H2 s

HYDROGEN SULFIDE SAFETY FOR EMPLOYEES

CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING
Chemicals in the Workplace©

29 CFR 1910.1200

WELCOME
HYDROGEN SULFIDE SAFETY - SLIDE 1 OF 97
© Copyright SafetyInstruction.com 2005

YOUR INSTRUCTOR

Daniel Highsmith


BASIS FOR THIS COURSE
 Millions of workers are exposed to hydrogen sulfide hazards.
 Hydrogen Sulfide is very safe under controlled conditions.
 Employees must understand the hazards of hydrogen sulfide.
 Each year, numerous accidents occur with hydrogen sulfide.
 Safety can be greatly enhanced if training is provided.
 OSHA Standards require:
 Hazards be assessed.
 Training be conducted.
 Hazards and precautions be explained.
 Emergency response capability be established.


COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Provide an Introduction to the Toxicology of Hydrogen Sulfide.
 Discuss Hydrogen Sulfide’s Usage in Today’s Industry.
 Discuss General Terms Used in Hydrogen Sulfide Safety.
 Discuss Methods of Compliance with Hydrogen Sulfide Safety.
 Discuss the Routes of Entry Into the Human Body.
 Discuss Any Medical Surveillance Requirements.
 Discuss Personal Protective Equipment Requirements.
 Discuss the Hazards of Hydrogen Sulfide Upon the Human Body.
 Discuss Hazard Recognition & Control Skills.


INSTRUCTORS NOTE
1. This course Is designed to provide an overview or
refresher for the specific chemical topic.

2. Instructor notes are provided where appropriate for
certain slides (you can also add your own notes).

3. Review the “notes master” for slides where the “notes
icon” appears at the bottom of the slide.


COURSE CONTENTS

1. Basis For The Course
2. Course Objectives and Recommended Attendees
3. Student Learning Outcomes
4. Course Attendees
5. Affected Regulations
6. Training and Retraining Requirements
7. Synonyms And Trade Names
8. Employee Exposure Limits
9. Physical Properties
10. Hazard Ratings
11. Health Effects
12. Basics Of Toxicology


COURSE CONTENTS
(Continued)

13. Factors Influencing Toxic Action
14. Exposure Terminology
15. Factors Affecting Exposure
16. Methods of Compliance
17. Exposure Control
18. Basic Safety Rules
19. Storage Rules
20. Chemical Storage Surveys
21. General Storage Requirements
22. Specific Storage Requirements
23. Question and Answer Period
24. Tips For Using Contractors


STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING:
 Why Hydrogen Sulfide Safety Is Important.
 The Basics of Toxicology as it Relates to Hydrogen Sulfide.
 Basic Safety Precautions Related to Hydrogen Sulfide Safety.
 Specific Hazards Associated with Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure.
 The Training Requirements Associated with Hydrogen Sulfide.
 Basic Storage Requirements as they Relate to Safety.
 The Use of Personal Protective Equipment to Prevent Exposure.


COURSE ATTENDEES
 Any Employee Potentially Exposed to Hydrogen
Sulfide.

 Safety Committees.

 Department Managers.

 First Line Supervisors.

 Accident Investigation Team Members.


REGULATORY STANDARD
THE GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE

FEDERAL - 29 CFR 1903.1

EMPLOYERS MUST:
Furnish a place of employment free of recognized
hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death
or serious physical harm to employees. Employers
must comply with occupational safety and health
standards promulgated under the Williams-Steiger
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

OSHA ACT OF 1970


INDUSTRIAL REGULATIONS

29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
1910 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
1200 - HAZARD COMMUNICATION


TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING :

 The Hazards of Hydrogen Sulfide.
 The Use of Equipment.
 What PPE Is Necessary.
 When PPE Is Necessary.
 The Limitations of the PPE.
 Decontamination Procedures.
 Engineering Control Operation.
 Provide Retraining As Required.
 Care and Maintenance of Equipment.
 Classification of Hazardous Materials.
 Train All Employees Prior to Job Assignment.


RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS

REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A:

 Close-Call Event.
 New Hazard or Equipment.
 Change in Job Assignment.
 New Hazard Control Methods.
 Occupationally Related Injury.
 Failure in the Safety Procedures.
 Permissible Exposure Exceedance.
 Reason to Doubt Employee Proficiency.


USES OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THIS FACILITY

JOBS WITH POSSIBLE HYDROGEN SULFIDE
EXPOSURES:

LETS DISCUSS SOME OF THE
OPERATIONS AT THIS
FACILIITY WHERE HYDROGEN
SULFIDE IS USED.

© Copyright Compliware 2005

TECHNICAL HAZARD DATA

HAZARD RATINGS AND TECHNICAL DATA:

NOTE:
 Hazard Ratings Used in This Course May Differ From
Chemicals Used at Your Facility Because of the Purity
and Specific Mixture of the Chemical You Use.
 Refer to Your Material Safety Data Sheet for Specific
Hazard Data for the Chemicals You Use.
 Technical Hazard Data Used in This Course Are Derived
From the NIOSH Guide To Chemical Hazards.

© Copyright Compliware 2005

SYNONYMS AND TRADE NAMES

SYNONYMS AND TRADE NAMES:

 Hydrogen Sulfide
 Sewer Gas
 Sulfuretted Hydrogen


EMPLOYEE EXPOSURE LIMITS

NIOSH: OSHA:
 10 ppm (c)  20 ppm (c)
 15 mg/m3

WE’LL DISCUSS MORE ABOUT EXPOSURE LIMITS LATER


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION:

 Colorless Gas
 Odor of Rotten Eggs


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

SPECIFIC PROPERTIES:

 Hydrogen Sulfide - (H2S)
 Vapor Density: 1.2
 Boiling Point: - 77.00 F.
 Color: Colorless
 Odor: Rotten Eggs
 Solubility in Water: 0.4%
 Range of Flammability: 4.0 - 44.0 %


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

VAPOR DENSITY (RGasD):
RGasD - Relative density of gases as referenced to air = 1
(How many times a gas is heavier than air at the same temperature)
VAPOR DENSITY OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IS: 1.2
VD GREATER than 1.0: VD LESS than 1.0:
The vapors are heavier than air The vapors are lighter than
and lay in low areas. air and will rise.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

VAPOR DENSITY IS IMPORTANT:

Knowing whether a vapor will rise or
fall in open air can give you valuable
information to draw to ensure safety
during a leak or spill situation.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

BOILING POINT:
The point when vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure
liquid boils. The corresponding temperature is called the boiling
point of liquid.
BOILING POINT OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IS: - 77.00° F

Sublimation is the process by which
a solid substance changes into a
gas, or vapor, without first becoming
a liquid. These substances are said
to sublime.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

BOILING POINT IS IMPORTANT:

Knowing the boiling point lets you
know when a liquid will transfer to a
vapor, or begin to dangerously
expand in enclosed containers.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

SOLUBILITY:
 The ability of a substance to dissolve in another is
called its solubility.
 Solubility depends on the chemical properties and
temperature of the substances of the liquid
solution.
 For gases, solubility also depends on pressure.

SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IS: 0.4%


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN WATER:
 Gases are soluble in liquids such as water.
 We bubble air into a fish tank to allow breathing.
 Fish breathe soluble oxygen.
 Carbon dioxide puts the “fizz” in carbonated beverages.
 A soda left open in a warm room will get flat quickly.
 All of these observations are dependent upon the
solubility of gases in water.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

SOLUBILITY IS IMPORTANT:

 Knowing how soluble a liquid is lets you know to
what degree the material will mix with other
liquids in a spill situation.
 It could mean the different between draining a
million gallon collection pond or simply skimming
the surface to remove a spilled substance.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

FLAMMABLE RANGE:

The numerical difference between the upper and
lower explosive limits. In other words the range that
the vapors of a flammable liquid (when ignited) will
burn when mixed with ambient air.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
The “richer” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor
and air will no longer support combustion

LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
The “leaner” point at which a mixture of flammable
vapor and air will no longer support combustion

LFL to UFL = THE FLAMMABLE RANGE


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

100%
PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE
75%

50% HYDROGEN SULFIDE
44%

25% FLAMMABLE RANGE
- HYDROGEN SULFIDE 4.0 - 44.%
4.0%
0%


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES(Continued)

INCOMPATIBLES AND REACTIVES:

 Strong Oxidizers
 Strong Nitric Acid
 Metals


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

DOT INFORMATION:
 DOT Name: Hydrogen Sulfide
 DOT Hazard: Toxic Gas
 DOT Label: Toxic Gas, Flammable Gas
 DOT ID Number: UN1053
 CAS Number: 7783-06-4


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

pH INFORMATION:
The pH of a Liquid Is the Numerical Measure of Its
Relative Acidity or Alkalinity.
 Range Is From 0 - 14
 Neutral Level Expressed 7.0
 Above 7.0 Liquid Is More Alkaline or Basic
 Below 7.0 Liquid Is More Acidic


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

pH INFORMATION:


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH EACH OTHER!

+ = ????


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(Continued)

CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH YOU!

+ = ???


HAZARD RATING SYSTEMS

TWO SYSTEMS

 NFPA - NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

 HMIS - NATIONAL PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION
- HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM


HAZARD RATING SYSTEMS
(Continued)

FIVE HAZARD LEVELS
HMIS NFPA
4 SEVERE 4 EXTREME
3 SERIOUS 3 HIGH
2 MODERATE 2 MODERATE
1 SLIGHT 1 SLIGHT
0 MINIMAL 0 INSIGNIFICANT


HAZARD RATING FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE

FIVE NFPA HAZARD LEVELS
FIRE HAZARD
 - 4 EXTREME
 - 3 HIGH

4
REACTIVITY
 - 2 MODERATE

0
 - 1 SLIGHT
 - 0 INSIGNIFICANT
3
HEALTH HAZARD

SPECIFIC HAZARD
(WATER REACTIVE)


HEALTH EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE EXPOSURE
(Continued)

COMMON SYMPTOMS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE EXPOSURE:

 Burning of eyes, nose, and throat.
 Dizziness.
 Coughing, Choking.
 Headache.
 Breathing difficulty.


(Continued)

EMERGENCY ACTIONS IF LEAK IS DETECTED:
 Stay out of leak area and avoid down wind areas.
 Notify fellow employees in the area.
 Call emergency response personnel.
 Get to, and stay up wind.
 Follow local emergency procedures.


(Continued)

EMERGENCY ACTIONS IF LEAK IS DETECTED:
 Eye Contact:
 Irrigate immediately for 15 minutes, seek medical help.
 Ingestion/Inhalation:
 Get to clean air, seek medical help.
 Skin Contact:
 Wash skin with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
 (Liquefied) Warm frost bite with warm water.
 Seek medical help.


BASICS OF TOXICOLOGY

LETS DISCUSS SOME OF THE TERMS THAT
WILL BE HELPFUL IN UNDERSTANDING
THE AFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE ON
YOUR BODY.


(Continued)

“ALL THINGS ARE POISONS, OR
THERE IS NOTHING WITHOUT
POISONOUS QUALITIES. IT IS
ONLY THE DOSE WHICH MAKES A
THING POISON.”

PARACELSUS
(1493 - 1541)


(Continued)

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
Hazardous Material
A Material That Falls Into One or More Of the Following
Categories. Hazardous Materials Can Have One or
Many Characteristics That Can Add to the Intensity of
the Toxic Action of a Particular Solid, Liquid, or Gas.

 Ignitability Is Flammable or Combustible.
 Reactivity Can React With Itself or Other Materials.
 Corrosivity Can Deteriorate Another Substance.
 Toxicity In Its Normal State Is Harmful to Living Things.


(Continued)

EVERYTHING IS TOXIC;
IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE DOSE.

How Well the Body Accepts a Substance Depends on:

 The Type of Substance.
 The Amount (Dose) Absorbed.
 The Period of Time Over Which It Is Absorbed.
 The Susceptibility/Sensitivity of the Person Exposed.


(Continued)

THE PRIMARY ROUTE FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE

INHALATION

ABSORPTION


(Continued)

FOUR PRIMARY ROUTES INTO THE BODY

INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION


(Continued)

Breathing and smoking causes
INHALATION us to inhale substances which
enter the lungs. Substances
inhaled into the lungs cause
scarring of the lungs or are
readily absorbed into the blood
stream.

 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION

(Continued)

Swallowing a substance causes
INGESTION penetration into the blood
stream via the stomach and
small intestine.

 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION

(Continued)

Entering the body through the
ABSORPTION skin causes substances to enter
the blood stream at a slower rate
than by inhalation. However, the
resulting entry and distribution
within the body is the same.

 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION

(Continued)

Injection occurs when substances
INJECTION are forced through this skin. This
can occur as a result of such
means as compressed gas, or by
having the skin abraded by a
penetrating object.

 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION

(Continued)

TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories
of chemical exposure levels: TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or
TLV-C.

TLV-TWA: Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted
Average: The time weighted average concentration
for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40 hour work
week to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed without adverse effect.

NOTE: TLV should be used as an exposure guide
rather than an absolute. A physician has the final
word.

(Continued)

TLV-STEL: Threshold Limit Value - Short Term
Exposure Limit: A 15 minute time-weighted average
exposure that should not be exceeded at any time
during the work day.

TLV-C: Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling: The
concentration that should not ever be exceeded, even
instantaneously.


FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

• RATE OF ENTRY.
• STATE OF HEALTH.
• AGE OF INDIVIDUAL.
• ROUTE OF EXPOSURE.
• PREVIOUS EXPOSURE LEVELS.
• WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
• INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY.


EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY

 Acute Exposure:

Usually Minutes, Hours or Several Days.

 Chronic Exposure:

Regular Exposure Over Months, Years, or a Lifetime.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined
With the Susceptibility of the Individual, Determines
Whether the Exposure Is Acute or Chronic.


EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY (Continued)

 Latent Exposure: An injury or disease that
remains undeveloped until an incubation
period has elapsed. The period of time
could be hours, days, months or years.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined
With the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key
Factor.


FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE

 The Amount Entering the Body.
 The Length of Time of Exposure.
 The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood.
 The Physical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Chemical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Age of the Individual.
 The Health of the Individual.


METHODS OF COMPLIANCE

GENERAL TYPES OF CONTROLS:
 Methods of Compliance Include:

 Implementation of a Written Program.
 Establishment of Best Work Practices.
 Establishment of Engineering Controls.
 Establishment of Administrative Controls.
 Regular Evaluation of Mechanical Safety Systems.
 Evaluation of Each Facility Where Hydrogen Sulfide is Used.
 Use of Personal Protective Equipment As a Last Resort.
 On-Going Review of the Programs Effectiveness.


(Continued)

ENGINEERING CONTROLS:
 CONSISTS OF:
 Design and installation of new or modified safety
control systems.
 Detailed preventative maintenance programs for
on site maintenance activities.
 Proper placement of storage systems to reduce
potential effects during emergencies.


(Continued)

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS:

 Assignment of Responsibility.
 Support From Upper Management.
 On-Site Safety Inspections and Audits.
 Written Policies - Establishment of Site Safety Protocols.
 Training - Job Specific Training Programs.
 Checklists - Job Specific Safety Checklists.
 Placement of Warning Signs and Employee Information.


(Continued)

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING:
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
 Full body skin protection for potentially exposed workers.
 Proper gloves to prevent hand exposure.
 Adequate Eye and Face Protection.
 Full body protection from extreme cold.


(Continued)

HOUSEKEEPING IN PROCESS/STORAGE AREAS:

 Vehicle Safety:
 Adequate Protection Against Accidental Vehicle Collisions.
 Pre Planned Traffic Routing for Forklifts and Other Vehicles.
 Control of Gas/Chemical Materials in Storage Areas:
 Periodic Inspection of Process and Storage Areas.
 Adherence to Safe Distance Requirements for Combustible Materials.
 Waste and Empty Container Management:
 Collection and Disposal of Empty Containers.
 Storage and handling of “Like” Containers for Disposal.


EXPOSURE CONTROL

EXPOSURE INFORMATION:
 Supervisors will maintain the following for each job:
 A description of each job.
 A list of tools or machinery used in the job.
 Types of materials processed.
 Exposure controls that are in place.
 Crew size (if applicable).
 Employee job responsibilities.
 Safety controls specific to the job.
 Operating procedures specific to the job.
 Maintenance practices specific to the job.


EXPOSURE CONTROL
(Continued)

EXPOSURE INFORMATION:
 Means to Achieve Safety Compliance:
 Each job where hydrogen sulfide is used will have a
written description of the specific means that will be
employed to achieve compliance, including
engineering plans and studies used to determine
methods selected for controlling safety of hydrogen
sulfide.
 Ensuring employees are familiar with written safety
policies.


BASIC SAFETY RULES
 THE BIG THREE:

 Oxidizers: Must not be used in
contact with oils, greases or other
hydrocarbons.
 Flammables: Must not be exposed to
flames, sparks or arcs including
static electricity, hot surfaces or
oxidizers.
 NonFlammables: Must not be
allowed to displace air in work area
so that there is insufficient hydrogen
sulfide for breathing.


BASIC SAFETY RULES (Continued)

 FILLING OF CYLINDERS:

 Cylinders/containers may not be filled except
by the supplier or with the supplier’s consent.
 Where filling is authorized it must be
accomplished in strict accordance with DOT,
OSHA and CGA regulations.
 For bulk containers, ensure contractors are
familiar with site-specific safety requirements.
Review their procedures thoroughly.



 CONTENT IDENTIFICATION:
 Never assume you know what it is!
 Assuming (with gases) gets you dead!
 Labels must be legible at all times.
 Labels may not be altered or removed.
 Labels may not be bypassed, ignored, or
otherwise defeated.
 Labels must be understood by all.
 Nonlegible/missing labels must be reported.



 CONTENT IDENTIFICATION: Continued

 Labels and their means of attachment must
withstand their normal operating environment.
 Labels may evoke a false sense of security,
and their meaning needs to be understood.
 Labels must be securely attached to cylinders
so that they cannot be inadvertently or
accidentally detached during use.
 Each container must bear the proper label for
the gas contained.



 PAINTING CYLINDERS/CONTAINERS:

 Containers may not be painted.
 Painting may cover cylinder defects.
 Containers showing signs of corrosion must
be removed from service and returned to the
supplier.
 Never rely solely on the cylinder color for
identification.



 LEAKING AND DEFECTIVE CYLINDERS:

 Never underestimate the hazard!
 Notify co-workers of the hazard.
 Consider evacuation of the area.
 Evacuate to open air, up-wind or side-wind.
 Report the contents, location, situation.
 Begin role call to account for co-workers.
 Do not return to work until all-clear is given.
 Bulk Containers - follow established procedures.



 CYLINDER USAGE REQUIREMENTS:

 Verify contents before transporting or using.
 Keep cylinder caps on until ready to connect.
 Keep valve caps on until ready to use.
 Never use as a door stop.
 Never underestimate the hazard.
 Bulk Containers - follow established
procedures.



 MOVEMENT OF COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS:

 Never handle roughly.
 Never use magnetic lifting devices.
 Never lift by valves or cylinder caps.
 Never roll, drag, or slide the cylinder.
 Always use a hand-truck, fork truck etc.
 Cradles, ropes, chains, or slings are prohibited
from use unless lugs or lifting attachments
are provided by the manufacturer as with
bulk containers.



 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS (GENERAL):
 “No Smoking” signs must be posted.
 The name of the gas must be posted.
 Specific hazards must be posted.
 Containers must be stored up right.
 Gases must be stored with like gases.
 Do not intermingle full and empty containers.
 The oldest material must be used first.
 Stored only on stable surfaces.
 Some gases must always be shaded from sun.



 STORAGE ROOMS (GENERAL):
 Must be dry.
 Must not exceed 125 F.
 Must be well ventilated.
 Should be protected from tampering.
 Local fire inspectors should evaluate.
 NFPA guidelines should be reviewed.
 Subsurface storage should be avoided.
 Should be of fire-resistive construction.



 STORAGE ROOMS (GENERAL):
 Cylinders
- Must not impede emergency egress.
- Cannot be located near exits.
- Cannot be located near stairs.
 Must be secured to prevent toppling.



 OUTDOOR STORAGE (GENERAL):
 Bottoms must be protected from corrosion.
 Must be secured to prevent toppling.
 Must be shaded in extreme temperatures.



 GENERAL INSPECTION CRITERIA:

INSPECT FOR: POSSIBLE RESULT:
Dents Weakening of cylinder wall
Crevice Corrosion Weakening of cylinder wall
Bulges Weakening of cylinder wall
ARC/ Torch Burns Weakening of cylinder wall
Cuts, Gouges or Digs Decrease in wall thickness
Corrosion Decrease in wall thickness
Pitting Decrease in wall thickness
Neck Defects Leak or cylinder explosion
Valve Ease-Of-Movement Corrosion leading to leak
Valve Thread Serviceability Leak during operation



 PRE-OPERATION SAFETY RULES:
 If you’re not trained don’t touch it!
 Read the Material Safety Data Sheet before use.
 Ensure an “In Use” label is present.
 Ensure all labels/warnings are readable.
 Place upright on stable dry surface.
 Ensure cylinder is restrained above midpoint.
 Keep heat, flame, & electrical sources from gas.
 Use in accordance with established procedures.



 POST-OPERATION SAFETY RULES:
 If you’re not trained don’t touch it!
 Read the Material Safety Data Sheet before use.
 Ensure an “Empty” label is present.
 Close valve completely and cap cylinder.
 Remove from operation (established procedures).
 Transport cylinder using established procedures.
 Place in “Empty Container” storage area.
 Ensure “Empty” label is readable.


STORAGE RULES
REQUIREMENTS FOR
STORAGE DEPEND
GREATLY UPON YOUR SITE
REQUIREMENTS.
YOUR LOCAL FIRE
INSPECTOR HAS THE FINAL
WORD ON YOUR SPECIFIC
STORAGE NEEDS.


CHEMICAL STORAGE SURVEYS

STORAGE SURVEYS:
 OSHA, NFPA, and EPA impact storage requirements.
 State requirements may also add to complexity.
 The local fire inspector has the final say.
 Chemical storage requirements vary from site to site.
 Surveys can mean extensive facility modifications.
 All affected personnel are encouraged to provide input.
 Storage discipline is critical to facility safety.


CHEMICAL STORAGE SURVEYS

STORAGE SURVEYS:
 Storage facilities must as a minimum address the following:
- Container segregation. - Intrinsically safe lighting.
- Leak containment issues. - Ventilation issues.
- Signage issues - Design specifications.
- Responder issues - Employee training issues.


GENERAL STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

STORAGE REQUIREMENTS (GENERAL):
 Stored only on stable surfaces.
 Specific hazards must be posted.
 Containers must be stored up right.
 Proper warning signs must be posted.
 The oldest material must be used first.
 The name of the material must be posted.
 Product must be rotated to preserve stocks.
 Do not intermingle full and empty containers.
 Chemicals must be stored with like chemicals.
 Some chemicals must always be shaded from sun.


(Continued)

STORAGE ROOMS
(GENERAL):
 Must be dry.
 Must not exceed 125 F.
 Must be well ventilated.
 Spill containment must be surveyed.
 Subsurface storage should be avoided.
 Ventilation requirements must be surveyed.
 Intrinsically safe electrical fixtures must be installed.

(Continued)

STORAGE ROOMS
(GENERAL):
 Containers
- Must not impede emergency egress.
- Cannot be located near exits.
- Cannot be located near stairs.


(Continued)

OUTDOOR STORAGE (GENERAL):
 Bottoms must be protected from corrosion.
 Must be shaded in extreme temperatures.
 Ensure secondary containment is sufficient.


SPECIFIC STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

ACID STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:
 Acids Include Organic and Formic Acids and Inorganic
Acids Such As Acetic, Chromic, Hydrochloric,
Hydrofluoric, Nitric, Perchloric, Sulfuric. Segregate
Organic Acids From Inorganic Acids.

Acid Storage Cabinet for
Smaller Acid Containers


(Continued)

ACID STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:
 Segregate organic acids from inorganic acids.
 Segregate acids from bases and active metals.
 Segregate oxidizing acids from organic acids.
 Segregate oxidizing acids from flammable materials.
 Store acid drums and carboys in a cool, dry place.
 Store acid drums and carboys away from direct sunlight.
 Place acid containers in spill trays to contain leaks.

Acid Storage Cabinet for
Smaller Acid Containers


(Continued)

BASE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:
 Bases, include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide,
calcium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide

 Segregate bases from acids.

 Store solutions of inorganic hydroxides in polyethylene
containers.

 Ensure secondary containment is sufficient for quantities
stored.


(Continued)

FLAMMABLE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:
 Flammables Include acetone, toluene, xylene, hydrogen
sulfide, acetaldehyde, hexane and hundreds of commonly
used flammable liquids in industry.

 Remember, the local fire inspector has the final say on
hazardous materials storage.

Flammable Storage Cabinet
for Smaller Containers


(Continued)

FLAMMABLE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:
 Safety cans or drums containing flammable liquids must
be grounded and bonded when liquids are transferred.
With few exceptions, gravity transfer systems may not be
used for flammable liquid transfer.

 Glass containers must not be used for flammable liquids
unless required to maintain chemical purity.

 Store drums in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight
and ignition sources.


(Continued)

FLAMMABLE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS (INDOOR):
 If there are more than 10 gallons of Class I flammable
liquids (flash point < 100F) in a room, they must be stored
in approved safety cans (up to 25 gallons) or in an
approved flammable storage cabinet (up to 60 gallons).

 Storage of more than 60 gallons of Class I flammable
liquids requires an approved indoor storage room.

 Store highly volatile flammable liquids in an approved
flammable storage cabinet.


(Continued)

OXIDIZER STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:
 Oxidizers include benzoyl peroxide, potassium
permanganate, ferric nitrate, hydrogen sulfide peroxide,
nitric acid, perchloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine,
oxygen and thousands more.

 Separate oxidizers from flammable and combustible
materials, as well as from reducing agents such as zinc,
alkaline metals, and formic acid.


TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

 Protect Your Employees!
 Determine Who Is in Charge of Their People!
 Determine If and How They Will Be Exposed!
 Determine Their Safety Performance Record!
 Determine If and How “WE” Will Be Exposed!
 Determine How They Will Affect Your Employees!
 Remember, “YOU” Control Your Facility or Area!
 Review Their Procedures Before Starting the Job!


SafetyInstruction.com ©

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