prisoner’s colony, but after a gold rush
increased the population, transporting
prisoners there was stopped.
• Many Europeans treated the Aborigines
badly and killed many of them.
• By the late 1800’s Australia was made up of six British colonies.
» New South Wales
» Victoria
» Queensland
» Tasmania
» Western Australia
» South Australia
• By 1901, Parliament made Australia a dominion that included the
colonies and a region known as the Northern Territory.

36. 3
Europeans in Australia
• In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain. At that time, it was
too distant to attract European settlers.
• Australia had long been inhabited by indigenous people, later called
Aborigines. When white settlers arrived, the Aborigines suffered disastrously.
• In 1788, Britain made Australia into a penal colony.
• In the early 1800s, Britain encouraged free citizens to emigrate to Australia.
As the newcomers took over more and more land, they thrust aside or killed
the Aborigines.
• In 1851, a gold rush in eastern Australia brought a population boom.
• By the late 1800s, Australia had won a place in a growing world economy.

37. New
Zealand
The first Europeans to
settle in the New
Zealand were from
James Cook’s
expedition in 1770.
Firearms brought to
New Zealand by
foreigners brought
many problems to the
Maori.

38. 3
New In 1769, Captain Cook claimed New Zealand for
Britain.
Zealand
Missionaries arrived to convert the local people, the
Maoris, to Christianity.
New Zealand
pioneered in several
areas of democratic In 1840, Britain annexed New Zealand.
reform.
In 1893, it became
the first nation to give White New Zealanders won independence.
suffrage to women.
Later, it was in the
forefront of other By the 1870s, Maori resistance crumbled. Many Maoris died in
social reforms. the struggle.
Colonists took over Maori land and engaged in fierce wars with
the Maoris.

39. Treaty of Waitangi in 1840
• Concluded by the
British Naval
officers and Maori
Chiefs
• Protected the
Maori
rights, including
property rights and
gave the British
sovereignty over
New Zealand

40. • Americans loyal to Great Britain during
Loyalists the American Revolution
• Self-governing territory owing allegiance
dominion to the British king or queen
• First Canadian prime minister
John A.
Macdonald
• A Scottish-born lawyer

41. • The original people of Australia
Aborigines
• The original inhabitants of New
Maori Zealand
• Ordered by British Parliament to
Lord Durham investigate Canada after the uprisings

42. • In 1867 the British Parliament
passed the British North American
Act and established Canada as a
Mid 1800’s Canada was
one part French, another
dominion. The voters elected their
immigrant British and a first parliament and prime
third part descendants of minister, John A. Macdonald.
the Loyalists. • At first the Dominion of Canada
consisted of four provinces in the
southeast, extending from the Great
Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, in
1869 the dominion acquired the
Northwest Territory.
• Most of the Northwest Territory was
populated by Native Americans and
European and American fur traders.

43. 1
Opposing
Ideologies
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to turn the clock
back to the way things had been before 1789.
Other voices, however, kept challenging the order imposed by the
Congress of Vienna.
The clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems of thought
and belief, plunged Europe into more than
30 years of turmoil.

44. 1
What Were the Goals of Conservatives?
Conservatives pursued the following goals:
• Restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept
across Europe.
• Maintain a social hierarchy in which lower classes respected and obeyed
their social superiors.
• Maintain an established church.
• Suppress revolutionary ideas.

45. 1
The Liberal and Nationalist Challenge
Challenging the conservatives at every turn were liberals and nationalists who
were inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
LIBERALISM NATIONALISM
Liberals wanted:
• National groups who
• Governments based on
shared a common heritage
written constitutions and
set out to win their own
separation of powers.
states.
• Natural rights of
• Nationalism gave people
liberty, equality, and
with a common heritage a
prosperity.
sense of identity.
• Rulers elected by the
• Nationalism often bred
people and responsible
intolerance and led to
to them.
persecution of other
• A republican form of ethnic or national groups.
government.
• Laissez-faire economics.

46. 1
Revolts Against the Old Order
Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and
nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the old order.
• In the Balkans, first Serbia, and later Greece
fought for and won independence from their
Ottoman rulers.
• In Spain, Portugal, and various states in the Italian peninsula, rebels struggled to
gain constitutional governments. In response, a French army marched over the
Pyrenees to suppress the revolts in Spain. Austrian forces crossed the Alps to
smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy.

47. 2
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
• Why did revolutions occur in France in 1830
and 1848?
• How did revolution spread in 1830?
• What were the results of the 1848 revolutions?

48. 2
Why Did Revolutions Occur in France in 1830 and 1848?
1830 1848
Charles X, a strong believer in When the government tried
absolutism, suspended the to silence critics and
legislature, limited the right to prevent public
vote, and restricted the press. meetings, angry crowds
took to the streets.
Liberals and radicals rebelled
and took control of Paris.
Louis Philippe abdicated.
Moderate liberals put in
place a constitutional Revolutionary leaders
monarchy, and chose Louis proclaimed a Second
Philippe as king. Republic.

49. Revolt in France
• Charles X
• Wanted to restore absolute monarchs
• Had support of ultraroyalists- nobles favoring a return to the
old order
• Dissolved the Assembly and held new elections
• Issued the July Ordinances
– Measures that showed the dissolved assembly, ended
press freedom, and restricted voting rights
• Les Trois Glorieuses
– Three glorious days
– Parisian workers and students forced Charles to give up the
throne and flee to Great Britain

50. The “Citizen King”
• Louis Philippe accepted the throne
– Dressed and behaved like a middle class citizen
– Favored wealthy and ignored middle class
demands
• Francois Guizot
– Prime minister of France
– Also refused middle class demands

51. 2
The revolts in Paris inspired uprisings How Did Revolution
elsewhere in Europe. Most were Spread in 1830?
suppressed by military force. But here
and there, rebels did win changes from
conservative governments. Even when
they failed, revolutionaries frightened
rulers badly enough to encourage Poland Nationalists
reform later in the century. in Poland staged an
Belgium The one notable success for uprising in 1830.
However, the rebels failed
Europe’s revolutionaries in 1830 took to gain widespread
place in Belgium. The Congress of support, and were
Vienna had united Belgium and Holland brutally crushed by
under the Dutch king. The Belgians Russian forces.
resented this arrangement and pushed
for independence. In 1831, Belgium
became an independent state with a
liberal constitution.

52. 2
Revolutions in
Europe,
1830 and 1848

53. The Revolution of 1848
• Guizot feared a demonstration and cancelled a
banquet
• February 22
– Crowds flooded the streets singing “The Marseillaise”
and shouted protests to Guizot
– Troops called to calm it sided with the rebels and
joined the parade
– 52 civilians were killed or wounded
– Louis Philippe fled to Great Britain
– Rebels declared France a republic

54. 2
Revolutions of 1848
In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across
Europe.
• In Austria, revolts caused Metternich to resign. The
Austrian government agreed to reforms, but these gains
were temporary. With Russian help, Austrian forces
defeated the rebels. Many were imprisoned, executed, or
exiled.
• Nationalists in Italy rebelled against Austrian Hapsburg
rulers. They expelled the pope and installed a nationalist
government. Before long, Austrian troops ousted the new
government and the French army restored the pope to
power.
• In Prussia, liberals forced King Frederick William IV to
agree to a constitution written by an elected assembly.
• Within a year, Frederick dissolved the assembly and issued
his own constitution keeping power in his own hands.

55. 2
Why Did the Uprisings Fail?
By 1850 the rebellions had faded, ending the age of
liberal revolution that had begun in 1789.
• Rulers used military force to suppress the uprisings.
• Revolutionaries did not have mass support.
• A growing gulf divided workers seeking radical
economic change and liberals pursuing moderate
political reforms.

56. 3
Division and Democracy in France
• What domestic and foreign policies did
Napoleon III pursue?
• What impact did the Dreyfus affair and other
challenges have on the Third Republic?
• How did the French government take steps
toward reform in the early 1900s?

57. • Written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
– Allons, enfants de Patrie, http://www.nationalanthems.info/fr.htm
Le jour de gloire est arrive;
Contrenous de la tyranne,
L'etendard sanglant est leve,
L'etendard sanglant est leve,
Entendezvous, dans les campagnes, « The Marseillaise »
Mugir ces feroces soldats?
Ils viennent jusque dans nos bras,
Egorger nos fils, nos compagnes. Arise children of the fatherland
Aux armes, citoyens! The day of glory has arrived
Formez vos bataillons! Against us tyranny's
Marchons, marchons! Bloody standard is raised
Qu'un sang impur abreuve nos sillons! Listen to the sound in the fields
The howling of these fearsome soldiers
They are coming into our midst
To cut the throats of your sons and consorts
To arms citizens Form your battalions
March, march
Let impure blood
Water our furrows

58. The Second Empire
• New Constitution
–Legislative branch called the National
Assembly
–Election of a President
–Extension of voting rights to all adult
men

59. The Rise of Louis Napoleon
Louis- Napoleon Bonaparte
– Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
– Popularity came from his name rather than political skills
– Wanted to win support of the army, the Church, and the
middle class and the peasants
• Supported Catholics by helping the Pope and giving the Church
more authority on French education
• Support angered Parisians, started a demonstration in the streets
• National Assembly revoked voting rights
– Convinced citizens the republic was a failure
– Directed a coup d'état
• Dissolved the National Assembly and arrested opponents
• Reinstated voting rights and earned popularity
– Made France a hereditary empire and named himself
emperor, Napoleon III
• Restricted the press and limited civil liberties
• Industrial growth doubled foreign trade tripled
• Built new railroads and made the boulevards

60. 3
Napoleon III
DOMESTIC POLICIES FOREIGN POLICIES
Issued a new constitution
that extended democratic Unsuccessfully tried to
rights. turn Mexico into a French
Promoted investment in satellite.
industry and large-scale Helped Italian nationalists
ventures. defeat Austria and gained
Legalized labor Nice and Savoy.
unions, extended public
education to girls, and
created a small public health
program.

61. The Crimean War
• France and Great Britain against Russia
– Immediate cause was who had the right to protect the
Christians in the empire or those visiting the Holy Land. The
Ottomans sided with France
– French and British troops invaded Crimean Peninsula
• Disease caused more deaths than war conflict
• Florence Nightingale (British nurse, 1820-1910)
Also known as: Lady with the Lamp
• improved hospital conditions
– Fall of 1855 Russia was defeated
• Treaty of Paris ended the war
• Russia returned Ottoman territory and banned warships
and forts around the Black Sea
• England’s Poet Laureate Tennyson pens “The Charge of the Light
Brigade”—depicting military bungling that costs many lives on both
sides.

62. Making Peace with Prussia
• France elected a new National Assembly
• Gave Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia
• Paid 5 billion francs, 1 billion dollars, to
Prussia
• Prussia then staged a parade through Paris
• National Assembly
– Ordered Parisians to pay the rents and debts that
were suspended during the siege
– Stopped making payments to the National Guard

63. The Commune of Paris
• Workers Socialist government
– Refused to recognize the National Assembly
– Called for the conversion of France into a
decentralized federation of independent cities
– Declared war on the propertied classes and the
Church
– Wanted to end government support of
religion, adopted a revolutionary calendar, and
introduced the 10 hour workday
• Civil War with the National Assembly
– Assembly reasserted power of Paris
– “ Bloody Week” Assembly arrested over 40,000
people and killed more than 20,000
– Ended the commune but caused distrust within
France

64. Florence Nightingale
• Founder of the modern nursing profession
• Head British nurse in the Crimean War
• Also known as The Lady with the Lamp
• Improved sanitary conditions and ordered supplies
• 1907 the King awarded her the Order of Merit, the first
woman recipient
• Declined a burial and national funeral at Westminster
Abbey because she wanted a simple grave

65. France:
The Third Republic
• New Constitution
– Two house legislature
– President served four years and had little real
power
– Every official act needed full support of both
houses
– Cabinet of ministers was for government policy
– Post of premier was for all executive business

66. 3
Challenges of the Third Republic
• In 1871, an uprising broke out, as rebels set up the
Paris Commune. The government violently suppressed
the Paris Commune, leaving bitter memories that
deepened social divisions within France.
• In the first ten years of the Third Republic, 50 different
coalition governments were formed and fell.
• A series of political scandals shook public trust in the
government.

67. Threats to the Republic
• General Georges Boulanger
– Popular French war hero
– Urged people to seek
revenge against Prussia
– Won great support from
royalists
– Government ordered for his
arrest and he fled to
Belgium

68. The Dreyfus Affair
• Alfred Dreyfus
– Jewish French army officer
– Convicted of selling military secrets to Germany
– Sentenced to life on Devil's Island (Île du Diable), the smallest and
northernmost island of the three Îles du Salut, located about
6 nautical miles off the coast of French Guiana. It was a small part of
the notorious French penal colony in French Guiana until 1952.
– Anti- Semites believed conviction
– Official evidence proved his innocence
– Received Presidential pardon
– Divided France
• Republicans, Socialists, and anti-Catholics against
Royalists, Nationalists, Catholics, and Anti- Semites
• Republican Government could survive disruption
– Brought power to radical Republicans and Socialists
Devil's Island was where the most important prisoners were held.
It was considered escape proof because of its inaccessible cliffs, the strong currents
and the sharks. It is best known for the incarceration of Alfred Dreyfus,
falsely accused of espionage for the Germans, for five years (1895-99).

69. 3
The Dreyfus Affair
In Dreyfus affair, a Jewish officer was falsely accused of treason
to cover up corruption in the military. The controversy scarred
French politics and society for decades.
• Royalists, ultranationalists, and Church officials charged
Dreyfus supporters with undermining France.
• Dreyfus supporters upheld ideals of justice and equality in
the face of massive public anger.
The Dreyfus affair reflected the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe.
It also helped to stir Theodor Herzl to call for a Jewish state.

70. The Panama Canal
• Canal would provide France with a passageway to
the Pacific Ocean
• Panama Company collapsed
– French stockholders lost all of invested money
– Charges of dishonesty and poor management erupted
– Members of both houses admitted to accepting bribes
for more funding on the project
– After this 50 socialists won seats in the national
legislature

71. 3
Reforms in France
France achieved serious reforms in the early 1900s.
• New laws were passed regulating
wages, hours, and safety conditions for
workers.
• A system of free public elementary schools was
created.
• A law was passed to separate church and state.
• The women’s rights movements made some
gains, but women were not granted suffrage
until after World War II.

72. End of the Empire
• Napoleon declared war on Prussia
– French armies were slow to mobilize
– German forces easily crossed into France
– Prussians defeated France in a little over six weeks
– Took Napoleon as prisoner
– Parisians forced the collapse of the Second Empire
– Endured a Prussian siege for four months until a
truce was signed

73. 4
Expansion of the United States
• How did the United States extend its territory?
• How did American democracy grow before and
after the Civil War?
• What impact did economic growth and social
reform have on the United States?

74. 4
U S Territorial Expansion
From the earliest years of its history, the United States followed a policy of
expansionism, or extending a nation’s boundaries.

75. 4
Expanding Democracy
BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
States slowly expanded suffrage Three amendments to the
so that by the 1830s, most Constitution banned slavery
white men had the right to throughout the country and
vote. granted political
Some Americans, called rights, including the right to
abolitionists, called for an vote, to African American men.
immediate and complete end to
slavery. Still, African Americans faced
segregation and economic
The women’s rights movement hardships.
fought for equality and the right
to vote.

76. 4

77. 4
Economic Growth in the United States
By 1900, the United States was the
world’s leading industrial giant.
• Cotton mills turned out great quantities
of mass-produced goods.
• Rich coals and iron resources fed other
industries.
• A huge work force, swelled by
immigrants, labored in the mines and
factories.
• Farm output soared as settlers flooded
the fertile Midwest.
• A growing network of transportation and
communication aided economic growth.

78. 4
Social Reform
• The Industrial Revolution brought rapid
industrialization and a growing need for reform.
• In the late 1800s, farmers and city workers supported
the new Populist party. The Populists sought
reforms, such as an eight-hour workday.
• By 1900, reformers known as Progressives again
pressed for change. They sought laws to ban child
labor, limit working hours, regulate monopolies, and
grant suffrage to women.

79. 4
Political Problems
During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued
by revolts, civil war, and dictatorships.
• Many problems had their origins in colonial rule, as
independence barely changed the existing social and
political hierarchy.
• With few roads and no traditions of unity, the new nations
were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to a local area.

80. 4
The Economics of Dependence
Economic dependence occurs when less-developed
nations export raw materials and commodities to
industrial nations and import manufactured
goods, capital, and technological know-how. The
relationship is unequal because the more developed —
and wealthier nation — can control prices and terms of
trade.
Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin
America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal.
After independence, this pattern changed very little. The
region remained as economically dependent as before.

81. 4
The Influence of the United States
In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine, which
stated that the American continents were no longer open to
colonization by any European powers.
In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine. Under this policy, the United States claimed
“international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.
• In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened
militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives
and investments.
In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians in a revolt
against Colombia in order to gain land to build the Panama Canal.
• To people in Latin America, the canal was an example of
“Yankee Imperialism.”

82. Imperialism in the Caribbean and South America, 1898–1917
4

83. 3
Latin American Wars of Independence
• What caused discontent in Latin America?
• How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central America
win independence?
• How did nations of South America
win independence?

84. 3
What Caused Discontent in Latin America?
By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western
Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent was rooted
in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during
300 years of Spanish rule.
• Peninsulares were those born of Spanish parents in Spain;
therefore, they had the most wealth, education, & status.
• Creoles resented their second-class status.
• Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied
the status, wealth, and power available to whites.
• Native Americans suffered economic misery under the
Spanish.
• Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed
for freedom.

85. 3
CENTRAL
HAITI MEXICO AMERICA
In 1791, Toussaint Father Miguel Hidalgo and Spanish-ruled lands
L’Ouverture led slaves in José Morales led popular declared their
revolt. revolts. independence in the
By 1798, enslaved Rebels led by Agustín de early 1820s.
Haitians had been freed. Iturbide overthrew the Local leaders set up the
In 1802, Napoleon sent Spanish viceroy, creating United Provinces of
an army to recapture an independent Mexico. Central America.
Haiti.
Napoleon’s forces Iturbide took the title of The union soon
agreed to a truce, or emperor, but was quickly fragmented into
temporary peace. overthrown. separate republics of
Liberal Mexicans set up Guatemala, Nicaragua,
In 1804, Haitian leaders Honduras, El
the Republic of Mexico.
declared independence. Salvador, and Costa
Rica.
Struggles for Independence

86. Independence in
3
South America
In South America, Native Americans had
rebelled against Spanish rule as early as
the 1700s, with limited results. It was not
until the 1800s that discontent sparked a
widespread drive for independence.
Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator,” led an
uprising that established a republic in
Venezuela. He then captured
Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
• In 1816, José de San Martín helped
Argentina win freedom from Spain. He then
joined forces with Bolívar.
• Bolívar tried to unite the liberated
lands into a single nation called Gran
Columbia. However, bitter rivalries made
that dream impossible. Before long, Gran
Columbia split into three independent
countries: Venezuela, Columbia, and
Ecuador.

87. 3
Independent Nations of Latin America About 1844

88. 3
Independence Movements in Latin America
Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes
European domination of Latin America People of Latin America resent colonial rule
and social injustices
Spread of Enlightenment ideas
Revolutionary leaders emerge
American and French revolutions
Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish
Growth of nationalism in Latin America king
Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects
Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt Attempts made to rebuild economies
in Haiti
18 separate republics set up
Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead
successful revolts in Latin America Continuing efforts to achieve stable
democratic governments and to gain
Colonial rule ends in much of Latin economic independence
America