The document discusses the history and fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which separated East and West Berlin for 28 years. It notes that around 100 people were killed while trying to cross the wall. It then discusses themes related to globalization, urbanization, economic centers and margins, sustainability, architecture, and crises.

1. Margins/Berlin MPPA-DL 452 Session 5

3. Berlin, Germany

4. Berlin 1945

10. Source: Accessed at www.urban-age.net on 10/19/09

11. Source: Accessed at www.urban-age.net on 10/19/09

12. Source: Accessed at www.urban-age.net on 10/19/09

13. Source: Accessed at www.urban-age.net on 10/19/09

14. Source: Accessed at www.urban-age.net on 10/19/09

15. unemployment

16. Source: Statistisches Landesamt Berlin, accessed 10/19/09 at berlin.group.shef.ac.uk/berlin.html

17. Most of us make at least three important decisions in our lives: where to live, what to do, and with whom to do it. Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness

18. Civility means that the diversity of urban life becomes a source of mutual strength rather than a source of estrangement and civic bitterness. In the past this issue has been framed in terms of ethnicity or culture and in the current period of inequality I think it needs to be increasingly framed in terms of economics. Richard Sennett, Professor of Sociology, London School of Economics and Political Science and MIT

19. Margins: poverty and inequality

22. poverty across countries Country (in order of increasing GNP per capita) % of Population below $1 a day Bangladesh 29.1 Kenya 26.5 Sri Lanka 6.6 Indonesia 7.7 Philippines 14.6 Jamaica 3.2 Paraguay 19.5 Costa Rica 6.9 Malaysia <2 Brazil 9.0

24. less and more poverty in the world

26. inequality across countries Country (in order of increasing GNP per capita) Income share of lowest 40% of households Ratio of highest 20% to lowest 20% Bangladesh 22.9 4.0 Kenya 10.1 18.3 Sri Lanka 22.0 4.4 Indonesia 20.4 5.1 Philippines 15.5 8.4 Jamaica 16.0 8.2 Paraguay 8.2 27.1 Costa Rica 12.8 12.9 Malaysia 12.9 11.7 Brazil 8.2 25.7 United States 16.1 8.5

27. the more equal vs. less equal

28. Today there are more part-time and temporary jobs and generally fewer protections and fringe benefits for growing portions of the workforce. These changes in the employment relation have contributed to reshaping the sphere of social reproduction and consumption, which in turn has a feedback effect on economic organization and earnings…it reproduces growing income disparity, labor market casualization, and consumption restructuring along high- and low-end markets. Saskia Sassen, Cities in a World Economy , p. 173

32. the Lorenz curve

33. income distribution

34. Gini coefficient

35. Gini coefficient

36. total poverty gap TPG = the amount relative to the poverty line that has to be transferred to poor households to bring their incomes up to the poverty threshold income distribution

37. the Kuznets curve time

39. poverty and inequality under the Kuznets process Inequality Urban population share Total poverty Rural poverty rate Urban poverty rate

40. growth leads to less poverty

41. % poor has declined

43. Does urbanization reduce poverty?

45. rural poorer than urban